Changes

The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]]. ==New Testament era==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era)]] *ca. 27 BC - AD 180 [[Pax Romana]].*ca. 4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]]. *ca. 28 [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] begins ministry.*ca. 28-30 Three year ministry of [[Jesus Christ]].*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]] the deacon, first Christian martyr. *30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]].

== New Testament Apostolic era (33-100)== *ca. 6-7BC : Main article: ''[[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (33-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed100))]].*ca. 27 [[Theophany|Christ's baptism in the Jordan]].*ca. 28 Beheading of [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]].*ca. 30 [[Crucifixion]], [[Resurrection]] and [[Ascension]] of Christ.*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]].*30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]] on road to Damascus.'

==Apostolic era (33*ca. 30-100)==*33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high. *34 [[Apostle Peter]] founds [[Church of Antioch|See of Antioch]]. *35 The name Name ''Christian'' first used in Antioch. *37 [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in [[Glastonbury]]. *40 [[Apostle Barnabas]] sent from Jerusalem to Antioch.*ca. 42 [[Apostle Paul]]'s ecstasy to the third heaven (2 Cor.12:2-4).*ca. 46-48 [[Apostle Paul]]'s first [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Barnabas]].*49 [[Apostolic Council of Jerusalem]] rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians. *ca. 49-52 [[Apostle Paul]]'s second [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Silas]].*50 [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic. *52 [[Apostle Thomas]] arrives in Kerala, introducing [[Church of India|Christianity to India]].*ca. 53-57 [[Apostle Paul]]'s third [[missionary]] journey (Acts 18:23 - 21:16).*ca. 59-62 [[Apostle Paul]]'s fourth [[missionary]] journey, voyage to Rome.*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]]; crucifixion of [[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras. *63 [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first bishop of Britain. *64-67 Persecution 68 First of ten major persecutions of Christians by the early Church, [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Nero.2C_64-68_A.D.|under Emperor Nero]].*64 Martyrdom 66 Flight of the Christian community in Jerusalem to [[Apostle Paulw:Pella, Jordan|Pella]] and other places in Romethe [[w:Decapolis|Decapolis]], and Antioch.*67 Martyrdom of the Apostles [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero. *69 [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated [[bishop]] of Antioch. *70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; [[w:Herod's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem ]] is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues; Johanan Ben Zacchai founds college at Jamnia that becomes seat of Sanhedrin and center of Judaism A.D. 70-135, enabling emergence of Rabbinic Judaism. *71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans. *80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) Titus dedicates [[Josephusw:Colosseum|Colosseum]] writes ''Antiquities'', site of the martyrdom of many early Christians.*ca. 80-90 ''[[Didache]]'' written. *85 ''[[Acts of the Apostles]]'' written by [[Apostle Luke]]. *90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora. *95 [[Apostle John]] writes [[Book of Revelation]]. *ca. 90-96-98 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Domitian|Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian]] (2nd). *96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John]] as supplement and further theological illumination .*ca. 100 Emergence of the [[Synoptic gospelsw:Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs_2|Christian Catacombs]].

: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))]]'' *107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]]. *108-124 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emperor Hadrian (3rd).*120 Beginning of time of the Apologists: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]], [[Tatian]], [[Athenagoras of Athens]], [[Theophilus]], [[Minucius Felix]], [[Tertullian]] and [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]].*124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides ]] present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens. *128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]]. *132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome. *135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day]] in Rome. *136 Emperor Hadrian crushes Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from returning Jerusalem, and changes city name to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]]. *144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]]. *150 [[Justin Martyr]] describes [[Divine Liturgy]]. *155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]]. *156 Beginning of [[Montanism]]. *165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]]. *166 Pope [[Soter of Rome|Soter]] inaugurates in Rome a separate annual feast for [[Pascha]], in addition to the weekly [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] celebrations of the [[Resurrection]], which is also held on a Sunday, in contrast to the [[Quartodeciman|Quartodecimans]].*ca. 170 Emergence of 175 Tatian's [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the four canonical gospels into single narrative.*177-180 [[w:Muratorian fragmentPersecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Muratorian CanonPersection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]](161-180) (4th).*180 [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies'' ; Saint [[Dyfan ]] first martyr in British Isles (at Merthyr Dyfan, Wales.)*190 180-192 [[Pantaenusw:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] founds Greek translation of the [[Alexandrian school|Catechetical School at AlexandriaOld Testament]]. *195 Bishop Saint Elvan dies at Glastonbury193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Symmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]]. *197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy. *200 Martyrdom of [[Irenaeus of Lyons]]. *202 Emperor Septimus Severus issues edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]]. *203 202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimus Septimius Severus issues edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]](193-211) (5th).*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity. *208 ca. 209 Martyrdom of [[TertullianAlban]] writes that Christ has followers on the far side of the Roman wall in Britain where Roman legions have not yet penetrated. *ca. 209 Martyrdom 210 [[Hippolytus of Rome]], bishop and martyr and last of Greek-speaking fathers in Rome, writes ''[[Albanw:Refutation of all Heresies|Refutation of All Heresies]] in Britain'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].

*232 Heraclas becomes Pope ca. 225-250 ''[[w:Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia Apostolorum]]'' written.*227 [[Origen]] begins ''Commentary on Genesis'', completes work on ''First Principles''.*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]] (6th); martyrdom of St. [[Hippolytus of AlexandriaRome]].*238 During reigns of Gordian and [[w:Philip the Arab|Philip the Arab]] Church preaches openly and increasingly attracts well-educated converts.*ca. 240 [[Origen]] produces [[Hexapla]].*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome in opposition to Church.*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes in Egypt first Christian hermit. *247 Rome celebrates thousandth anniversary, witnessing a period of increased persecution of Christians.*248 [[Origen]] writes ''Against Celsus'' that the [[Pax Romana|Roman Empire was ordained by God]]. *249-251 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Decius]] (7th). *251257-253 260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor Gaius.*Valerian]] (253-260 Persecution under Emperor Valerian) (8th). *255-256 Three Councils 258 Martyrdom of [[Cyprian of Carthage]].*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ; Synod in Rome condemns Sabellianism and Subordinationism. *264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].*265 ''[[Homoousios]]'' used for first time by Modalist Monarchians of Cyrene.*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]] (9th). *270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]].*272 Martyrdom ; [[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Sabbas Stratelates ("Tyre]] writes ''Against the General") of Rome and 70 soldiersChristians''.

