Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia"

From OrthodoxWiki
Jump to: navigation, search
m ((1453-?): 1570)
m
 
(98 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{inprogress|ixthis888}}
+
== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==
{{stub}}
+
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as [[archbishop]] of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow [[metropolitan]] [[Macarius (Bulgakov) of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].
 +
 
 +
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:
 +
# 988-237
 +
# 1238-1409
 +
# 1410-1588
 +
# 1589-1720
 +
# 1720-1825
 +
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.
 +
 
 +
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov)]]. He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of  the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589).
 +
 
 +
Sub-periods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, because the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarchs heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in period of its [[autocephaly]]" Metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.
 +
 
 +
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and  the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. However, it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.
 +
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.
 +
 
 +
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating Metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however Metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.
 +
 
 +
Estimating the periodization of Metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a [[jurisdiction]] principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of  XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization of Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second.
 +
 
 +
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization  and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated  by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by  his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolich from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.
 +
 
 +
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by Metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of the [[Union of Brest]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Russian Church.
 +
 
 +
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana)  and etc.
 +
 
 +
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==
 +
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Ukrainian lands and planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev
 +
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev
 +
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].
 +
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]
 +
 
 +
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==
 +
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===
 +
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''
 +
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]
 +
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]]
 +
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Kiev Caves|Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Mount Athos|Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.
 +
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Kiev Caves|Anthony of the Caves]]
 +
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.
 +
* 1158 † [[Constantine I of Kiev|Konstantin I of Kiev]]
 +
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod and Wonderworker|John]] is made Bishop of [[Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.
 +
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod and Wonderworker|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]
  
==Russia under the Patriarch of Constantinople==
+
=== Russian Church after the mongol conquest (since 1240) ===
===Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===
+
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends bishop to Kiev
+
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established
* 878 Oleg
+
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev baptized.
+
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.
* 991 + St. [[Michael of Kiev]]
+
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;
* 1007 + Leontii of Kiev
+
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi
* 1035 + Ivan I of Kiev
+
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]
* 1049 + Feopemt of Kiev
+
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];
* 1050 + Kirill I of Kiev
 
* 1051 Ilarion of Kiev installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.
 
  
===Moscow and Vladimir (1304-1448)===
+
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Nogorod.
+
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth
* 1158 + [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]
+
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.
+
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate
* 1185 + [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]
 
  
===Mongol Tartars (1237-1448)===
+
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==
* [[Alexander Nevsky]]
+
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous
 +
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonas of Moscow]]
 +
*1499 The [[Gennadius Bible]] (Gennadievskaia Biblia), the oldest surviving complete collection of Biblical books in the [[Church Slavonic]] language, is completed under the auspices of Abp. Gennady of Novgorod (1484-1504).
 +
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]
 +
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokolamsk]]
 +
*c.1530-1540 Metropolitan [[Macarius of Moscow]] has the [[w:Great Menaion Reader|Great Menaion Reader]] ("Великие Четьи-Минеи", or Velikiye Chet’yi-Minei) compiled, the official Russian Orthodox menologium.
 +
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters ([[Stoglavy Sobor]]) in Moscow
 +
*1555 [[Diocese of Kazan]] is established
 +
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow
 +
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar [[Ivan IV of Russia|Ivan IV]] (the terrible), January 23
 +
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];
 +
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]
 +
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.
  
