Phanar
Phanar, Fener, or Fanar (Greek Φανάρι [fa'nari]) is a neighborhood midway up the Golden Horn, within the borough of Fatih, in Istanbul, Turkey (formerly Constantinople). The streets in the area are full of historic wooden houses, churches, and synagogues dating from Byzantine and Ottoman times. The name phanar comes from Greek "fanari" (φανάρι), meaning lantern. During the city's Byzantine period there was within the district a columnar monument topped with a lantern.
After the fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453, the Phanar district became the home to most of the Greeks who remained in the city. The Greek inhabitants of Phanar were called Phanariotes. In 1599, the Ecumenical Patriarchate moved to the area as well and is still located in the Phanar. As a result, Phanar is often used as shorthand for the Ecumenical Patriarchate just as Vatican is used for the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church.
Under Ottoman rule the Ecumenical Patriarch was made responsible, as the Ethnarch, for all Orthodox people within the Ottoman state, undertaking all administrative and juridical responsibilities in civil cases concerning Orthodox Christians. Thus, the Phanar was the center of Orthodox Christian culture under the Ottomans. The seat of the Ecumenical Patriarch is the Cathedral of St George, which is located in the Phanar.
The Phanar Greek Orthodox College, which was founded in 1454, is now located near the Cathedral of St George. In the sixteenth century, a Greek school, the Great School of the Nation, was established. It continues today in Phanar as a middle and high school for the ethnic Greek inhabitants of Constantinople.
