Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Church History"

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{{Orthodoxchristianity}}
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The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]]. 
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== New Testament era == 
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*ca.4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.
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*6 [[w:Iudaea Province|Iudaea Province]] created under direct Roman administration with capital at Caesarea, as the Romans annex Samaria, Judea and Idumea; [[w:Census of Quirinius|Census of Quirinius]].
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*18-37 [[w:Caiaphas|Caiaphas]] becomes the Roman-appointed [[w:List of High Priests of Israel|High Priest]] of Herod's Temple.
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*ca.25-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]]. 
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*26-36 [[w:Pontius Pilate|Pontius Pilate]] is appointed the Roman Prefect of Judaea province, who presided over the [[w:Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus|trial of Jesus]] and ordered his [[crucifixion]].
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*ca.28 [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] began his ministry in the "15th year of Tiberius" (Luke 3:1-2), preaching "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (Matt 3:1-2); [[Theophany|baptized Christ in the Jordan]] (Mark 1:4-11); arrested and beheaded by Herod Antipas.
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*ca.28-30 Three year ministry of [[Jesus Christ]], including: [[w:Temptation of Christ|Temptation]]; Appointment of the Twelve [[Apostles]]; [[w:Sermon on the Mount|Sermon on the Mount]]; Miracles performed; [[w:rejection of Jesus|Rejection]]; [[Transfiguration]]; [[Palm Sunday|Triumphal Entry]] into Jerusalem; the Temple money changers; Cursing the fig tree; Giving the great commandment; Anointing; [[Last Supper icon|Mystical Supper]]; Arrest; [[w:Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus|Sanhedrin Trial]]; Before Pilate; [[Passion]]; [[Crucifixion]] on [[Holy_Week#Holy_Friday|Good Friday]]; Entombment by Pharisees [[Joseph of Arimathea]] and [[Nicodemus the Righteous|Nicodemus]] of the Sanhedrin; [[w:Harrowing of Hell|Harrowing of Hell]]; [[Resurrection]] on [[Pascha|Easter Sunday]]; Appearances to various people over the next forty days; Giving the [[Baptism#The_Great_Commission|Great Commission]] (Matt. 28:16-20); and [[Ascension]].
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*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]]. 
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*30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]] on road to Damascus.
  
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==Apostolic era (33-100)== 
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*33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high. 
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*34 [[Apostle Peter]] founds [[Church of Antioch|See of Antioch]]. 
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*35 The name ''Christian'' first used in Antioch. 
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*37 [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in [[Glastonbury]]. 
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*49 [[Apostolic Council of Jerusalem]] rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians. 
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*ca.50 Death of [[w:Gamaliel|Gamaliel]], a leading authority in the Sanhedrin and teacher of the [[Apostle Paul]] (Acts 22:3).
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*50 [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic. 
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*52 [[Apostle Thomas]] arrives in Kerala, introducing [[Church of India|Christianity to India]].
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*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]]; crucifixion of [[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras. 
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*63 [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first bishop of Britain.   
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*64-68 First of ten major persections of the Early Church, [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Nero.2C_64-68_A.D.|under Emperor Nero]]. 
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*64 Martyrdom of the [[Apostle Paul]] in Rome. 
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*67 Martyrdom of the [[Apostle Peter]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome. 
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*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero. 
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*69 [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated [[bishop]] of Antioch. 
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*70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; Temple in Jerusalem is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues; Johanan Ben Zacchai founds college at Jamnia that becomes seat of Sanhedrin and center of Judaism A.D. 70-135, enabling emergence of Rabbinic Judaism. 
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*71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt. 
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*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans. 
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*80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) [[Josephus]] writes ''Antiquities''. 
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*ca. 80-90 ''[[Didache]]'' written. 
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*85 ''[[Acts of the Apostles]]'' written by [[Apostle Luke]]. 
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*90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora. 
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*95 [[Apostle John]] writes [[Book of Revelation]]. 
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*ca.90-96 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Domitian|Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian]]. 
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*96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John]] as supplement and further theological illumination of the [[Synoptic gospels]].
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*ca.100 Emergence of [[w:Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs_2|Christian Catacombs]] in the second century. 
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*100 Death of [[Apostle John]].
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==Ante-Nicene era (100-325)== 
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*107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]].