*285 [[Anthony the Great]] flees to desert. *300 Christian population reaches about 6,200,000, or 10.5% of the desert to pursue a life population of prayerthe Roman Empire.*301 [[Gregory the IlluminatorEnlightener]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith. *302 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia. *303 Outbreak of the [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution, as Diocletian launches the last major persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire]] (303-311) (10th); martyrdom of [[George the Trophy-bearer]]. *ca. 305 Martyrdom of -311 [[PanteleimonLactantius]] and writes ''[[Catherine of AlexandriaDivinae Institutiones]]''. *ca. Martyrdom 306 [[w:Synod of Bishop Ianouarios Elvira|Synod of Beneventio of Campania Elvira]] requires clerical celibacy and sets severe disciplinary penalties for apostasy and his Companionsadultery, becoming the pattern in the West.*306 Martyrdom of 308 Pope [[Demetrius of Thessalonikiw:Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus]]opposes leniency for Christians who lapsed under persecution.*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379). *311 Galerius issues Edict of Toleration , ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; rebellion of the [[Donatism|DonatistsDonatist]] rebellion in Carthage. *312 [[Labarum|Vision ]] and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]]; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]], making Constantine Emperor of the West; martyrdom of [[Lucian of Antioch]].*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by [[Constantine the Great]] and co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire, specifically naming religious toleration for Christianity, restoration of property to Christian churches, and legal recognition. *314 [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]]. *315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held.*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by [[Athanasius the Great]], influencing the condemnation of [[Arianism]]; beginnings of [[Arianism|Arian Controversy]]. *318 [[Pachomius the Great]], disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]].*319 Translation of relics of [[Theodore the General|Theodore Stratelates]] ("the General"). *320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. *320-21 Licinius' measures against Christians in the East enforced.*321 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] declares [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] a holiday in honor of the [[Resurrection]].*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds church on the site of the martyrdom of [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome.

==Nicene era (325-451)== : ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))]]'' *325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]].*326 Discovery , also establishing the supremacy of honor of the [Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. *326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress [[Helen]]a.*326 ; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian. *328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria (328-373). *329 [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains [[Frumentius of Axum|Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia. *330 Constantinople is founded Byzantium refounded as ''Constantinople / New Rome'' and , Christian capital of the Roman Empire, and is dedicated to the [[Theotokos]] by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert. *333 336-338 [[Constantine Athanasius the Great|Constantine]] commissions goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of [[Eusebius of Caesarea|EusebiusPachomius the Great]], to prepare 50 copies of the Bible for churches awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in the new capitalEurope. *335 337 Death of [[Sylvester of RomeConstantine the Great|SylvesterConstantine]], Pope of Rome. *336-338 340 Conversion of [[Athanasius the GreatWulfila]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of to [[Pachomius the GreatArianism]], awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in Europe. *337 Death of 341 [[Constantine the Great|ConstantineCouncil of Antioch]].held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. *339-346 Second exile 345 Death of [[Athanasius the Great|AthanasiusNicholas of Myra]]. *340 Conversion 348 Death of [[WulfilaPachomius the Great]] to and [[Spyridon of Trimythous]]. *350 [[ArianismNinian]]establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, subsequently missionizing beginning the Goths with [[heresy|hereticalmissionary]] doctrine; Council of Rome under Pope Julius where Athanasius and Marcellus are declared innocent and maintained in effort to the communion Picts. *351 Apparition of the western churches; [[Council of GangraCross]] heldover Jerusalem. *340-570 355 Death of [[w:Constantinople|ConstantinopleNino of Cappadocia]] overtakes Rome as the . *356 Death of [[w:List of largest cities throughout history|largest city in Anthony the worldGreat]] by population. *341 357 [[Council of AntiochSirmium]] held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty issues ''Blasphemy of deathSirmium''. *345 Death of 358 [[Nicholas of Myra|NicholasBasil the Great]], Archbishop founds monastery of Myra Annesos in Lycia.*347 Pontus, the model for Eastern [[Council of Sardicamonasticism]]. *348 Death 359 Councils of [[Pachomius the GreatCouncil of Seleucia|Seleucia]]; death of and [[Spyridon Council of TrimythousRimini|Rimini]]. *350 360 [[NinianMartin of Tours]] establishes the founds first French monastery at Liguge; first church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the Picts.*351 Apparition of the Sign of the of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] inaugurated by Emperor [[Crossw:Constantius II|Constantius II]] over Jerusalem. *355 Death of [[Nino of Cappadocia|Nina]], Enlightener of Georgia362 Antiochian schism (362-414). *356 Death of 361-63 [[Anthony Julian the GreatApostate]]becomes Roman emperor and attempts to restore paganism. *357 The 363 Emperor [[Council of Sirmiumw:Jovian|Jovian]], reestablishes Christianity as the high point official religion of Arianism, issues the ''Blasphemy Empire. *364 [[Council of Sirmium''Laodicea]] held. *358 367 [[Basil the GreatAthanasius of Alexandria]] founds monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern writes [[monasticismPascha]].*359 Councils of l letter, listing for the first time the [[Council of Seleucia|Seleuciacanon]] in of the east and [[Council of Rimini|RiminiNew Testament]]; death of [[Hilary of Poitiers]] in the west. *360 373 Death of [[Martin of ToursAthanasius the Great]] founds first French monastery at Liguge; first church of and [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia SophiaEphrem the Syrian]] inaugurated by Emperor . *374 Election of [[w:Constantius IIAmbrose of Milan|Constantius IIAmbrose]]as bishop of Milan. *362 Synod of Alexandria; Antiochian schism (362-414).*361-63 375 [[Julian Basil the ApostateGreat]] becomes Roman emperor, attempting to restore paganismwrites ''[[On the Holy Spirit]]''. *363 Emperor 376 Visigoths convert to [[w:JovianArianism|JovianArian]] reestablished Christianity as the official religion . *379 Death of [[Basil the Empire, stating that he preferred the Orthodox view, and that Athanasius was to be permitted to return to his see at Alexandria.*364 [[Council of LaodiceaGreat]] held..*365-66 Brief exile and final restoration ; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of [[Athanasius Bishop of Alexandria]]Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *367 380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor [[Athanasius Theodosius the Great]]; [[Council of AlexandriaSaragossa]] writes his condemns [[PaschaPriscillianism]]l letter, listing for the first time the . *381 [[canonSecond Ecumenical Council]] of the held in Constantinople, condemning [[New TestamentPneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] of the and [[Holy ScripturesApollinarianism]], including all 27 New Testament Books; death declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Hilary of PoitiersEcumenical Council]].*373 Death of , and completing the [[Athanasius the GreatNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]; death of [[Ephrem the SyrianCouncil of Aquileia]]. *374 Election of led by [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]] as bishop of Milandeposes Arian bishops. *375 382 Pope [[Basil the GreatSiricius of Rome]] writes first to bear title ''[[On the Holy Spirit]]Pontifex Maximus'', confirming the divinity . *383 Death of the [[Holy SpiritFrumentius of Axum]], bishop of Axum and Apostle to Ethiopia.