Difference between revisions of "Codex Sinaiticus"
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[[Image:Codex sinaticus.jpg|thumb|A portion of the Codex Sinaiticus, containing [[Book of Esther|Esther]] 2:3-8.]] | [[Image:Codex sinaticus.jpg|thumb|A portion of the Codex Sinaiticus, containing [[Book of Esther|Esther]] 2:3-8.]] | ||
| − | '''Codex Sinaiticus''' | + | The '''Codex Sinaiticus''' is a fourth century uncial manuscript of the Holy Bible in the Greek language, written between 330 and 350. Originally held at the [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|Monastery of Saint Catherine]] on Mount Sinai, the manuscript is now split among British Library in London, St. Catherine's Monastery, Leipzig University Library, and the Russian National Library in St Petersburg. |
== Description == | == Description == | ||
| + | The major part of the manuscript held by the British Library is identified (London, Brit. Libr., Add. 43725; Gregory-Aland no. '''א''' (Aleph) or '''01'''). Originally the manuscript contained the whole of both the Testaments. Now only portions of the [[Old Testament]] in Greek or [[Septuagint]] survive along with a complete [[New Testament]], the [[Epistle of Barnabas]] and portions of The [[Shepherd of Hermas]]. Along with Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus is one of the most valuable manuscripts for Textual criticism of the Greek New Testament, as well as the Septuagint. | ||
| − | The entire codex consists of 346 1/2 | + | The entire codex consists of 346 1/2 folios, written in four columns. Of these, 199 belong to the Old Testament and 147 1/2 belong to the New Testament, along with two other books, the Epistle of Barnabas and part of The Shepherd of Hermas. The books of the New Testament are arranged in this order: the four [[Gospels]], the epistles of Paul, the [[Acts of the Apostles]], the General Epistles, [[Book of Revelation]]. |
| − | + | Little is known of the manuscript’s prior history. It is speculated to have been written in Egypt and it is sometimes associated with the fifty copies of the scriptures commissioned by Roman Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] after his conversion to Christianity | |
| − | A paleographical study at the British Museum in 1938 found that the text had undergone several corrections. The first corrections were done by several scribes before the manuscript left the scriptorium. | + | A paleographical study at the British Museum in 1938 found that the text had undergone several corrections. The first corrections were done by several scribes before the manuscript left the scriptorium. Many alterations were made in the sixth or seventh century, which, according to a colophon at the end of the book of [[Esdras]] and [[Book of Esther|Esther]], states that the source of these alterations was ''"a very ancient manuscript that had been corrected by the hand of the holy [[martyr]] [[Pamphilius of Caesarea|Pamphylus]]"''. From this is concluded, that the manuscript had been in [[Caesarea]] Palaestina in the sixth or seventh centuries.<ref>Bruce A. Metzger, the Text of the New Testament, it's Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 1992, p46.</ref> Uncorrected is the pervasive iotacism, especially of the ει diphthong. |
== Discovery == | == Discovery == | ||
| + | Codex Sinaiticus was found, in 1859, by Constantine von Tischendorf on his third visit to the Monastery of Saint Catherine on Mount Sinai in Egypt. The first two trips had yielded parts of the Old Testament, some found in a basket of manuscripts pieces, which Tischendorf was told by a librarian that "they were rubbish which was to be destroyed by burning it in the ovens of the monastery".<ref>Skeat, T. C. "The Last Chapter in the History of the Codex Sinaiticus." ''Novum Testamentum''. Vol. 42, Fasc. 3, Jul., 2000. p. 313</ref> The emperor Alexander II of Russia sent him to search for manuscripts, which he was convinced were still to be found in the monastery at Mount Sinai. In May 1975, during restoration work, the [[monk]]s of St. Catherine's monastery at Sinai discovered a room under the St. George [[chapel]] that contained many parchment fragments. Among these fragments, twelve missing leaves from the Sinaiticus Old Testament were found. | ||
| − | + | The story of how von Tischendorf found the manuscript, which contained most of the Old Testament and all of the New Testament, has all the interest of a romance. Von Tischendorf reached the monastery on [[January 31]]; but his inquiries appeared to be fruitless. On [[February 4]], he had resolved to return home without having gained his object. | |
| + | |||
| + | : On the afternoon of this day I was taking a walk with the steward of the convent in the neighbourhood, and as we returned, towards sunset, he begged me to take some refreshment with him in his cell. Scarcely had he entered the room, when, resuming our former subject of conversation, he said: "And I, too, have read a Septuagint"—i.e. a copy of the Greek translation made by the Seventy. And so saying, he took down from the corner of the room a bulky kind of volume, wrapped up in a red cloth, and laid it before me. I unrolled the cover, and discovered, to my great surprise, not only those very fragments which, fifteen years before, I had taken out of the basket, but also other parts of the Old Testament, the New Testament complete, and, in addition, the Epistle of Barnabas and a part of the Shepherd of Hermas.