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*108-124 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emepror Hadrian.
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*124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and Aristides present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens. 
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*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]]. 
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*132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome. 
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*135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day]] in Rome. 
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*136 Emperor Hadrian crushes Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from returning Jerusalem, and changes city name to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]]. 
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*144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]]. 
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*150 [[Justin Martyr]] describes [[Divine Liturgy]]. 
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*155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]]. 
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*156 Beginning of [[Montanism]]. 
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*165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]]. 
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*ca. 170 Emergence of [[w:Muratorian fragment|Muratorian Canon]].
 +
*ca. 175 Tatian’s [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the four canonical gospels into single narrative.
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*177-180 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Persection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]] (161-180).
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*180 [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies'' ; Saint Dyfan first martyr in British Isles (at Merthyr Dyfan, Wales); death of [[w:Scillitan Martyrs|Scillitan Martyrs]] in North Africa.
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*190 [[Pantaenus]] founds the [[Alexandrian school|Catechetical School at Alexandria]].   
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*195 Bishop Saint Elvan dies at Glastonbury. 
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*197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy. 
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*200 Martyrdom of [[Irenaeus of Lyons]]. 
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*202 Emperor Septimus Severus issues edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]].     
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*202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimius Severus]] (193-211).
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*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity. 
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*208 [[Tertullian]] writes that Christ has followers on the far side of the Roman wall in Britain where Roman legions have not yet penetrated. 
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*ca. 209 Martyrdom of [[Alban]] in Britain. 
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*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]]. 
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*225 Death of [[Tertullian]]. 
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*232 Heraclas becomes Pope of Alexandria.
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*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]].
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*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome.
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*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes first Christian hermit.
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*246-247 Two [[w:Councils of Arabia|Councils of Arabia]]. 
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*249-251 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Decius]]. 
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*257-260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor Valerian]] (253-260). 
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*255-256 Three Councils of Carthage.
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*258 Bp. [[w:Cyprian|Cyprian of Carthage]] martyred.
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*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ. 
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*264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].
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*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]]. 
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*270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]]. 
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*272 Martyrdom of Sabbas Stratelates ("the General") of Rome and 70 soldiers. 
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*284 [[Diocletian]] becomes Roman emperor, persecutes Church and martyrs an estimated one million Christians; martyrdom of [[Cosmas and Damian (Rome)|Cosmas and Damian]], Andrew Stratelates ("the General") and 2,593 soldiers with him in Cilicia. 
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*285 [[Anthony the Great]] flees to the desert to pursue a life of prayer. 
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*286 Martrydom of [[Maurice]] and the [[w:Theban Legion|Theban Legion]].
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*ca.300 [[w:Synod of Elvira|Synod of Elvira]] in Spain.
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*301 [[Gregory the Illuminator]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith. 
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*302 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia. 
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*303 Outbreak of the [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution]] (303-311), as Diocletian and Galerius launch the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire; martyrdom of [[George the Trophy-bearer]]. 
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*305 Martyrdom of [[Panteleimon]] and [[Catherine of Alexandria]]. Martyrdom of Bishop Ianouarios of Beneventio of Campania and his Companions. 
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*306 Martyrdom of [[Demetrius of Thessaloniki]]. 
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*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379). 
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*311 Galerius issues Edict of Toleration ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; rebellion of the [[Donatism|Donatists]] in Carthage. 
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*312 Vision and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]]; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]], making Constantine Emperor of the West. 
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*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by [[Constantine the Great]] and co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire, specifically naming religious toleration for Christianity, restoration of property to Christian churches, and legal recognition. 
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*314 [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]]. 
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*315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held. 
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*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by [[Athanasius the Great]], influencing the condemnation of [[Arianism]]; beginnings of [[Arianism|Arian Controversy]]. 
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*318 [[Pachomius the Great]], disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]]. 
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*319 Translation of relics of [[Theodore the General|Theodore Stratelates]] ("the General"). 
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*320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. 
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*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds church on the site of the martyrdom of [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome. 
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*324 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] defeats Licinius and becomes sole emperor.
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==Nicene era (325-451)== 
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*325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]]. 
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*326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress [[Helen]]a; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian. 
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*328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria (328-373). 