*376 Visigoths convert to 384 Council of Bordeaux condemns [[Arianism|ArianPriscillian]] Christianity. *378 385 Death of [[Meletius Gregory of Antioch|MeletiusNyssa]] returns to his see as bishop . *386 Death of Antioch; at [[w:Battle Cyril of Adrianople|Battle of AdrianopleJerusalem]] Emperor Valens defeated by the Visigoths, permanently weakening northern borders of the empire. *379 Death of 387 [[Basil the GreatAugustine of Hippo|Augustine]]; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power baptized by [[Ambrose of Bishop Milan]]. *391 Death of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction[[Gregory the Theologian]]. *380 Christianity established as the official faith 391-92 Closing of all non-Christian temples in the Roman Empire by Emperor ; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]]; ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to cease. *392 Death of [[Council of SaragossaMacarius the Great]] condemns . *393 [[PriscillianismCouncil of Hippo]]publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival. *381 394 [[Second Ecumenical CouncilEpiphanius of Salamis]] attacks teachings of [[Origen]] as heretical; Council of Constantinople held in Constantinople, condemning ; [[PneumatomachianismDonatism|Macedonianism/PneumatomachianismDonatist]] and [[AppollinarianismCouncil of Bagai]], declaring in Africa held. *395 [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; placing of the divinity cincture of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical CouncilTheotokos]], and completing in the Church of the [[NiceneVirgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople. *395 Re-Constantinopolitan Creed]]; [[Council division of Aquileia]] led by [[Ambrose Empire with death of Milan]] deposes Arian bishopsEmperor Theodosius the Great. *382 Pope 397 [[Siricius Councils of Carthage|Council of RomeCarthage]] first to bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''.*ca. 383 Death publishes Biblical canon; death of [[Martin of Tours]] and [[FrumentiusAmbrose of Milan]]. *384 Council of Bordeaux condemns 398 [[PriscillianJohn Chrysostom]].*385 Death of becomes [[Gregory of NyssaArchbishop]]of Constantinople. *386 [[Panagia Soumela Monastery]] founded in Trebizondca. 398 Martyrdom of 10, Pontus, Asia Minor; death 000 Fathers of the Scetis by Patriarch [[Cyril Theophilus of JerusalemAlexandria]]; . *399 [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the GreatAnastasius I of Rome]] begins to rebuild the present-day and other bishops condemn doctrine of [[w:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the WallsOrigen]]. *387 401 [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] baptized at writes ''Confessions''; Pope [[PaschaInnocent I of Rome]] by supports [[Ambrose of MilanJohn Chrysostom]].*391 Death of and condemns [[Gregory the Theologianpelagianism]]. *391-92 All non-Christian 402 [[Porphyry of Gaza]] obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in the Empire closed; Gaza. *403 Abduction of [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)Patrick of Ireland|Theodosius the Great]] ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome Patrick]] to cease.*392 Death Irelande; visit of [[Macarius Victricius of Rouen]] to Britain; [[Synod of the GreatOak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John Chrysostom]]. *393 404 Martyrdom of [[Council of HippoTelemachus]] publishes Biblical canon; , resulting in Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festivalHonorius' edict banning gladiator fights. *394 405 Translation of [[Epiphanius of SalamisHoly Scriptures]] attacks teachings of into Latin as the [[OrigenVulgate]] as heretical; Council of Constantinople held; by [[Donatism|DonatistJerome]] Council of Bagai in Africa held with 310 bishops. *395 407 Death of [[Augustine of Hippo|AugustineJohn Chrysostom]] becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; the placing exile. *410 Fall of Rome to the cincture (sash) Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of the Most Holy [[TheotokosPatrick of Ireland|Patrick]] in back to Britain; Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Church Roman presence. *410 [[Council of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople (395-408)Seleucia]] declares Mesopotamian [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent of Orthodox bishops. *395 Re-division 411 [[Pelagius]] condemned at council in Carthage; [[Rabbula of Empire with death Edessa|Rabbula]] becomes bishop of Emperor Theodosius the GreatEdessa. *397 412 [[Council Cyril of CarthageAlexandria|Cyril]] publishes Biblical canonsucceeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Alexandria; death of Honorius outlaws [[Martin of ToursDonatism]]; death Bishops Lazarus of Aix-en-Provence and Herod of Arles expelled from sees on a charge of [[Ambrose of Milan]].*398 [[John ChrysostomManichaeism]] becomes ; ''[[ArchbishopByzantine Creation Era#Alexandrian Era|Alexandrian Creation Era]] of Constantinople'' date finalized at 25 March, 5493 BC. *ca. 398 Martyrdom 414 Resolution of 10,000 Fathers of the Scetis by Patriarch [[Theophilus of Alexandria]]Antiochian division. *399 415 [[Anastasius of RomePelagius]] cleared at [[synod]] in Jerusalem and other bishops condemn doctrine of a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); [[OrigenJohn Cassian]]founds convent at Marseilles. *401 [[Augustine of Hippo416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Pelagius]] writes ''Confessions''; and convince Pope [[Innocent I of Rome]] supports [[John Chrysostom]] and condemns [[pelagianism]].to excommunicate him. *402 Emperor Honorius transfers capital 418 Foundation of the Western Empire from Milan to Arian [[Ravenna (Italy)w:Visigothic Kingdom|RavennaVisigothic Kingdom]]; , as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle. *418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Porphyry of GazaPelagianism]] obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in Gaza.*403 Abduction by way of endorsing [[Patrick Augustine of IrelandHippo|PatrickAugustinian]] to Ireland to serve as a slave; visit of [[Victricius of Rouenanthropology]] to Britain; . *426 [[Synod Augustine of the Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John ChrysostomHippo]]writes ''The City of God''. *404 Martyrdom of 428 [[TelemachusNestorius]], resulting in Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fightsbecomes patriarch of Constantinople. *405 Translation of 429 Pope [[Holy ScripturesCelestine of Rome|Celestine I]] into Latin as the dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[VulgateGermanus of Auxerre]] by [[Jerome]]; martyrdom and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as [[Moses the Blackmissionary]].*406 Invasion of Gaul by Germanic tribes, severing contact between Rome bishops and Britain.*407 Death to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; death of [[John ChrysostomSisoes the Great]] in exile. *410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of 430 [[Patrick of Ireland|PatrickPeter the Iberian]] back to Britain; Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence; [[Honoratus]] founds a monastery on island of Lerins.founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. *410 431 [[Third Ecumenical Council of Seleucia]] declares Mesopotamian held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of Orthodox bishops.*411 the term ''[[PelagiusTheotokos]] condemned at council in Carthage; '' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[Rabbula of Edessa|Rabbulaautocephaly]] becomes bishop of Edessa.*412 [[Cyril Church of Alexandria|CyrilCyprus]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as ; Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws Celestine sends [[DonatismPalladius]]; Lazarus, bishop to Ireland. *432 Return of Aix-en-Provence, and Herod, bishop of Arles, expelled from sees on a charge [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin [[Manichaeismmissionary]].*413 Martyrdom work; death of [[Marcellinus of CarthageNinian]].*414 Resolution of , Apostle to the Antiochian divisionPicts. *415 433 [[PelagiusFormulary of Peace]] cleared at a completes work of [[synodThird Ecumenical Council]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John Cassianof Antioch]] founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn 435 Death of [[PelagiusJohn Cassian]] and convince Pope Innocent I [[Acacius of Rome to excommunicate him.*418 Foundation of the Arian Melitene]]; [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic KingdomNestorius]], as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates exiled by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle.*418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] [[anthropology]].*425 Sanhedrin disbanded by the Roman Empire; [[w:University of Constantinople|University of Constantinople]] founded as the first university in the world.*426 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''.*428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople.*429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; death of [[Sisoes the Great]]. *ca. 430 Death of [[Nilus of Sinai]].*430 [[Peter the Iberian]] founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem.*431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends [[Palladius]] to Ireland.*432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin missionary work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Picts.*433 [[Formulary of Peace]] completes the work of the [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]].*435 Death of [[John Cassian]]; death of [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by Imperial imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis. *438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published. *439 Carthage falls to Vandals. *444 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; Pope [[Leo the Great]] abolishes Gallican vicariate. *445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of the bishop of Rome. *447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]]. *449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)|Eutyches]] the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]]. *450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britian; death of [[Peter Chrysologus]].