<ref>See [http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/extras/tischendorf-sinaiticus.html Constantin von Tischendorf, The Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript], Extract from Constantin von Tischendorf, ''When Were Our Gospels Written? An Argument by Constantine Tischendorf. With a Narrative of the Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript'' [New York: American Tract Society, 1866].</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | After some negotiations, he obtained possession of this precious fragment, and conveyed it to Emperor Alexander, who fully appreciated its importance, and caused it to be published as nearly as possible in facsimile, so as to exhibit correctly the ancient handwriting. As a compensation, the tsar sent 9000 rubles to the monastery. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Regarding Tischendorf's role in the transfer to St. Petersburg, there are several views. Although when parts of [[Genesis]] and [[Numbers]] were later found in the binding of other books, they were amicably sent to Tischendorf, the ''Codex'' is currently regarded by the monastery as having been stolen, a view hotly contested by several scholars in Europe. In a more neutral spirit, New Testament scholar Bruce Metzger writes: "Certain aspects of the negotiations leading to the transfer of the codex to the Czar's possession are open to an interpretation that reflects adversely on Tischendorf's candour and good faith with the monks at St. Catherine's. For a recent account intended to exculpate him of blame, see Erhard Lauch's article 'Nichts gegen Tischendorf' in ''Bekenntnis zur Kirche: Frestabe für Ernst Sommerlath zum 70. Geburtstag'' (Berlin, c. 1961); for an account that includes a hitherto unknown receipt given by Tischendorf to the authorities at the monastery promising to return the manuscript from St. Petersburg 'to the Holy Confraternity of Sinai at its earliest request'.<ref>See Ihor Šev�?enko's article 'New Documents on Tischendorf and the Codex Sinaiticus', published in the journal ''Scriptorium'', xviii (1964) pp 55-80."<br /> Bruce A. Metzger, ''The Text of the New Testament: it's Transmission, Corruption and Restoration'', Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 45.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | For many decades, the manuscript was preserved in the Russian National Library. In 1933, the Soviet Union sold the Codex to the British Library for £100,000. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Present location == | ||
| + | The Codex is now split into four unequal portions: 347 leaves in the British Library in London, 12 leaves and 14 fragments in St. Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai, 43 leaves in the Leipzig University Library, and fragments of 3 leaves in the Russian National Library in St Petersburg. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In June 2005, a joint project to produce a new digital edition of the manuscript (involving all four holding libraries) and a series of other studies was announced. The project, done in cooperation with the British Library, will include the use of hyperspectral imaging to photograph the manuscripts to look for hidden information such as erased or faded text.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4739369.stm Oldest known Bible to go online]. ''BBC.com''. August 3, 2005. Accessed June 08, 2006.</ref> | ||
| − | + | ==References== | |
| + | <references /> | ||
| − | + | ==Source== | |
| + | *[[w:Codex_Sinaiticus]] | ||
| − | + | == External links == | |
| + | * [http://www.bible-researcher.com/codex-aleph.html Codex Sinaiticus page at bible-researcher.com] | ||
| + | * [http://www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/tc_codexs.html Earlham College facsimile of Codex Sinaiticus] | ||
| + | * [http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/manuscripts/HITS0001.ASP?VPath=c!/inetpub/wwwroot/mss/data/msscat/html/31110.htm&Search=Add.+43725&Highlight=F British Library Catalogue entry] | ||
| − | + | [[Category:Scripture]] | |
Latest revision as of 01:41, October 15, 2010
The Codex Sinaiticus is a fourth century uncial manuscript of the Holy Bible in the Greek language, written between 330 and 350. Originally held at the Monastery of Saint Catherine on Mount Sinai, the manuscript is now split among British Library in London, St. Catherine's Monastery, Leipzig University Library, and the Russian National Library in St Petersburg.
Description
The major part of the manuscript held by the British Library is identified (London, Brit. Libr., Add. 43725; Gregory-Aland no. א (Aleph) or 01). Originally the manuscript contained the whole of both the Testaments. Now only portions of the Old Testament in Greek or Septuagint survive along with a complete New Testament, the Epistle of Barnabas and portions of The Shepherd of Hermas. Along with Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus is one of the most valuable manuscripts for Textual criticism of the Greek New Testament, as well as the Septuagint.
The entire codex consists of 346 1/2 folios, written in four columns. Of these, 199 belong to the Old Testament and 147 1/2 belong to the New Testament, along with two other books, the Epistle of Barnabas and part of The Shepherd of Hermas. The books of the New Testament are arranged in this order: the four Gospels, the epistles of Paul, the Acts of the Apostles, the General Epistles, Book of Revelation.
