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By the ukase of the Synod on [[May 19]], 1914, Bishop Anthony was appointed to the Khar'kov and Aktyr cathedra. After the February 1917 Revolution, he was forced to ask for retirement because of poor relations with the new authorities in his area and the discontent of certain members of his [[clergy]]. On [[May 1]], 1917, he was retired and assigned to the [[Valaam Monastery]], where he wrote his book "The Doctrine of Redemption," which later caused many arguments among Orthodox theologians. In August of 1917 he was again elected Archbishop of Khar'kov and Akhtyr by the Diocesan council of Khar'kov.
In 1917-1918, he was a member of the [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|Local Council of the Russian Church]], where he was a staunch supporter of restoring the patriarchy. His candidacy received the largest number of votes - 159 - but On [[November 5]], 1918, Patriarch St. [[Tikhon of Moscow]] was elected by lot. On [[November 28]], Archbishop Anthony was raised to the rank of [[metropolitan]] and on [[December 7]] elected a member of the [[Holy Synod ]] headed by Patriarch Tikhon.
In January 1918, Metropolitan Anthony was present at the All-Ukrainian Church Council in Kiev. He then fled the city before the Bolshevik invasion. Following the killing of New Hieromartyr St. [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlesky) of Kiev]], Metropolitan Anthony was elected to the Kiev cathedra, and returned when the city was occupied by the Germans. However, his election was not approved by the authorities because of his opposition to Ukrainian [[autocephaly]].
In 1925, at the invitation of Randel Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury, Metropolitan Anthony participated in festivities in London marking the sixteen hundreth anniversary of the [[First Ecumenical Council]]. And in October of 1925, at the invitation of Romanian hierarchs, he participated in the enthronement of Patriarch [[Miron (Cristea) of Romania]].
Metropolitan Anthony presided over another meeting of the Council of Bishops of [[ROCOR ]] in June 1926. The bishops decided to accept Metropolitan [[Peter (Polyansky) of Krutitsa]] as the lawful [[Locum Tenens]] following the repose of St. Tikhon. The Council once again called for Metropolitans Platon and Eulogius to accept its jurisdiction.
On [[September 9]], 1927, the Council of Bishops of the ROCOR, presided over by Metropolitan Anthony, decreed a break of communion with ecclesiastic authorities in Moscow after categorically rejecting a demand by Metropolitan [[Sergius (Stragorodsky) of Nizhny Novgorod]], who was acting as Locum Tenens, to declare loyalty to the Soviet authorities. Metropolitan Sergius responded in 1928 by decreeing that Metropolitan Eulogius had canonical authority in Western Europe and that all actions of the Karlovtsy Synod were uncanonical. Then, on [[June 22]], 1934, Metropolitan Sergius and his Synod passed judgement on Metropolitan Anthony and his Synod, declaring them to be under suspension. Metropolitan Anthony refused to recognize this decision, claiming that it was made under political pressure from Soviet authorities and that Metropolitan Sergius had illegally usurped the position of [[Locum Tenens]]. In this, he received the support of the Patriarch [[Varnava of Serbia]], who continued to maintain communion with the ROCOR Synod.