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:''This article concerns the [[schism ]] between what is now called Catholicism and Orthodoxy. For the schism between Rome and Avignon, see the Wikipedia article, '[[w:Western Schism|Western Schism]]'.''
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This led to the primary causes of the Schism - the disputes over conflicting claims of jurisdiction, in particular over papal authority. Pope [[Leo IX]] claimed he held authority over the four Eastern [[patriarch]]s (see also [[Pentarchy]]).
Pope Leo IX allowed the insertion of the [[Filioque]] into the [[Nicene Creed]] in the West in 1014 <ref>Aristeides Papadakis The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy, SVS Press, NY, 1994 p14)</ref>. Eastern Orthodox today state that the 28th Canon of the [Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople.
The seventh canon of the [[Third Ecumenical Council|Council of Ephesus]] declared:
===Filioque===
''Filioque'' is a word that changes the Latin version of the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] to include the wording ''[Spiritus Sanctus] qui ex Patre '''Filioque''' procedit'' or "[[Holy Spirit[]] who proceeds from the Father '''and the Son'''."
The first appearance of this insertion into the Creed happened in Toledo, Spain, where Latin theologians were trying to refute a brand of the [[Arianism|Arian]] [[heresy]]. Those theologians had better access to the writings of Latin theologians, particularly of St. [[Augustine of Hippo]], than to Greek theologians. Augustine used the teaching from [[Gospel of John|John]] 16:7 to emphasize that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son, and that neither is subordinate to the other.