: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))]]'' *451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and invisible indivisible but separate distinct natures of in Christ, and recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]] as patriarchate; Attila the Hun defeated at [[w:Battle of Chalons|Battle of Chalons]].*452 [[Proterios of Alexandria]] convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[John the Forerunner]].*452 Attila the Hun invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope [[Leo the Great]]; [[Venice]] founded by fugitives from Attila's army.*455 [[w:Vandals|Vandals]] under Gaiseric sack Rome; Germanic Saxons and Angles conquer Britain, founding several independent kingdoms. *457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Paschalion]]; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by patriarch of Constantinople. *459 Death of [[Symeon the Stylite]]. *461 Death of [[Leo the Great]]; death of and [[Patrick of Ireland]]. *462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[September 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]] founded. *466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of [[Catholicos]] of Kartli, rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]; death of [[Shenouda the Archimandrite|Shenouda the Great]], abbott of White Monastery in Egypt, considered the founder of [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]]. *ca. 471 Patr. [[Acacius of Constantinople]] first called ''Oikoumenikos'' ("Ecumenical"). *473 Death of [[Euthymius the Great]]. *475 Emperor [[w:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] issues circular letter to the bishops of his empire, supporting [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]] [[Christology|Christological]] position.*476 Fall of Western Roman Empire. *477 [[Timothy II Aelurus of Alexandria|Timothy Aelurus]] of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt. *482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno(emperor)|Zeno I]] issues ''[[HenotikonHenoticon]]'' in an attempt to reconcile the differences over the Christology of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]]. *484 [[Acacian Schism]]. *484 Founding of [[Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar Sabbas Monastery]] by [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]; [[Synod of Beth Lapat]] in Persia declares [[Nestorianism]] as official theology of [[Assyrian Church of the East]], effectively separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church.*488 Death of [[Peter the Fuller]]. *489 Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]. *490 [[Brigid of Kildaire]] founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland. *494 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] delineates relationship between church Church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I]]. *496 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] dedicates [[February 14]] to [[Valentine of Terni]] in the West, banning the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia; Bp. [[Remigius of Rheims]] baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity. *ca. 500 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''.*502 Start of [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid wars]], lasting until 562. *506 [[Church of Armenia]] separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. *507 Clovis I defeats the Arian Visigoths at [[w:Battle of Vouillé|Battle of Vouillé]] near Poitiers, ending their power in Gaul.*512 Death of [[Genevieve of Paris]]. *518 [[Severus of Antioch]] deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for Monophysitism; Patr.[[John II of Constantinople]] is addressed as ''Oikoumenikos Patriarches'' ("Ecumenical Patriarch"). *519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of [[Acacian Schism]].*ca. 520 [[Elesbaan]] (Caleb), King of Ethiopia (Axum), invades Jewish Himyarite kingdom of Yemen, which was persecuting the Christians there, thus establishing Axumite control of South Arabia. *521 Birth of [[Columba of Iona]]. *527 [[Dionysius Exiguus]] calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] on the Sinai peninsula by [[Justinian the Great]].*ca. 528 Death of [[Procopius of Gaza]]. *529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Monte Cassino]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]] burned down in Samaritan revolt of 529; death of [[Theodosius the Great]]. *529-534 [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]]'s ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' issued. *530 [[Brendan the Navigator]] lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks. *532 [[Justinian the Great]] orders building of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]]; death of [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]. *533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election.*533 Foundation of the Diocese of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor Justinian. *534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of Vandals; Malta becomes Byzantine province. *536 [[Mennas of Constantinople]] summons a synod anathematizing [[Severus of Antioch]].

*538 Emperor [[Justinian the Great]], via deportations and force, manages to get [[Pentarchy|all five patriarchates]] offcially into communion.*539 [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] becomes exarchate of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. *541 [[Jacob Baradeus]] organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt. *543 Doctrine of [[apokatastasis]] condemned by Synod of Constantinople. *544 [[Jacob Baradeus]] consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Chalcedonian [[Church of Antioch]]; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]]. *545 [[Synod David of BrefiWales]] at Llandewi Brefi in Wales condemns [[Pelagianism]] ; Saint [[David of Wales]] moved the Primatial See moves primatial see of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's). *546 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland. *547 [[Convent of Our Lady of Saydnaya]] founded in Damascus of Syria ; Saint [[David of Wales]] does obeisance to the Patriarch of Jerusalem. *553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their [[Nestorianism]], and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned. *553 Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters'', causing [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] in those areas, leading to independence of [[Patriarch of Venice]] from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]]. *554 [[Church of Armenia]] officially [[schism|breaks]] with the West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] was rejected. *556 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Roman the Melodist]]. *557 [[Brendan the Navigator]] founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland. *563 Re-consecration of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes [[monastery]] there, founding mission to the Picts.*564 Death of [[Petroc]]. *569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; [[David of Wales]] holds [[Synod of Victoria]] to re-assert the anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi.*570 Death of 576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, [[GildasChurch of Alexandria|Chalcedonian (Greek)]]; birth of Muhammad, founder of and [[IslamChurch of Alexandria (Coptic)|Monophysite (Coptic)]].*579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily.*580 577 Patr. [[John Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] is responible for the first collection of Canon Law, the ''[[Monte CassinoNomocanon]] sacked by Lombards'', sending of the [[Orthodox Church]]. *579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily. *580 [[Monte Cassino]] sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece. *587 Visigoth King [[w:Reccared I|Reccared]] renounces [[Arianism]] in favor of [[Orthodoxy]]. *589 [[Council of Toledo]] adds [[Filioque]] to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]].*ca. 590 [[w:Parthenon|Parthenon]] in Athens converted into a Christian church dedicated to the [[Theotokos]]. *590 [[Columbanus]] founds monasteries in France. *593 [[Anastasius I of Antioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]] restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. *596 [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. *597 Death of [[Columba of Iona]]. *598 [[Glastonbury Abbey ]] founded - the Church in the British Isles numbers 120 bishops, hundreds of monasteries and parishes organized under a Primate with his See at Menevia.. *ca. 600 ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' written by [[John Climacus]]; [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspires development of [[Gregorian Chant]] through his liturgical reforms. *601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] converts King [[Ethelbert of Kent]] and establishes see of Canterbury. *602 Final series of wars between [[Byzantine Empire]] and Sassanid Empire; [[Augustine of Canterbury]] meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury. *604 [[Mellitus]] becomes first bishop of London and founds first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the Dialogist]]. *605 Death of [[Augustine of Canterbury]]. *609 [[w:Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon in Rome]] converted into church, consecrated to the Virgin Mary and All Saints (''Santa Maria dei Martiri''). *610 [[Heraclius]] changes official language of the Empire from Latin to [[w:Medieval Greek|Greek]], already the ''lingua franca'' of the vast majority of the population. *612 [[Holy Sponge]] and [[Holy Lance]] brought to Constantinople from Palestine. *614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of Persia; [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] damaged by fire, [[True Cross]] captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred. *615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy. *617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege. *618 Death of [[Kevin of Glendalough]].*620 Slavs attack Thessaloniki.*622 Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the hejira occurs; Muhammad and his followers emigrating from Mecca to Medina.*626 626 [[Akathist|Akathist Hymn]] to the Virgin Mary written, after Constantinople liberated from a [[w:Siege of Constantinople (626)|siege]] of 80,000 Avars, Slavs and the Persian fleet. *. *627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] decisively defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], recovering [[True Cross]] and breaking Sassanid power of the Sassanid dynasty. *628 Muhammad issues 630 Second [[w:Charter of Privileges|Charter of Privileges]] to monks of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|Saint Catherine's Monastery]].*630 Second [[Elevation Elevation of the Holy Cross]]. *633 Death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem]]. *635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity. *636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].