*1337 [[Sergius of Radonezh|Bartholomew]] is [[tonsure|tonsured]] a monk, given the name Sergius, and [[Ordination|ordained]] to the [[Priest|priesthood]];
+
== First Patriarchate Period ==
*1370 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] born.
+
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.
*1378 + Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]
+
*1666 [[Moscow Sobor of 1666–1667|Moscow Big Council]]
*1392 + St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];
+
*1685-87 The [[w:Slavic Greek Latin Academy|Slavic Greek Latin Academy]] is organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, under the guidance of two Greek brothers, [[Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud]], on the premises of the [[w:Zaikonospassky monastery|Zaikonospassky Monastery]] with over 70 students.  
*1430 + [[Andrew Rublev]], iconographer.
+
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].
*1448 [[Church of Russia]] declares independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]].
+
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan  [[Stephen Yavorsky]]
*1452 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] glorified as a saint.
+
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.
===(1453-?)===
+
*1712 Tsar Peter the Great issued an ukaz ordering the printed Slavonic text of the Bible to be carefully compared with the Greek of the [[Septuagint]] and to be made in every respect conformable to it; the revision was completed in 1724 and was ordered to be printed, but the death of Peter (1725) prevented the execution of the order.
*1453 Fall of Constantinople
 
*1471 +Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]
 
*1508 +[[Nilus of Sora]]
 
*1515 +[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]
 
*1533 +[[Alexander of Svir|Alexander]], Abbot of Svir, [[August 30]].
 
*1570  [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]], <ref>St. [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] martyrdom is recorded in the old manuscripts of the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra</ref> martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];
 
*1580 +[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]
 
*1588 Grand Duke Theodor applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.
 
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges autocephaly of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.
 
  
==The Synodical Church (1700-1917)==
+
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. Adrian.
+
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established
*1702 In response to the Ukase of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of missionary operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.
+
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of Yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]]
+
* 1744 Empress Elizabeth issues an ukaz ordering resumption of the work of revision of the Slavonic Bible, started by Peter the Great in 1712.
* 1848 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil Nikephorovich (Bogoyavlensky)]] born [[January 1]] in the province of Tambov.
+
* 1751 The first edition of the Queen "Elizabeth" [[w:Slavic translations of the Bible|Slavonic Bible]] (QEB), ([[Septuagint|LXX]]), was published.
* 1863 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] born [[March 17]] in Vatagino village of Kresteski district of the Novgorod province.
+
* 1756 The second edition of the [[Queen Elizabeth Bible|Queen "Elizabeth" Bible]] (QEB) is issued ([[Septuagint|LXX]]); all later reprints of the Russian Church Bible are based upon this second edition, which is the authorized version of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]].
 +
* 1764 The decree by Empress Catherine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia
 +
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for Ossetians
 +
* 1773 The decree about toleration
 +
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples
 +
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine
 +
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine
 +
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)
 +
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy in Ukraine and Belorussia
 +
* 1800 The beginning of [[Edinoverie]]
 +
* 1807 The Committee for the work out the reforms of the theological education and material maintenance of clergymen is created
 +
* 1807-1822 Orthodox mission in China led by [[archimandrite]] [[Iakinf (Bichurin) of Beijing|Iakinf Bichurin]]
 +
* 1808 The beginning of reforms of spiritual (theological) colleges
 +
* 1811 [[Georgian Church]] becomes [[Georgian Exarchate]] of Russian Orthodox Church
 +
* December 6, 1812 Statutes of [[Russian Bible society]] is established
 +
* 1814 Confirmation of Statutes of the Theological Academies. [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]] moves to [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra ]]
 +
* 1816 The  beginning of translation into modern Russian of the Bible
 +
* 1817-1824 So called ''Double Ministry'' under the direction of prince A. N. Golitsyn
 +
* 1826 [[Russian Bible society]] is closed
 
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.
 
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.
* 1881 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] ordained a priest; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrols in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy
 
 
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]
 
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] tonsured [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];
 
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary
 
 
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]
 
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a vicar bishop in the [[diocese]] of Novgorod; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]
+
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]
 
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";
 
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed rector of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].
+
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin
+
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecratin of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary
+
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] selected as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna
+
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] consecrated [[August 31]]
+
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]
 
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd
 
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd
 +
* 1913 In a decree on August 27 the Holy Synod declared the Onomatodoxoi/[[w:Imiaslavie|Imiaslavie]] movement a heresy.
 
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]
 
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;
+
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow.
  