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*329 [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains [[Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia. 
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*330 Constantinople is founded as ''New Rome'' and Christian capital of the Roman Empire; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert. 
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*333 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] commissions [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], to prepare 50 copies of the Bible for churches in the new capital. 
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*335 Death of [[Sylvester of Rome|Sylvester]], Pope of Rome. 
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*336-338 [[Athanasius the Great]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of [[Pachomius the Great]], awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in Europe. 
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*337 Death of [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]. 
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*339-346 Second exile of [[Athanasius the Great|Athanasius]]. 
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*340 Conversion of [[Wulfila]] to [[Arianism]], subsequently missionizing the Goths with [[heresy|heretical]] doctrine; Council of Rome under Pope Julius where Athanasius and Marcellus are declared innocent and maintained in the communion of the western churches; [[Council of Gangra]] held. 
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*340-570 [[w:Constantinople|Constantinople]] overtakes Rome as the [[w:List of largest cities throughout history|largest city in the world]] by population. 
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*341 [[Council of Antioch]] held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. 
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*345 Death of [[Nicholas of Myra|Nicholas]], Archbishop of Myra in Lycia. 
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*347 [[Council of Sardica]]. 
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*348 Death of [[Pachomius the Great]]; death of [[Spyridon of Trimythous]]. 
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*350 [[Ninian]] establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the Picts. 
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*351 Apparition of the Sign of the [[Cross]] over Jerusalem. 
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*355 Death of [[Nino of Cappadocia|Nina]], Enlightener of Georgia. 
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*356 Death of [[Anthony the Great]]. 
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*357 The [[Council of Sirmium]], the high point of Arianism, issues the ''Blasphemy of Sirmium''. 
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*358 [[Basil the Great]] founds monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]]. 
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*359 Councils of [[Council of Seleucia|Seleucia]] in the east and [[Council of Rimini|Rimini]] in the west. 
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*360 [[Martin of Tours]] founds first French monastery at Liguge; first church of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] inaugurated by Emperor [[w:Constantius II|Constantius II]]. 
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*362 Synod of Alexandria; Antiochian schism (362-414). 
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*361-63 [[Julian the Apostate]] becomes Roman emperor, attempting to restore paganism. 
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*363 Emperor [[w:Jovian|Jovian]] reestablished Christianity as the official religion of the Empire, stating that he preferred the Orthodox view, and that Athanasius was to be permitted to return to his see at Alexandria. 
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*364 [[Council of Laodicea]] held.. 
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*365-66 Brief exile and final restoration of [[Athanasius of Alexandria]]. 
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*367 [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] writes his [[Pascha]]l letter, listing for the first time the [[canon]] of the [[New Testament]] of the [[Holy Scriptures]], including all 27 New Testament Books; death of [[Hilary of Poitiers]]. 
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*373 Death of [[Athanasius the Great]]; death of [[Ephrem the Syrian]].   
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*374 Election of [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]] as bishop of Milan. 
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*375 [[Basil the Great]] writes ''[[On the Holy Spirit]]'', confirming the divinity of the [[Holy Spirit]]. 
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*376 Visigoths convert to [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity. 
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*378 [[Meletius of Antioch|Meletius]] returns to his see as bishop of Antioch; at [[w:Battle of Adrianople|Battle of Adrianople]] Emperor Valens defeated by the Visigoths, permanently weakening northern borders of the empire.   
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*379 Death of [[Basil the Great]]; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of Bishop of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. 
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*380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor [[Theodosius the Great]]; [[Council of Saragossa]] condemns [[Priscillianism]]. 
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*381 [[Second Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] and [[Appollinarianism]], declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical Council]], and completing the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]; [[Council of Aquileia]] led by [[Ambrose of Milan]] deposes Arian bishops. 
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*382 Pope [[Siricius of Rome]] first to bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''. 
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*ca. 383 Death of [[Frumentius]]. 
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*384 Council of Bordeaux condemns [[Priscillian]]. 
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*385 Death of [[Gregory of Nyssa]]. 
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*386 [[Panagia Soumela Monastery]] founded in Trebizond, Pontus, Asia Minor; death of [[Cyril of Jerusalem]]; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] begins to rebuild the present-day [[w:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]].   
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*387 [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] baptized at [[Pascha]] by [[Ambrose of Milan]]. 