*638 Muslim Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem. *640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]]. *641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs. *642 Muslim conquest of Egypt; .*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs invade [[w:Nubia#Christian_Nubia|Christian Nubia]] for the first time.*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine attempt after Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] civilization in Egypt. *648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]]. *649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus. *650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox ChristianityOrthodoxy. *651 End of Persian Empire as the last shah of Persia Yezdegherd III of the Sassanid dynasty is killed at Merv.*653 Pope 653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]]. *654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs. *655 Martyrdom of [[Martin the Confessor]]. *657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England. *662 Death of [[Maximus the Confessor]]. *663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative. *664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Northumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York; death of [[Cedd]].*668 [[Theodore of Tarsus]] appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.*. *669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe. *670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by [[Caedmon]] of [[Whitby Abbey|Whitby]]. *672 The First Synod of Hertford called by [[Theodore of Tarsus]], adoption adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. *673 The Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]]. *680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius I of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius I of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism. *680 682 Foundation of [[w:First Bulgarian Empire|First Bulgarian Empire]] established after a successful war with Byzantium.*682 Foundation of [[MonkwearmouthMonkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in England. *685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of [[Anastasius of Sinai]]. *685 [[John Maron]] elected first Maronite Patriarchpatriarch, becoming the founder of what is known today as founding the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]]. *687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raidersVikings; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]]. *688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. *690cca. The 690 Witenagamot of England forbade forbids church appeals from the Local Church to the Patriarch of Rome. *691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem. *692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]]. *694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] defeated by [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent afterwards. *697 [[Council of Birr]] accepts Roman [[Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of Iona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomnáin]]. *698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome. *ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]]. *705 Long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs. *706 Greek replaced by Arabic as administrative language in Egypt. *707 Byzantines lose Balearic Islands to Moors; death Death of [[John Maron]]. *710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.*711 Umayyad Islamic invasion of Spain. *712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete]]. *ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England). *715 [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]] built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque constructed over site of [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Justinian]]; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts. *716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage; [[Boniface]]'s first [[missionary ]] journey to Frisia. *717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[Iona]]. *717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]. *719 [[w:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian church]] to [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic church]]. *723 [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. *726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]]. *730 Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. *731 [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''. *732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by Franks at [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]].

*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning. *735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status. *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; Byzantine forces defeat [[w:Umayyad|Umayyad]] invasion of Asia Minor at [[w:Battle of Akroinon|Battle of Akroinon]]; death of [[Willibrord]].*740 [[w:Khazars|Khazars]] voluntarily convert to Judaism. *742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. *746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from the Arabs. *747 The Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Patriarch Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of St. Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. *750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims. *751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. *752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. *754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries. *754 Death of [[Boniface]]. *756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. *768 Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of Elfoddw of Gwynedd. *769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons. *772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. *781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. *785 The Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield.*786 [[w:Beatus of Liébana|Beatus of Liébana]] publishes ''Commentary on the Apocalypse''. *787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. *792 The Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. *793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. *794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinipolitan Constantinopolitan Creed]].*796 [[Alcuin]] made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by [[Charlemagne]]. *800 [[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilisation civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland. *800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. *801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. *803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. *810 Pope Leo III refused permission for the bans use of [[Filioque]] to be inserted in the Creed. *814 Bulgarians lay siege to Constantinople; conflict erupts Conflict between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of over iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.*824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960. *826 [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. *828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. *ca. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]].

==Late Byzantine era (843-14531054)==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Late Byzantine Era (843-1054))]]''*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches. *845 42 Martyrs 850 [[Third Finding of the Head of Ammoria in Phrygia taken as hostages from Ammoria to Samarra (in Iraq) and executed there.*846 Muslim raid of Rome.*850 [[Third Finding of the Head of StSt. John the Forerunner|Third Finding]] of the head of [[John the Forerunner]] ; Bishop Censteg of Dingerein in Cornwall accepts the authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury.*. *852 [[Ansgar]] founds churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 [[Photius the Great]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *ca. 860 [[w:Christianization of the Rus'-Byzantine War (860)Khaganate|Second Christianization of the Rus-Byzantine War' Khaganate]], a naval raid . *861 [[Cyril and the first siege of Methodius]] depart from Constantinople by the Rus.*ca. 860 to [[w:Christianization Church of the Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]].*861 [[Cyril and Methodius]] depart from Constantinople to [[Church of RussiaRussia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]]; Council of Constantinople attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms [[Photius the Great]] as patriarch and passes 17 canons. *862 [[Rastislav of Moravia]] converts to Christianity. *863 First translations of [[Holy Scripture|Biblical]] and liturgical texts into [[Church Slavonic]] by [[Cyril and Methodius]]. *863 Venetians steal relics of [[Apostle Mark]] from Alexandria. *864 Baptism of Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria]]; [[Synaxis]] of the [[Theotokos]] in Miasena in memory of the return of her icon. *865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Boris of Bulgaria|Boris I]] converts to [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]. *866 Vikings raid and capture York in England. *867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]], which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Rome]] for his attacks on work of Greek [[missionaries ]] in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of [[Filioque]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of excommunication; [[Basil the Macedonian]] has Emperor [[Michael III the Amorian|Michael III]] murdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople. *867 Death of [[Kassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''[[Hymn of Kassiani]]'', chanted during [[Holy Week]] on Holy Wednesday. *869-870 [[Robber Council of 869-870]] held, deposing [[Photius the Great]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council." *870 Conversion of Serbia; death of [[Rastislav of Moravia]]; Malta conquered from the Byzantines by the Arabs; martyrdom of [[w:Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]], King of East Anglia. *874 Translation of relics 877 Death of [[Nicephorus I Ignatius of Constantinople|Nicephorus the Confessor]]], interred in the who appoints [[Church of Photius the Holy Apostles (Constantinople)Great|Church of the Holy ApostlesPhotius]], Constantinopleto succeed him. *877 Death of 878 King [[Ignatius I of Constantinople]], who appoints [[Photius w:Alfred the Great|PhotiusAlfred the Great]] to succeed him.*877 Arab Muslims conquer all of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital.*878 King [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] of Wessex defeats VikingsWessex defeats Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the [[w:Danelaw|Danelaw]]). *879-880 [[Eighth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[Photius the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]].