==All-Russian Church Council (1917-Present)==
+
== Communist Era (1917-1991)==
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
+
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia; [[Belogorsky St. Nicholas Orthodox Missionary Monastery Cathedral (Perm Krai, Russia)|Belogorsky St. Nicholas Orthodox Missionary Monastery Cathedral]] is consecrated as the largest cathedral in the Urals, becoming known as the ''Urals Athos.''
* 1918 Bolshevik forcec vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by canon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].
+
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]]; Archpriest [[Peter Skipetrov]] is martyred ([[February 1]]).
* 1925 + [[Tikhon of Moscow]]
+
* 1925 [[Tikhon of Moscow]]
* 1945 + [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]
+
* 1927 † Venerable [[Matthew of Yaransk]], Wonderworker.
* 1970 + [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]
+
* 1937 † Hieromartyr Bp. [[Seraphim (Zvezdinsky) of Dimitrov]] executed by firing squad (canonized by the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] in 2000).
 +
* 1941-1944 [[Pskov Orthodox Mission]].
 +
* 1945 [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]
 +
* 1946 In April the [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra]], the stronghold of the Russian Orthodox faith and a source of pride and inspiration for the Russian people, was given back to the Russian Patriarchy after a twenty-year-long secular spell.
 +
* 1952 † [[Matrona of Moscow|Matrona the Wonderworker of Moscow]]
 +
* 1970 [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]
 
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].
 
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].
* 1990 + [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]
+
* 1987 On [[August 19]] Patr. [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow|Pimen]] of Moscow and All Russia, and Ec. Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople|Demetrios I]] of Constantinople co-celebrated the [[Divine Liturgy]] on the Feast of the [[Transfiguration]] at the [[w:Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius|Holy Trinity St.  Sergius Monastery]], for the first time in 398 years (since January 1589).
 +
*1988 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia.
 +
* 1990 [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]; murder of Fr. [[Alexander Men]]; first Orthodox service in seventy years held in [[St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow)|St. Basil's Cathedral]].
 +
 
 +
== Post-Communist Era: Russian Orthodox Church Resurgent (1991-Present) ==
 +
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.
 +
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc)
 
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];
 
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];
 +
* 1993 Martyrdom of [[New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn]].
 +
* 1997 Russian [[w:Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations|Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations]] declares Orthodox Christianity as Russia's predominant religion.
 
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];
 
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.
+
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/svetosavlje/message/734 ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory] (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia.  
 
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;
 
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea;  
+
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox [[parish]] opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; death of Elder Archimandrite John Krestiankin of the Pskov-Caves Monastery.
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]);  
+
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); world's first [http://www.orthodox.cn/news/20071101dictionary_en.htm Russian-Chinese dictionary of Orthodox vocabulary] is printed in Moscow.
* 2008 + [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]
+
* 2008 [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]; first Orthodox Liturgy [http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=4495 celebrated at the North Pole].
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.
+
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia; Metr. Valentin of Orenburg and Buzuluk consecrated the first-ever Russian Orthodox church in Rome on May 24, the day of St. ''Cyril and Methodius'', being the ''Church of the Great Martyr St. Catherine'', with the blessing of Patr. Kirill; murder of prominent Russian missionary Fr. [[Daniel Sysoev]], Rector of St. Thomas' Church in Moscow on Kantemirovskaya, who had a talk ministry especially designed for muslim inquirers, had converted a former Wahabi believer, and wrote in his internet diary that he had received telephone threats from muslims; Russian Constitutional Court outlaws death penalty forever.
 +
* 2010 Official visit of Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] to the [[Church of Russia]], concelebrating the [[Divine Liturgy]] with His Beatitude Patriarch [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] and All Russia on [[Pentecost]], at the renowned Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad; President Dmitry Medvedev signed a law establishing a new National Holiday on July 28 as Christianization of Rus Day, the country's 9th "memorial holiday," expected to effect closer ties between Russia and its predominantly Orthodox neighbors, Ukraine and Belarus; Abp. [[Hilarion (Alfeyev) of Volokolamsk|Hilarion (Alfeyev)]] [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6584JX20100609?feedType=RSS&feedName=lifestyleMolt called for an end to the "monopoly of Darwinism"] in Russian schools, saying religious explanations of creation should be taught alongside [[evolution]]; Greek nuns from the Annunciation Monastery in Ormylia, Halkidiki Peninsula, Greece, pray to Father [[Daniel Sysoev]] as a saint.[http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=7769]
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
<references/>
 +
 