Little is known of the manuscript’s prior history. It is speculated to have been written in Egypt and it is sometimes associated with the fifty copies of the scriptures commissioned by Roman Emperor Constantine after his conversion to Christianity
A paleographical study at the British Museum in 1938 found that the text had undergone several corrections. The first corrections were done by several scribes before the manuscript left the scriptorium. Many alterations were made in the sixth or seventh century, which, according to a colophon at the end of the book of Esdras and Esther, states that the source of these alterations was "a very ancient manuscript that had been corrected by the hand of the holy martyr Pamphylus". From this is concluded, that the manuscript had been in Caesarea Palaestina in the sixth or seventh centuries.[1] Uncorrected is the pervasive iotacism, especially of the ει diphthong.
Discovery
Codex Sinaiticus was found, in 1859, by Constantine von Tischendorf on his third visit to the Monastery of Saint Catherine on Mount Sinai in Egypt. The first two trips had yielded parts of the Old Testament, some found in a basket of manuscripts pieces, which Tischendorf was told by a librarian that "they were rubbish which was to be destroyed by burning it in the ovens of the monastery".[2] The emperor Alexander II of Russia sent him to search for manuscripts, which he was convinced were still to be found in the monastery at Mount Sinai. In May 1975, during restoration work, the monks of St. Catherine's monastery at Sinai discovered a room under the St. George chapel that contained many parchment fragments. Among these fragments, twelve missing leaves from the Sinaiticus Old Testament were found.
The story of how von Tischendorf found the manuscript, which contained most of the Old Testament and all of the New Testament, has all the interest of a romance. Von Tischendorf reached the monastery on January 31; but his inquiries appeared to be fruitless. On February 4, he had resolved to return home without having gained his object.
- On the afternoon of this day I was taking a walk with the steward of the convent in the neighbourhood, and as we returned, towards sunset, he begged me to take some refreshment with him in his cell. Scarcely had he entered the room, when, resuming our former subject of conversation, he said: "And I, too, have read a Septuagint"—i.e. a copy of the Greek translation made by the Seventy. And so saying, he took down from the corner of the room a bulky kind of volume, wrapped up in a red cloth, and laid it before me. I unrolled the cover, and discovered, to my great surprise, not only those very fragments which, fifteen years before, I had taken out of the basket, but also other parts of the Old Testament, the New Testament complete, and, in addition, the Epistle of Barnabas and a part of the Shepherd of Hermas.[3]
After some negotiations, he obtained possession of this precious fragment, and conveyed it to Emperor Alexander, who fully appreciated its importance, and caused it to be published as nearly as possible in facsimile, so as to exhibit correctly the ancient handwriting. As a compensation, the tsar sent 9000 rubles to the monastery.
Regarding Tischendorf's role in the transfer to St. Petersburg, there are several views. Although when parts of Genesis and Numbers were later found in the binding of other books, they were amicably sent to Tischendorf, the Codex is currently regarded by the monastery as having been stolen, a view hotly contested by several scholars in Europe. In a more neutral spirit, New Testament scholar Bruce Metzger writes: "Certain aspects of the negotiations leading to the transfer of the codex to the Czar's possession are open to an interpretation that reflects adversely on Tischendorf's candour and good faith with the monks at St. Catherine's. For a recent account intended to exculpate him of blame, see Erhard Lauch's article 'Nichts gegen Tischendorf' in Bekenntnis zur Kirche: Frestabe für Ernst Sommerlath zum 70. Geburtstag (Berlin, c. 1961); for an account that includes a hitherto unknown receipt given by Tischendorf to the authorities at the monastery promising to return the manuscript from St. Petersburg 'to the Holy Confraternity of Sinai at its earliest request'.[4]
For many decades, the manuscript was preserved in the Russian National Library. In 1933, the Soviet Union sold the Codex to the British Library for £100,000.
Present location
The Codex is now split into four unequal portions: 347 leaves in the British Library in London, 12 leaves and 14 fragments in St. Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai, 43 leaves in the Leipzig University Library, and fragments of 3 leaves in the Russian National Library in St Petersburg.
In June 2005, a joint project to produce a new digital edition of the manuscript (involving all four holding libraries) and a series of other studies was announced. The project, done in cooperation with the British Library, will include the use of hyperspectral imaging to photograph the manuscripts to look for hidden information such as erased or faded text.[5]
References
- ↑ Bruce A. Metzger, the Text of the New Testament, it's Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 1992, p46.
- ↑ Skeat, T. C. "The Last Chapter in the History of the Codex Sinaiticus." Novum Testamentum. Vol. 42, Fasc. 3, Jul., 2000. p. 313
- ↑ See Constantin von Tischendorf, The Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript, Extract from Constantin von Tischendorf, When Were Our Gospels Written? An Argument by Constantine Tischendorf. With a Narrative of the Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript [New York: American Tract Society, 1866].
- ↑ See Ihor Šev�?enko's article 'New Documents on Tischendorf and the Codex Sinaiticus', published in the journal Scriptorium, xviii (1964) pp 55-80."
Bruce A. Metzger, The Text of the New Testament: it's Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 45. - ↑ Oldest known Bible to go online. BBC.com. August 3, 2005. Accessed June 08, 2006.
