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*1379 Beginning of Western "Great Schism," during which there are eventually 3 rival popes.
*1341-1351 [[Ninth Ecumenical Council|Councils in Constantinople]] vindicate [[Gregory Palamas|Palamite]] theology of hesychasm against [[Barlaam of Calabria|Barlaamist]] philosophy.
*1409 [[w:Council of Pisa|Council of Pisa]] is convened and presided over by [[w:Gui de Maillesec|Cardinal de Malesset]], [[w:Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina|Bishop of Palestrina]], and attended by 4 Latin patriarchs, 22 cardinals, 80 bishops and hundreds of lower clergy, whereby both reigning Popes Gregory XII of Rome and Benedict XIII of Avignon were deposed as heretics, being a recognition of the fact that Patriarchs and Popes were subordinate to the Councils of the Church.<ref>Stavros L. K. Markou. ''[http://prophecyhistory.com/?q=printpdf/307 An Orthodox Christian Historical Timeline].'' Retrieved: 25 February 2015.</ref><ref>Rev. A. H. Hore. ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924029361890 Eighteen centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church].'' London: James Parker & Co. 1899. p. 464.</ref>
*1414-1418 Council of Constance ends Western "Great Schism;" this council emphasized the [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over the authority of the pope.
*1415 The 13th Session of the [[w:Council of Constance|Council of Constance]] (June 15, 1415) decreed that the administering of the [[w:Communion under both kinds|Eucharist in Both Kinds]] to the [[Laity]] was to be forbidden, and that the [[Laity]] should receive the [[Eucharist]] under one kind only, that of the Bread, even though the Council itself noted that: ''"[[Christ]] instituted and administered to his disciples this venerable sacrament under both kinds of bread and wine; and that it was received by the faithful in the primitive church under both kinds."''<ref>Prof. Archibald Bower (Esq.) and Rev. Samuel Hanson Cox (D.D.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=NSbSAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The History of the Popes: From the Foundation of the See of Rome to A.D. 1758, Volume 3].'' Philadelphia: Griffith & Simon, 1845. pp.188-190.</ref><ref>Papal Encyclicals Online. [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum16.htm Council of Constance 1414-18: SESSION 13 - 15 June 1415].</ref><ref group="note">The Council also stated that no priest, under pain of excommunication, may communicate the people under the forms of both bread and wine:<br>
*1576 [[w:Pope Gregory XIII|Pope Gregory XIII]] establishes Pontifical Greek College of St. Athanasius (popularly known as the '[[w:Greek_Pontifical_College#Collegio_Greco|Greek College]]') in Rome, which he charged with educating Italo-Byzantine clerics.
*1582 Institution of [[Gregorian Calendar]].
*1583 Arrival of the first Jesuits in Constantinople and constant proselytization by the Roman Catholic Church in the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=VRASIDAS158>Vrasidas Karalis. "Greek Christianity After 1453." In: Ken Parry (Ed.). ''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity.'' Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2007. p. 158.</ref><ref group="note">Orthodox dioceses were divided between Roman Catholic Venetian rulers and the Ottoman sultanate. Whereas under the latter they enjoyed relative freedom of religious expression, this was not the case in the Venetian-ruled areas. There all Orthodox bishops and metropolitans were replaced by Latin representatives of the pope.</ref>*1595-1596 Pope [[w:Pope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]] declared in his Constitution ''Magnus Dominus'' (23 Dec. 1595), which announced the [[Union of Brest-Litovsk|Union of Brest]], that Orthodox [[Chrismation|Chrism]] was not valid and had to be repeated by a Roman Catholic bishop and that all Orthodox clergy had to accept the union;<ref group="note">The document shows that membership in the Church of God was seen as essentially conditioned by communion with the Pope of Rome. Those who do not belong to the Roman-Catholic Church cannot be saved because they are not members of the Church of God as such. Membership in the Roman Catholic Church was thus thought of as the only possible way of attaining salvation.:* <small>Wacław Hryniewicz. ''[https://books.google.ca/books?id=y7dq4-Xvn0EC&pg=RA1-PA27&lpg=RA1-PA27&dq=1595+Magnus+Dominus&source=bl&ots=A1xlh5wz2G&sig=uBq2B9mH1j3F2RY1RRdLg--yIqI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TobuVNu4ONOmyASLyILoDA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=1595%20Magnus%20Dominus&f=false The Challenge of Our Hope: Christian Faith in Dialogue].'' Volume 32 of Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. CRVP, 2007. p. 227.</small></ref> [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]] and creation of the [[Unia]] (Eastern/Byzantine/Greek Catholics);<ref group="note">"The origins of the [[Unia]] are found in the Lateran Council of 1215 and in the Bull of “Pope” Innocent IV. Officially, however, two Jesuits, [[w:Antonio Possevino|Antonio Possevino]] (1533-1611) and [[w:Piotr Skarga|Peter Skarga]] (1536-1612), created the Unia in Poland. These two monks put Unia in practice in Poland. They did this in order to [[Latinization|Latinize]] the Orthodox of Poland and Northwestern Russia. The King of Poland, Sigismund III, whom the two Jesuits had raised, helped them in this.":* <small>[[Andrew (Trempelas) of Dryinoupolis|Andrew of Dryinoupolis, Pogoniani and Konitsa]], and, [[Seraphim (Mentzelopoulos) of Piraeus|Seraphim of Piraeus and Faliro]]. ''[http://orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/epistle-to-pope-francis.pdf A Letter to Pope Francis Concerning His Past, the Abysmal State of Papism, and a Plea to Return to Holy Orthodoxy].'' HOLY AUTOCEPHALOUS ORTHODOX CATHOLIC CHURCH OF GREECE (THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF DRYINOUPOLIS, POGONIANI AND KONITSA, and, THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF PIRAEUS AND FALIRO). April 10, 2014. p. 31.</small></ref> after initially having supported rapproachement with Rome, Bp. [[Hedeon (Balaban) of Lviv]] opposed the Union of Brest until his death; in Italy, the Greek language was forbidden in the liturgy and the [[w:Greek Pontifical College of Saint Athanasius|College of St Athanasius]] (formally established in Rome in 1577) became one of the main centres of anti-Orthodox propaganda;<ref name=VRASISAS>Vrasidas Karalis. "Greek Christianity After 1453." In: Ken Parry (Ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2007.pp. 158, 160-161.</ref> Pope [[w:Pope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]] also replaced all Orthodox bishops with his own people, a policy that alienated local Orthodox populations, who yearned for the religious tolerance enjoyed by Ottoman subjects.<ref name=VRASISAS/>
*1597 Death of Nicephorus, the [[Protosyngellos]] of the Patriarch of Constantinople, who had supported the Orthodox synod at Brest (against the Uniate synod), and was sentenced to prison by the high court of Poland on charges of espionage.
*1611 [[w:Gallicanism|Gallican]] French theologian [http://www.answers.com/topic/edmond-richer Edmund Richer] (1559-1631), author of ''De ecclesiastica et politica potestate,'' held the view that [[w:Conciliarism|ecclesiastical councils]], not the papacy, was the method by which doctrinal truth was established, but his work was censured at the Council of Aix-en-Provence in 1612; this ‘richérisme’ strongly influenced 18th century Jansenism.
[[Category:Inter-Christian]]
[[Category:Non-Orthodox]]
[[ro:Relaţiile dintre Biserica Ortodoxă şi Romano-Catolicism (cronologie)]]