 +
==Published Works==
 +
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799
 +
* John Garrand and Carol Garrand. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1ZxqRHfRz-QC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Russian Orthodoxy Resurgent: Faith and Power in the New Russia].'' Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-691-12573-2
 +
* Nathaniel Davis. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=28oSE5I1ffkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy].'' 2nd Edition. Westview Press, 2003. ISBN 9780813340678
 +
* Prof. Paul Bushkovitch. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vB0OqzCU5i4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Religion and Society in Russia: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries].'' Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 9780195069464
 +
* Tatiana A. Chumachenko. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=l4Iy3qwGUUwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Church and State in Soviet Russia: Russian Orthodoxy from World War II to the Khrushchev Years].'' Transl. Edward E. Roslof. M.E. Sharpe Inc., 2002. ISBN 9780765607492
 +
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502
 +
 
 +
{{stub}}
 +
[[Category:Timelines]]

Latest revision as of 19:04, February 18, 2014

Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history

In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.

So, archbishop Philaret (Gumilevsky) in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:

  1. 988-237
  2. 1238-1409
  3. 1410-1588
  4. 1589-1720
  5. 1720-1825

Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.

Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589).

Sub-periods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, because the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarchs heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in period of its autocephaly" Metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.

E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. However, it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia. In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("Golubinsky". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.

All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by Igor Smolich. Estimating Metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however Metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.

Estimating the periodization of Metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to Constantinople has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization of Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second.

Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolich from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.

Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by Metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. Jonah has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of Baptism of Rus', begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of the Union of Brest, 1686 is the reunion two parts of Russian Church.

Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.

The Origin of Christianity in Rus'

Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488)

Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus'

Russian Church after the mongol conquest (since 1240)

  • 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda
  • 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established
  • 1263 † Right-believing Prince Alexander Nevsky
  • 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.
  • 1342 Sergius of Radonezh with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;
  • 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles Stephan of Perm (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi
  • 1378 † Metropolitan Alexis of Moscow
  • 1392 † St. Sergius of Radonezh, September 25;

South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople

  • 1596 Union of Brest, large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth
  • 1646 †Peter Mogila, Metropolitan of Kiev
  • 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate

Autocephalous Russian Metropolis

First Patriarchate Period

  • 1589 Ecumenical Patriarchate acknowledges autocephaly of Church of Russia and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan Job of Moscow is styled.
  • 1666 Moscow Big Council
  • 1685-87 The Slavic Greek Latin Academy is organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, under the guidance of two Greek brothers, Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud, on the premises of the Zaikonospassky Monastery with over 70 students.
  • 1700 Peter the Great published an Ukase (edict) on June 18th that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. Adrian.
  • 1700-†1720 Patriarchal Locum Tenens metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky
  • 1702 In response to the Ukaz of 1700, Philothei (Leschinsky) of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of missionary operations, in order to "lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.
  • 1712 Tsar Peter the Great issued an ukaz ordering the printed Slavonic text of the Bible to be carefully compared with the Greek of the Septuagint and to be made in every respect conformable to it; the revision was completed in 1724 and was ordered to be printed, but the death of Peter (1725) prevented the execution of the order.

The Synodical Church (1720-1917)

Communist Era (1917-1991)

Post-Communist Era: Russian Orthodox Church Resurgent (1991-Present)

References

  1. Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).

Published Works


This article or section is a stub (i.e., in need of additional material). You can help OrthodoxWiki by expanding it.