*883 Muslims burn the monastery of [[Monte Cassino]]. *885 [[Mount Athos]] gains political autonomy. *885 Death of [[Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]]. *886 [[w:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]], (now called [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]) adopted in Bulgarian Empire; St [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]], King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes. *902 Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid Arabs.*904 Thessalonika sacked and pillaged by Saracen pirates under 910 [[w:Leo Benedict of TripoliNursia|Leo of TripoliBenedictine]], a Greek pirate serving Saracen interests[[w:Cluny Abbey|Abbey of Cluny]] founded in France.*907 Third 899 Death of [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (907)|Rus-Byzantine War]], a naval raid of Constantinople (''or Alfred the Great]]. *911 [[w:TsargradProtection of the Mother of God|TsargradHoly Protection of the Virgin Mary]] in Old Slavonic'') led by Varangian Prince . *912 Normans become Christian; [[w:Oleg of NovgorodNicholas Mystikos|Oleg of NovgorodNicholas I Mysticus]], which was relieved by peace negotiationsbecomes Patriarch of Constantinople. *899 Death 927 [[Church of Bulgaria]] recognized as [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] by [[Alfred the GreatChurch of Constantinople|Constantinople]]. *911 931 Abbott [[Protection w:Odo of the Mother of GodCluny|Holy Protection Odo of the Virgin MaryCluny]].*911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treatyreforms monasteries in Aquitaine, sent by Olegnorthern France, Grand Prince of Rus'. *912 Normans become Christian; and Italy, starting the [[w:Nicholas MystikosCluniac Reforms|Nicholas I MysticusCluniac Reform movement]] becomes Patriarch within the [[Benedict of ConstantinopleNursia|Benedictine order]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor. *927 935 Martyrdom of [[Church of BulgariaWenceslas]] recognized as [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] by [[Church , prince of Constantinople|Constantinople]]the Czechs. *931 Abbott 944 City of Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, including [[w:Odo Image Not-made-by-hands|Icon Not Made By Hands]].*945 [[Dunstan of ClunyCanterbury|Odo of ClunyDunstan]] reforms monasteries in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, starting the becomes Abbot of [[w:Cluniac ReformsGlastonbury Abbey|Cluniac Reform movementGlastonbury]] within the . *957 [[Benedict Olga of Nursia|Benedictine orderKiev]]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poorbaptized in Constantinople. *933 Death of Patr. 960 Emperor [[Tryphon of ConstantinopleNicephorus II Phocas]].*935 Martyrdom of re-captures [[Wenceslausw:Crete|Crete]], prince of the Czechs.*941 Fourth for Byzantines; [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (941)Dunstan of Canterbury|Rus-Byzantine WarDunstan]].*944 City of Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, including becomes [[Icon Not Made By Hands]] ; The Archbishop of Canterbury]], reforming monasteries and enforcing rule of [[Western RiteBenedict of Nursia|Western RiteBenedict]] Monastery of the Holy Saviour is established in Constantinople under Imperial favour.*945 . *962 Denmark becomes Christian nation with [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstanbaptism]] becomes Abbot of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); [[w:Glastonbury AbbeyHoly Roman Empire|GlastonburyHoly Roman Empire]]. *948 Future Holy Roman Emperor formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great founds missionary dioceses Holy Roman Emperor. *963 [[Athanasius of BrandenburgAthos]] establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], Havelburg, Ribe, Aarhus, and Schleswigthe [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]]. *ca. 950 965 Emperor [[Monastery of Hosios LoukasNicephorus II Phocas]] founded near Stiris in Greecegains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines. *957 969 Death of [[Olga of Kiev]] baptized in Constantinople. *960 ; Emperor [[Nicephorus w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros IIPhokas]] Phocas re-captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs. *972 Emperor [[w:CreteJohn I Tzimiskes|CreteJohn I Tzimiskes]] for Byzantines; grants [[Dunstan of Canterbury|DunstanMount Athos]] becomes its first charter ([[Archbishop of CanterburyTypikon]], reforming monasteries and enforcing rule of ). *973 [[Benedict of Nursiaw:Great Moravia|BenedictMoravia]]assigned to the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church. *962 Denmark becomes Christian nation with [[baptism]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); 975 Emperor [[w:Holy Roman EmpireJohn I Tzimiskes|Holy Roman EmpireJohn I Tzimiskes]] formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor; ''Diploma Ottonianum'' is co-signed by Pope John XII and Ottoin a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, confirming the earlier [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]]Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, granting control of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]] to the PopesSidon, regularizing Papal electionsBeirut, Byblos and clarifying the relationship between Popes and oly Roman EmperorsTripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem. *963 [[Athanasius 978 Death of Athos]] establishes first major monastery on King [[Mount AthosEdward the Martyr]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]].. *965 Emperor 980 Revelation of the ''[[Nicephorus IIAxion Estin]] Phocas gains Cyprus completely for '' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the Byzantines; [[w:Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav of KievArchangel Gabriel]] destroys to a monk on [[w:Khazars|KhazarMount Athos]] imperial power, as the Khazar fortresses of Sarkel and Tamatarkha fall to the Rus'. *966 Anti980-Christian riots in Jerusalem.*968 5 The [[Rila MonasteryWestern Rite|Western Rite]] founded; Sviatoslav Monastery of Kiev defeats Bulgarians at the Amalfion is founded on [[w:Battle of SilistraMount Athos|Battle of SilistraMount Athos]], precipitating the collapse of the First Bulgarian Empire. *968-71 Fifth 987 Sixth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (968-971987)#Campaigns in the BalkansBaptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine War]], resulting in a Byzantine victory over the coalition where [[Vladimir of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in Kiev]] dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:Battle of ArcadiopolisBasil II|Battle of ArcadiopolisBasil II]]with an internal revolt, and the defeat of agreeing to accept [[w:Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav of Kiev]] by [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I TzimiskesOrthodox Christianity]]as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *969 Death of 988 '[[Olga Baptism of KievRus']]; Emperor begins with the conversion of [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II PhokasVladimir of Kiev]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs.*972 Emperor who is baptized at [[w:John I TzimiskesChersonesos|John I TzimiskesChersonesos]] grants , the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II. *992 Death of [[Mount AthosMichael of Kiev|Michael]] its , first charter (Metropolitan of Kiev. *995 [[TypikonOlaf of Norway]])proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom.*973 [[w:Great Moravia|Moravia]] assigned to the Diocese 1000 Conversion of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German churchGreenland and Iceland. *975 Emperor 1008 Conversion of Sweden. *1009 Patr. [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I TzimiskesSergius II of Constantinople]] removes name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychs]] of [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] in a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails because the pope had written a letter to take Jerusalem.*978 Death of King the patriarch including the [[[Edward the MartyrFilioque]]. *980 Revelation 1009 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the ''[[Axion EstinHoly Sepulchre]]'' (in Jerusalem destroyed by the hymn "It Is Truly Meetmad")Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, with the appearance founder of the [[Archangel Gabriel]] to a monk on [[Mount Athosw:Druze|Druze]]. *9801012 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-5 The [[Western Rite|Western Rite]] Monastery Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of Amalfion is founded on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]]worship. *983 Martyrdom of Theodore the 1014 [[w:Varangian Guard|VarangianFilioque]] and his son John of Kiev.*987 Sixth used for first time in Rome by Pope [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine WarBenedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]]at coronation of Henry II, where [[Vladimir of Kiev]] dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Holy Roman Emperor . *1015 Death of [[w:Basil II|Basil IIVladimir of Kiev]] with an internal revolt, agreeing . *1017 Danish king Canute converts to accept Christianity. *1022 Death of [[Orthodox ChristianitySimeon the New Theologian]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. . *988 1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Baptism Church of Rus'the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] begins with the conversion of . *1034 Patriarch [[Vladimir Alexius I Studites of KievConstantinople|Alexius I Studites]] who is baptized at writes the first complete ''Studite [[w:Chersonesos|ChersonesosTypikon]], '' for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[Typikon]] introduced into the birthplace Rus' lands by [[Theodosius of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.*992 Death of [[Michael of Kiev|Michael]], first Metropolitan of Kiev.*995 [[Olaf of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom; relics of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne|Cuthbert]] transferred with his community to Durham.*1000 Conversion of Greenland and Iceland.*1008 Conversion of Sweden.*1009 Patr. [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychs]] of [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]]. *1009 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze]].*1012 Martyrdom of [[Alphege of Canterbury|Alphege]], Archbishop of Canterbury; Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship. *1013 Jews expelled from caliphate of Córdoba. *1014 [[Filioque]] used for first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.*1015 Death of [[Vladimir of Kiev]].*1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.*1022 Death of [[Simeon the New Theologian]].*1024 Seventh [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (1024)|Rus-Byzantine War]], Byzantine naval victory.*1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy SepulchreKiev Caves]].