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*391 Death of [[Gregory the Theologian]].   
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*391-92 All non-Christian temples in the Empire closed; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to cease. 
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*392 Death of [[Macarius the Great]].   
 +
*393 [[Council of Hippo]] publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival. 
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*394 [[Epiphanius of Salamis]] attacks teachings of [[Origen]] as heretical; Council of Constantinople held; [[Donatism|Donatist]] Council of Bagai in Africa held with 310 bishops. 
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*395 [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; the placing of the cincture (sash) of the Most Holy [[Theotokos]] in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople (395-408). 
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*395 Re-division of Empire with death of Emperor Theodosius the Great. 
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*397 [[Council of Carthage]] publishes Biblical canon; death of [[Martin of Tours]]; death of [[Ambrose of Milan]]. 
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*398 [[John Chrysostom]] becomes [[Archbishop]] of Constantinople. 
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*ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the Scetis by Patriarch [[Theophilus of Alexandria]]. 
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*399 [[Anastasius of Rome]] and other bishops condemn doctrine of [[Origen]]. 
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*401 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''Confessions''; Pope [[Innocent I of Rome]] supports [[John Chrysostom]] and condemns [[pelagianism]]. 
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*402 Emperor Honorius transfers capital of the Western Empire from Milan to [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]]; [[Porphyry of Gaza]] obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in Gaza. 
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*403 Abduction of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to serve as a slave; visit of [[Victricius of Rouen]] to Britain; [[Synod of the Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John Chrysostom]]. 
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*404 Martyrdom of [[Telemachus]], resulting in Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights. 
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*405 Translation of [[Holy Scriptures]] into Latin as the [[Vulgate]] by [[Jerome]]; martyrdom of [[Moses the Black]]. 
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*406 Invasion of Gaul by Germanic tribes, severing contact between Rome and Britain. 
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*407 Death of [[John Chrysostom]] in exile. 
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*410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] back to Britain; Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence; [[Honoratus]] founds a monastery on island of Lerins. 
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*410 [[Council of Seleucia]] declares Mesopotamian [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent of Orthodox bishops. 
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*411 [[Pelagius]] condemned at council in Carthage; [[Rabbula of Edessa|Rabbula]] becomes bishop of Edessa. 
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*412 [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws [[Donatism]]; Lazarus, bishop of Aix-en-Provence, and Herod, bishop of Arles, expelled from sees on a charge of [[Manichaeism]]. 
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*413 Martyrdom of [[Marcellinus of Carthage]]. 
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*414 Resolution of the Antiochian division. 
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*415 [[Pelagius]] cleared at a [[synod]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); [[John Cassian]] founds convent at Marseilles.   
 +
*416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Pelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate him. 
 +
*418 Foundation of the Arian [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]], as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle. 
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*418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] [[anthropology]]. 
 +
*425 Sanhedrin disbanded by the Roman Empire; [[w:University of Constantinople|University of Constantinople]] founded as the first university in the world. 
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*426 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''. 
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*428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople. 
 +
*429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; death of [[Sisoes the Great]].   
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*ca. 430 Death of [[Nilus of Sinai]]. 
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*430 [[Peter the Iberian]] founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. 
 +
*431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends [[Palladius]] to Ireland. 
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*432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin missionary work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Picts. 
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*433 [[Formulary of Peace]] completes the work of the [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]]. 
 +
*435 Death of [[John Cassian]]; death of [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by Imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis. 
 +
*438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published. 
 +
*439 Carthage falls to Vandals.   
 +
*444 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; Pope [[Leo the Great]] abolishes Gallican vicariate. 
 +
*445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of the bishop of Rome. 
 +
*447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]]. 
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*449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)|Eutyches]] the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]]. 
 +
*450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britian; death of [[Peter Chrysologus]]. 
 +
   
 +
==Byzantine era (451-843)==
 +
*451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and invisible but separate natures of Christ, and recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]] as patriarchate; Attila the Hun defeated at [[w:Battle of Chalons|Battle of Chalons]]. 
 +
*452 [[Proterios of Alexandria]] convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[John the Forerunner]]. 
 +
*452 Attila the Hun invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope [[Leo the Great]]; [[Venice]] founded by fugitives from Attila's army. 
