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*1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] permanent.
*1853-56 [[w:Crimean War|Crimean War]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, begins over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy Land.
*1854 [[Immaculate Conception]] declared [[dogma ]] by [[Roman Catholic Church]].
*1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks.
*1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]].
