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The church itself was described by Procopius as a [[basilica]], with two, or perhaps four, side aisles. The length and width dimensions of the interior are about 110 m (360 ft) by 52 m (171 ft), with a central and two side aisle [[apse]]s on the eastern end. The exterior length of the building is estimated as 116 m (382 ft). A [[narthex]] was located on the west end of the building which apparently opened to a small atrium that bordered the Cardo. With its large size the church rivaled in size the [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Church of the Holy Wisdom]] in Constantinople that was also built by Justinian.

The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]], the other major church in Jerusalem at the time, was located further north along the Cardo on its other side. These two churches are displayed most prominently in the famous Madaba mosaic map of Jerusalem that was discovered in the ruins of a Byzantine church in Madaba, Jordan, in 1884. This map is the oldest pictoral view of Jerusalem and vividly shows the two churches between which processions were conducted.