 +
*455 [[w:Vandals|Vandals]] under Gaiseric sack Rome; Germanic Saxons and Angles conquer Britain, founding several independent kingdoms. 
 +
*457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Paschalion]]; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by patriarch of Constantinople. 
 +
*459 Death of [[Symeon the Stylite]].   
 +
*461 Death of [[Leo the Great]]; death of [[Patrick of Ireland]]. 
 +
*462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[September 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]] founded. 
 +
*466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of [[Catholicos]] of Kartli, rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]. 
 +
*ca.471 Patriarch [[Acacius of Constantinople]] was first called ''"Oikoumenikos"'' (Ecumenical). 
 +
*473 Death of [[Euthymius the Great]]. 
 +
*475 Emperor [[w:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] issues circular letter to the bishops of his empire, supporting [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]] [[Christology|Christological]] position. 
 +
*476 Fall of Western Roman Empire. 
 +
*477 [[Timothy Aelurus]] of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt. 
 +
*482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno|Zeno I]] issues ''[[Henotikon]]'' in an attempt to reconcile the differences over the Christology of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]]. 
 +
*484 [[Acacian Schism]]. 
 +
*484 Founding of [[Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar Sabbas Monastery]] by [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]; [[Synod of Beth Lapat]] in Persia declares [[Nestorianism]] as official theology of [[Assyrian Church of the East]], effectively separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church. 
 +
*488 Death of [[Peter the Fuller]]. 
 +
*489 Emperor [[Zeno I]] closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]. 
 +
*490 [[Brigid of Kildaire]] founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland. 
 +
*494 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] delineates relationship between church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I]]. 
 +
*496 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] dedicates [[February 14]] to [[Valentine of Terni]] in the West, banning the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia; Bp. [[Remigius of Rheims]] baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity. 
 +
*ca. 500 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''. 
 +
*502 Start of [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid wars]], lasting until 562. 
 +
*506 [[Church of Armenia]] separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. 
 +
*507 Clovis I defeats Visigoths at [[w:Battle of Vouillé|Battle of Vouillé]] near Poitiers, ending their power in Gaul. 
 +
*512 Death of [[Genevieve of Paris]]. 
 +
*518 [[Severus of Antioch]] deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for Monophysitism; Patriarch [[John II of Constantinople]] is addressed as ''"Oikoumenikos Patriarches"'' (Ecumenical Patriarch). 
 +
*519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of [[Acacian Schism]]. 
 +
*ca. 520 [[Elesbaan]] (Caleb), King of Ethiopia (Axum), invades Jewish Himyarite kingdom of Yemen, which was persecuting the Christians there, thus establishing Axumite control of South Arabia. 
 +
*521 Birth of [[Columba of Iona]].   
 +
*527 [[Dionysius Exiguus]] calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] on the Sinai peninsula by [[Justinian the Great]]. 
 +
*ca. 528 Death of [[Procopius of Gaza]].   
 +
*529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Monte Cassino]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]] burned down in Samaritan revolt of 529; death of [[Theodosius the Great]].   
 +
*529-534 [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]]'s ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' issued. 
 +
*530 [[Brendan the Navigator]] lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks. 
 +
*532 [[Justinian the Great]] orders building of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]]; death of [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]. 
 +
*533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election. 
 +
*533 Foundation of the Diocese of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor Justinian. 
 +
*534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of Vandals; Malta becomes Byzantine province. 
 +
*536 [[Mennas of Constantinople]] summons a synod anathematizing [[Severus of Antioch]]. 
 +
*537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople completed. 
 +
*539 [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] becomes exarchate of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. 
 +
*541 [[Jacob Baradeus]] organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt. 
 +
*543 Doctrine of [[apokatastasis]] condemned by Synod of Constantinople.   
 +
*544 [[Jacob Baradeus]] consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Chalcedonian [[Church of Antioch]]; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]]. 
 +
*545 [[Synod of Brefi]] at Llandewi Brefi in Wales condemns [[Pelagianism]] ; Saint [[David of Wales]] moved the Primatial See of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's). 
 +
*546 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland. 
 +
*547 [[Convent of Our Lady of Saydnaya]] founded in Damascus of Syria ; Saint [[David of Wales]] does obeisance to the Patriarch of Jerusalem. 
