Evolution

Evolution is the popular name for a set of scientific theories which aim to explain the apparent similarity of different species and the appearance of complex species later in the fossil record. In short, evolution means that all life on earth shares a common ancestry which can traced back to a single species. Orthodox Christians have divergent views on how to react to this development in science.

In general Orthodox responses can be grouped into two large categories, which we might label Compatibilism and Incompatibilism.

Compatibilists hold that science and theology are compatible and view them as complementary revelations of God. As God is the source of both his specific revelation of himself in the Christian faith and the source of the general revelation of himself in nature, the findings of science and theology cannot really contradict; the contradictions must be merely apparent and a resolution possible which is faithful to the truth of God's revelation.

Incompatibilists hold that science can be incompatible with faith. They usually argue either that science is philosophically based on a kind of naturalism or that God's specific revelation is infallible and therefore trumps the findings of human reason in the case of any conflict between them. This is often based on a suspicion of human reason to arrive at reliable conclusions in the first place.

The development of modern science dates to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, so no ecumenical council has ever addressed how to integrate it with divine revelation in a coherent and consistent worldview. As a result, there is not a dogmatic treatment examining how to resolve conflicts, whether apparent or real, when scientific findings appear to contradict divine revelation. Many early fathers were happy to use the primitive science of their day to divine purposes, perhaps suggesting to modern Christians a compatibilist resolution to the question. Other fathers, however, clearly see conflicts and contradictions which they resolve in favor of their understanding of Christian revelation.

Books

• Bouteneff, Peter, Beginings: Ancient Christian Readings of the Biblical Creation Narratives. Baker Academic, 2008. Provides Scriptural and patristic background for discussions of the doctrine of creation. Bouteneff is Assistant Professor of Dogmatic Theology at St Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary. Andrew Louth writes: "Bouteneff presents a carefully researched and scholarly reading of early Christian readings of the creation account in Genesis. What emerges is a range of interlocking insights into God's creative purpose and the human place in the cosmos. Genesis 1–3 is seen as neither a myth nor an outdated scientific account, but a poem of creation, yielding deeper meanings upon closer ponderings. Bouteneff unveils the often surprising riches of our patristic inheritance witha rare intelligence and passion." ISBN 0801032332
• Reardon, Archpriest Fr. Patrick Henry, Creation and the Patriarchal Histories: Orthodox Christian Reflections on the Book of Genesis. Conciliar Press, 2008. ISBN 9781888212969

— According to the review by Fr. Hans Jacobse, editor of OrthodoxyToday.org, the author writes that the structures of philosophical materialism (evolutionary theory and its flip-side, scientific creationism), both miss the point; that Genesis reveals that the creation is logo-centric -- it was created by the Word of God, and it is held together by the Word of God's power. The word of Scripture, then, is primarily a literary text, not history (itself a narrative) or a scientific tract.

• Rose, Fr Seraphim, Genesis, Creation, and Early Man — Contains a detailed examination of Patristic teaching related to the discussion of evolution and argues along the lines of modern creation science. Incompatibilist
• Woloschak, Gayle, Beauty and Unity in Creation: The evolution of life. (Minneapolis: Light and Life, 1996) — Primer on the relationship between evolutionary biology and Orthodoxy by a scientist. ISBN 1880971275 Compatibilist

Articles

• Vlachos, Hierotheos, "Orthodox Theology and Science" From the Greek Orthodox Theological Review. Brookline: Spring 1999. Vol. 44, Iss. 1-4; pg. 131, 19 pgs. A useful introduction to the broader relationship between science and Orthodox Christianity.

Compatibilist

• Boojamra, Dr. John, "The Orthodox Idea of Creation" The Word, June 1999, pp.31-34 An overview of Orthodox cosmology, intended for teachers and youth leaders as a background for discussion of various educational segments related to creation. Concise and useful for a general understanding of Orthodox cosmology.
• Breck, Archpriest John V. "Ex Nihilo" Life in Christ, February 2008 #1.
• Fritts, Kevin Basil, "On the Dogma of Creation" The author is a contributor to this OrthodoxWiki article.
• Hallam, Fr. Gregory, "Orthodoxy and Creationism"
• Kalomiros, Dr. Alexandre, "The Six Dawns"
• Kuraev, Fr. Deacon Andrey, "Can an Orthodox Become an Evolutionist?" and "Orthodoxy and Creationism"
• Maletis, John P., "Let There Be Light: An Orthodox Christian Theory of Human Evolution for the 21st Century". Theandros Vol. 5 No. 3.
• Metallinos, V. Rev. Prof. Dr. George, "Faith and Science in Orthodox Gnosiology and Methodology" Very briefly mentions evolution, but overall states the traditional Orthodox position of separation between divine and earthly knowledge.
• Mileant, Bishop Alexander of Buenos Aires and South America (ROCOR). The Origins of the World and Mankind: An Attempt to Reconcile the Biblical Account with Scientific Discoveries. Transl. by Karyn and Michael Grigoriev. Ed. by Natalia Semyanko. Holy Trinity Orthodox Mission, La Canada, California, 2004.
• Nicozisin, Fr. George, "Creationism versus Evolution"
• Smith, Allyne, H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr., Edward Hughes, and J. Henry, "Orthodoxy", in The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition (2000): 268-273.
• Theokritoff, George, with Elizabeth Theokritoff, "Genesis and Creation: Towards a debate" (PDF) — Review of Seraphim Rose, Genesis, Creation and Early Man: The Orthodox Christian Vision, in St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly, Volume 46, Number 2 (2002). George Theokritoff is a paleontologist and Elizabeth is a theological scholar, author and editor of The Cambridge Companion to Orthodox Christian Theology (ISBN 0521683388).
• Voino-Yasenetsky, St Luke, "Science and Religion"
• Ware, Metropolitan Kallistos, "Orthodoxy and Evolution", video: answer to a question asked in a forum at Seattle Pacific University.

Incompatibilist

• Anonymous blogger, Orthodoxy and Creationism, a compilation of Patristic and modern quotes about evolution and Genesis. Genesis, Creation, and Early Man, George and Elizabeth Theokritoff's review, linked above, with critical comments interpolated in bold. The Entire Creation was Created Incorrupt, a compilation of patristic quotes. Adam and Eve were literally the first people and were created uniquely from all other creatures and subsequent people, a compilation of patristic quotes.
• Bensusan, Ephrem Hugh, "Orthodox Christianity and the Post-Christian Intelligentsia: A Response to Archbishop Lazar (Puhalo): Part 1" Bensusan deals with the Archbishop's acceptance of evolution.
• Bufeev, S. V, "Why an Orthodox Christian cannot be an evolutionist"
• Christensen, Fr. Damascene, "Interview with Fr. Damascene" Hieromonk Damascene speaks about creation with reference to patristic literature.
• Gascoigne, Fr. Serafim "Evolution" A New Fundamentalism" from OrthodoxNorth.net
• Rose, Fr. Seraphim, "Genesis, Creation and Early Man: The Orthodox Christian Vision", several chapters from Fr. Seraphim's book on creation. "Genesis and Early Man: The Orthodox patristic understanding", a letter to Dr. Alexandre Kalomiros.

See also

• Byzantine Creation Era

External links

Orthodox

• Creatio. Shestodnev Orthodox Mission Center in Russia dedicated to defending creationism against evolution by reference to patristic texts.

Non-Orthodox

• Pontifical Gregorian University. International Conference on "Biological Evolution: Facts and Theories": A critical appraisal 150 years after "The Origin of Species". Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 3-7 March 2009.