*1043 Eighth and last [[Rus'-Byzantine War (1043)|Rus'-Byzantine War]], an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople; [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral; [[w:University of Constantinople|University of Constantinople]] is re-organized under [[w:Michael Psellos|Michael Psellos]].*1045-50 [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminiscent of the [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. *1048 Re-consecration of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].

*1052 [[Edward the Confessor]] founds Westminster Abbey, near London.*1053 Death of [[Lazarus the Wonder==Post-Roman Schism (1054-worker]] of Mount Galesius near Ephesus.1453)==*1054 Cardinal :''Main article: [[HumbertTimeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))|Timeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))]] excommunicates ''*1054 Cardinal [[Michael CerulariusHumbert of Silva Candida|Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]], patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of the [[Great Schism]] between East and West; First Letter of [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]] to Peter of Antioch. *1059 Errors of Berengar of Tours condemned in Rome; term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter Damian]]. *1064 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] storm Anatolia taking Caesarea and Ani, conquering Armenia. *1066 Normans invade England flying banner of Pope of Rome, defeating King [[Harold of England]] at Battle of Hastings. *1066-1171 Beginning reformation of English church and society to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics. *1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] defeat Byzantines at the [[w:Battle of Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]], beginning Islamification of Asia Minor; Norman princes led by [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert Guiscard]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of [[w:Catapanate of Italy|Byzantine rule in the south]]. *ca. 1071-1176 Byzantine epic poem 1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[http://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/digenes-akrites "Digenes Akrites"].*1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Grgeory VII of RomeGregory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the [[w:Gregorian Reform|Gregorian reforms]] (celibacy of the clergy, primacy of papacy over empire, right of Pope to depose emperors); Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. *1074 Death of [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]]. *1075 ''[[w:Dictatus papae|Dictatus Papae]]'' document advances Papal supremacy. *1077 The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem and kill 3,000 citizens; Seljuks capture Nicea. *1084 Antioch is captured by the Seljuk Turks from the Byzantines. *1087 Translation 1088 Founding of the relics monastery of [[Nicholas of Myra]] from Myra to Bari.*1088 Founding of monastery of [[Apostle John|John the TheologianApostle John|John the Theologian]] on Patmos; election of Pope [[w:Pope Urban II|Urban II]], a prominent member of the [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] . *1095 Launching of the [[w:First Crusade|First Crusade]].*1096 Persecution of Jews by Crusaders. *1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes ''Cur Deus homo'', marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East. *1098 Crusaders capture Antioch. *1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the [[w:Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and other crusader states known collectively as "[[w:Outremer|Outremer]]." *1108 Death of Nicetas of [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Caves]], Bishop of Novgorod. *1113 Latin Order ca. 1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria [[w:Knights HospitallerPope Gabriel II of Alexandria|Knights HospitallerGabriel II]] founded initiates addition of Arabic as a religious/military order under its own charter, charged liturgical language with the care and defense his Arabic translation of the Holy Land and pilgrims[[Divine Liturgy|Liturgy]]. *1118 Latin Order of 1144 [[w:Knights TemplarSecond Crusade|Knights TemplarSecond Crusade]] founded; Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessa. *ca. 1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria 1149 Crusaders begin to renovate [[w:Pope Gabriel II Church of Alexandriathe Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Gabriel II]] initiates addition of Arabic as a liturgical language with his Arabic translation Church of the [[Divine Liturgy|LiturgyHoly Sepulchre]]in Romanesque style, adding a bell tower. *ca. 1120-1220 Spread of Aristotelian philosophy throughout Western Europe, mostly via the translations of 1159 [[w:AverroesJohn of Salisbury|AverroesJohn of Salisbury]] and authors ''[[w:MaimonidesPolicraticus|MaimonidesPolicraticus]].*1120 '', a treatise on government drawing from the [[w:Council of NablusHoly Scripture|Council of NablusBible]] is held in Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.*1127-1145 , the [[w:ConstantinopleCorpus Juris Civilis|ConstantinopleCodex Justinianus]] , and arguing for [[w:List Divine Right of largest cities throughout historyKings|largest city in the worldDivine Right of Kings]] by population. *1144 Bernard 1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of Clairvaux calls for a the [[w:Second Crusade|Second CrusadeTheotokos]] to rescue "of the besieged Latin kingdom of JerusalemSign" at Novgorod; Kings Louis VII Anglo-Norman invasion of France and Konrad III Ireland; city of Germany join Crusaders, but are defeated Dublin captured by Muslims; Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessathe Roman Catholic Normans. *1147 Moscow founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki, a ruler 1176 [[w:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm|Sultanate of Rum]] defeats Byzantine Empire in the northeastern Rus'; [[w:Roger II Battle of SicilyMyriokephalon|Roger II Battle of SicilyMyriokephalon]] takes Corfu from the , marking end of Byzantine Empire, and pillages Corinth, Athens and Thebesattempts to recover Anatolian plateau; Al-Adil I, Muslim ruler of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by Christian Copts in city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them. *1149 Crusaders begin to renovate 1179 Pope Alexander III convened the [[Church w:Third Council of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Lateran|Church of the Holy SepulchreThird Lateran Council]] in Romanesque style, adding which was attended by a bell tower.*1159 certain Nectarios of the important [[w:John of SalisburyBasilian monks|John of SalisburyBasilian]] authors ''Monastery of St. Nicholas of Kasoulon near [[w:PolicraticusOtranto|PolicraticusOtranto]]'', a treatise on government drawing from under Norman patronage, who made himself the champion of the Greek Church, and vigorously supported their [[Holy ScriptureByzantine Rite|Bible]], the [[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Codex Justinianus]], customs and arguing for [[w:Divine Right of Kings|Divine Right of Kingsdoctrines]]. *1164 Uncovering of the relics of [[Leontius of Rostov]]<ref>K. Lake.