 +
*553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their [[Nestorianism]], and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned. 
 +
*553 Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the Three Chapters, causing [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] in those areas, leading to independence of [[Patriarch of Venice]] from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]]. 
 +
*554 [[Church of Armenia]] officially [[schism|breaks]] with the West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] was rejected. 
 +
*556 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Roman the Melodist]]. 
 +
*557 [[Brendan the Navigator]] founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland. 
 +
*563 Re-consecration of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes [[monastery]] there, founding mission to the Picts. 
 +
*564 Death of [[Petroc]]. 
 +
*569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; [[David of Wales]] holds [[Synod of Victoria]] to re-assert the anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi. 
 +
*570 Death of [[Gildas]]; birth of Muhammad, founder of [[Islam]]. 
 +
*571 Death of [[w:Yared|Yared]], Ethiopian musician credited with inventing the sacred music tradition of the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]. 
 +
*579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily. 
 +
*580 [[Monte Cassino]] sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece. 
 +
*587 Visigoth King [[w:Reccared I|Reccared]] renounces [[Arianism]] in favor of [[Orthodoxy]]. 
 +
*589 [[Council of Toledo]] adds [[Filioque]] to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]]. 
 +
*ca. 590 [[w:Parthenon|Parthenon]] in Athens converted into a Christian church dedicated to the [[Theotokos]].   
 +
*590 [[Columbanus]] founds monasteries in France. 
 +
*593 [[Anastasius I of Antioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]] restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. 
 +
*596 [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. 
 +
*597 Death of [[Columba of Iona]]. 
 +
*598 Glastonbury Abbey founded - the Church in the British Isles numbers 120 bishops, hundreds of monasteries and parishes organized under a Primate with his See at Menevia. 
 +
*ca. 600 ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' written by [[John Climacus]]; [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspires development of [[Gregorian Chant]] through his liturgical reforms. 
 +
*601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] converts King [[Ethelbert of Kent]] and establishes see of Canterbury. 
 +
*602 Final series of wars between [[Byzantine Empire]] and Sassanid Empire; [[Augustine of Canterbury]] meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury. 
 +
*604 [[Mellitus]] becomes first bishop of London and founds first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the Dialogist]]. 
 +
*605 Death of [[Augustine of Canterbury]].   
 +
*609 [[w:Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon in Rome]] converted into church, consecrated to the Virgin Mary and All Saints (''Santa Maria dei Martiri''). 
 +
*610 [[Heraclius]] changes official language of the Empire from Latin to [[w:Medieval Greek|Greek]], already the ''lingua franca'' of the vast majority of the population. 
 +
*612 [[Holy Sponge]] and [[Holy Lance]] brought to Constantinople from Palestine. 
 +
*614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of Persia; [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] damaged by fire, [[True Cross]] captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred. 
 +
*615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy. 
 +
*617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege. 
 +
*618 Death of [[Kevin of Glendalough]]. 
 +
*620 Slavs attack Thessaloniki. 
 +
*622 Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the hejira occurs; Muhammad and his followers emigrating from Mecca to Medina. 
 +
*626 [[Akathist|Akathist Hymn]] to the Virgin Mary written, after Constantinople liberated from a [[w:Siege of Constantinople (626)|siege]] of 80,000 Avars, Slavs and the Persian fleet.   
 +
*627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] decisively defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], recovering [[True Cross]] and breaking power of the Sassanid dynasty.   
 +
*628 Muhammad issues [[w:Charter of Privileges|Charter of Privileges]] to monks of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|Saint Catherine's Monastery]]. 
 +
*630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]]. 
 +
*633 Death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem]].   
 +
*635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity. 
 +
*636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]]. 
 +
*638 Muslim Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem. 
 +
*640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]]. 
 +
*641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs. 
 +
*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt; Arabs invade [[w:Nubia#Christian_Nubia|Christian Nubia]] for the first time. 
 +
*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] civilization in Egypt. 
 +
*648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]]. 
 +
*649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus. 
 +
*650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox Christianity. 
 +
*651 End of Persian Empire as the last shah of Persia Yezdegherd III of the Sassanid dynasty is killed at Merv. 
 +
*653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]].   
 +
*654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs. 
