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Our father among the saints '''Mark of Ephesus''' (Evgenikos), Pillar of Orthodoxy, was famous for his courageous defense of Orthodoxy at the [[Council of Florence]] (1439 A.D.) in spite of the [[John VIII Palaeologus|emperor]] and the [[Eugenius IV of Rome|pope of Rome]]. He held Rome to be in [[schism]] and [[heresy]] for its acceptance of the [[Filioque|''Filioque'' clause]] added to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] and for the claims of the [[papacy]] to universal jurisdiction over the [[Church]], and was thus the only Eastern [[bishop]] to refuse to sign the decrees of the council.