Changes

Beginning in the nineteenth century, four major movements within Judaism came to be: Reform, Orthodox, Conservative, and Reconstructionist. The '''Reform''' movement began in Germany, and it "sought to regenerate public worship by enhancing its beauty and relevance, cutting obsolete material, introducing vernacular prayers, a weekly vernacular sermon, choral and organ music, and new ceremonies such as confirmation."<ref>Solomon, pp. 98-99.</ref>first lasting Reform temple was founded in 1818 in Hamburg, Germany. The '''Conservative''' movement is associated particularly with Zacharias Frankel (1801-75) in Germany and Solomon Schecter (1850-1915) in the United States. '''Orthodox''' Judaism refers not so much to a movement as "an umbrella term for all those forms of traditional Judaism which were left behind when first Reform, then Conservative Judaism, set up organizations ... in some way critical of traditional Judaism as commonly interpreted."<ref>Solomon, p. 103.</ref> '''Reconstructionist''' Judaism is associated primarily with Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983) and the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College (established in 1968). More radical than the Conservative and Reform, it calls "for a reappraisal of Judaism, including such fundamental concepts as God, Israel, and Torah, and institutions such as the Synagogue, in the light of contemporary thought and society."<ref>Solomon, p. 106.</ref>