 +
*655 Martyrdom of [[Martin the Confessor]]. 
 +
*657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England. 
 +
*662 Death of [[Maximus the Confessor]]. 
 +
*663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative. 
 +
*664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Northumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York; death of [[Cedd]]. 
 +
*668 [[Theodore of Tarsus]] appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 +
*669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe. 
 +
*670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by [[Caedmon]] of [[Whitby Abbey|Whitby]]. 
 +
*672 The First Synod of Hertford called by [[Theodore of Tarsus]], adoption of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. 
 +
*673 The Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]]. 
 +
*680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism. 
 +
*680 [[w:First Bulgarian Empire|First Bulgarian Empire]] established after a successful war with Byzantium. 
 +
*682 Foundation of [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in England. 
 +
*685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of [[Anastasius of Sinai]]. 
 +
*685 [[John Maron]] elected first Maronite Patriarch, becoming the founder of what is known today as the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]]. 
 +
*687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raiders; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]]. 
 +
*688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. 
 +
*690c. The Witenagamot of England forbade appeals from the Local Church to the Patriarch of Rome. 
 +
*691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem. 
 +
*692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]]. 
 +
*694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] defeated by [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent afterwards. 
 +
*697 [[Council of Birr]] accepts Roman [[Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of Iona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomnáin]]. 
 +
*698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome. 
 +
*ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]].   
 +
*705 Long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs.   
 +
*706 Greek replaced by Arabic as administrative language in Egypt. 
 +
*707 Byzantines lose Balearic Islands to Moors; death of [[John Maron]]. 
 +
*710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967. 
 +
*711 Umayyad Islamic invasion of Spain.   
 +
*712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete]]. 
 +
*ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England). 
 +
*715 [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]] built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque constructed over site of [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Justinian]]; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts.   
 +
*716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage; [[Boniface]]'s first missionary journey to Frisia. 
 +
*717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[Iona]].   
 +
*717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]. 
 +
*719 [[w:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian church]] to [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic church]]. 
 +
*723 [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. 
 +
*726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]]. 
 +
*730 Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. 
 +
*731 [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''. 
 +
*732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by Franks at [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]]. 
 +
*733 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope [[Gregory III of Rome]]'s support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm. 
 +
*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning.   
 +
*735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status. 
 +
*739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; Byzantine forces defeat [[w:Umayyad|Umayyad]] invasion of Asia Minor at [[w:Battle of Akroinon|Battle of Akroinon]]; death of [[Willibrord]]. 
 +
*740 [[w:Khazars|Khazars]] voluntarily convert to Judaism. 
 +
*742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.   
 +
*746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from the Arabs. 
 +
*747 The Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Patriarch ; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of St. Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days. 
 +
*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. 
 +
*750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims. 
 +
*751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. 
 +
*752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. 
 +
*754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries. 
 +
*754 Death of [[Boniface]]. 
 +
*756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. 
 +
*768 Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of Elfoddw of Gwynedd.   
 +
*769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons. 
 +
*772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. 
 +
*781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. 
 +
*785 The Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield. 
 +
*786 [[w:Beatus of Liébana|Beatus of Liébana]] publishes ''Commentary on the Apocalypse''. 
 +
*787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. 
 +
*792 The Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. 
 +
*793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. 
 +
*794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]. 
 +
*796 [[Alcuin]] made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by [[Charlemagne]]. 
 +
*800 [[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilisation away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland.   
 +
*800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. 
 +
*801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. 
 +
*803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. 
 +
*810 Pope Leo III refused permission for the [[Filioque]] to be inserted in the Creed. 
 +
*814 Bulgarians lay siege to Constantinople; conflict erupts between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo. 
 +
*824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960. 
 +
*826 [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. 
 +
*828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. 
 +
*ca. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]].   
 +
*836 Death of [[Theodore the Studite]]. 
 +
*838 Caliph al-Mu'tasim captures and destroys Ammoria in Anatolia. 
 +
*ca. 839 First [[w:Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus|Rus'-Byzantine War]], where the Rus attacked Propontis (probably aiming for Constantinople) before turning east and raiding Paphlagonia.

Revision as of 19:18, September 23, 2008

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The History of the Church is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of Jesus Christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic Holy Tradition of the Orthodox Church.

New Testament era

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