*1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of the [[Theotokos]] ''"of the SignThe Greek Monasteries in South Italy III." at Novgorod; Anglo'' '''J Theol Studies''' (1903) os-V(17): 22-Norman invasion of Ireland; city of Dublin captured by the Normans41. p. 35. </ref>*1176 [1180 Last formal acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch. *1182 [[w:Seljuk Sultanate of RûmMaronite Catholic Church|Sultanate of RumMaronites]] defeats Byzantine Empire in , who assisted the Crusaders during the Crusades, reaffirm their affiliation with Rome in 1182; dedication of [[[w:Battle of MyriokephalonMonreale#The_Cathedral|Battle of MyriokephalonMonreale Cathedral]]in Sicily, marking end containing the largest cycle of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau; Al-Adil I, Muslim ruler mosaics extant in Italy. *1186 Byzantine Empire recognizes independence of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by Christian Copts in city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of themBulgaria and Serbia. *1177 Latin King Baldwin of 1187 [[w:Saladin|Saladin]] retakes Jerusalem and his knights, with Templars, defeat Muslim after destroying crusader army of Saladin at [[w:Battle of MontgisardHattin (1187)|Battle of MontgisardHattin]].*1179 Death of , and returns Christian holy places to [[w:Hildegard Church of BingenJerusalem|Hildegard von BingenOrthodox Church]]. *1180 Last formal acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch.*1182 1189 [[Maronite Catholic Churchw:Third Crusade|MaronitesThird Crusade]]led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, who assisted the Crusaders during the CrusadesKing Philip Augustus II of France, reaffirm their affiliation with Rome in 1182and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. *1185 [ca. 1189 Ethiopian Emperor [[w:Second Bulgarian EmpireGebre Mesqel Lalibela|Second Bulgarian EmpireGebre Mesqel Lalibela]] founded.*1186 Byzantine Empire recognizes independence orders construction of Bulgaria and Serbia.*1187 [[w:SaladinLalibela|SaladinLalibela]] retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at . *1204 [[w:Battle of Hattin (1187)|Battle of HattinFourth Crusade]], and returns Christian holy places to [[Church Sacking of JerusalemConstantinople|Orthodox Churchsacks Constantinople]].*1189 , laying waste to the city and stealing many [[relics]] and other items; [[w:Third Crusade|Third CrusadeGreat Schism]] led generally regarded as having been completed by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.*ca. 1189 Ethiopian Emperor this act; [[w:Gebre Mesqel LalibelaTheodore I Laskaris|Gebre Mesqel LalibelaTheodore I Lascaris]] orders construction of establishes the [[w:LalibelaEmpire of Nicaea|LalibelaEmpire of Nicaea]]. *1191 Cyprus taken from Byzantines by English King Richard I the Lion-heartedca.*1198 Cyprus sold by England to Frankish crusaders1207 [[w:Stephen Langton|Stephen Langton]] divides the Bible into the defined modern chapters in use today. *1204 Fourth Crusade ca.1220 English Bp. [[Sacking of Constantinople|sacks Constantinoplehttp://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore ]], laying waste is said to have been responsible for the city and stealing many final form of the "[[relicsSarum Use|Use of Sarum]] and other items; ", which had the sterling reputation of being the best liturgy anywhere in the West. *1228 [[Great Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act; [[w:Theodore I Laskarisw:Sixth Crusade|Theodore I LascarisSixth Crusade]] establishes the results in 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem ceded to Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem. *1231 [[w:Empire of Nicaea|Empire of NicaeaMedieval Inquisition|Papal Inquisition]]; death initiated by Pope Gregory IX, charged with suppressing heresy. *1235 Death of Jewish philosopher [[w:Maimonides|Moses MaimonidesSava of Serbia]], author of ''. *1237 Golden Horde begin [[w:The Guide for the PerplexedChurch of Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)|Guide for the Perplexedsubjugation of Russia]]'' which harmonized the Old Testament with Aristotle. *ca. 1204-75 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of 1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[Iveron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron MonasteryAlexander Nevsky]]defeats Swedish army at Battle of the Neva. *1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted by Ottoman Turks 1242 [[Alexander Nevsky]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in 1669.*1212 [[w:Children's CrusadeBattle of the Ice|Children's CrusadeBattle of Lake Peipus]], led by 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes, sets out for Holy Land from Francea major defeat for the Catholic crusaders. *1213 Death of 1244 Jerusalem conquered and razed by [[Tamar of Georgiaw:Khwarezm|Khwarezmian]].*1216 Latin mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[w:Dominican OrderAyyubid dynasty|Dominican OrderAyyubid]] formally recognizedruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering Seventh Crusade. *1217-21 1247 [[w:Fifth CrusadeAyyubid dynasty|Fifth CrusadeAyyubids]]conquer Jerusalem, driving out the Khwarezmian Turks. *1223 Latin 1258 [[w:Franciscan|Franciscan OrderMichael VIII Palaiologos]] formally recognized.seizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from Latins. *1226 1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[w:CarmelitesPrincipality of Achaea|Carmelite orderPrincipality of Achaea]] formally recognized.*1228 [at the [[w:Sixth CrusadeBattle of Pelagonia|Sixth CrusadeBattle of Pelagonia]] results in 10, marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece. *ca. 1259-year treaty starting in 1229 between Holy 80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]].*1260 Subjugation of [[Church of Cyprus]] to the [[Roman Emperor Frederick II and Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem ceded to Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and BethlehemCatholic Church]]. *1235 Death 1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor [[Sava of SerbiaMichael VIII Palaiologos]].*1237 Golden Horde begin makes [[Church Mystras]] seat of Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)the new [[w:Despotate of Morea|subjugation Despotate of RussiaMorea]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurred. *1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch. *1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] defeats Swedish army at [[Battle of the Neva]]1269 Orthodox patriarch returns to Antioch after a 171-year exile and usurpation by Latin patriarch.*1242 1274 Second [[Alexander Nevsky]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in [[w:Battle Councils of Lyons|Council of the Ice|Battle of Lake PeipusLyons]]held, a major defeat for proclaiming union between the Catholic crusadersOrthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East.*1244 Jerusalem conquered and razed by 1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople [[w:KhwarezmJohn XI Bekkos of Constantinople|KhwarezmianJohn XI Bekkos]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the elected to replace Patriarch [[w:Ayyubid dynastyJoseph I Galesiotes of Constantinople|AyyubidJoseph I Galesiotes]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering Seventh Crusade.*1245 First Council who opposed [[Councils of Lyons in the Roman Catholic Church mandates red hat for cardinals and a levy for the Holy Land. *1247 |Council of Lyons]]; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[w:Ayyubid dynastyMount Athos|AyyubidsMt. Athos]] conquer Jerusalem, driving out martyred by the Khwarezmian TurksLatins. *1248-54 ca. 1280 ''[[w:Seventh CrusadeKebra Nagast|Seventh CrusadeKebra Nagast]]. *1258 [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] seizes the throne '' ("Book of the Glory of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (ByzantineKings") dynastycompiled, beginning reconquest a repository of Greek peninsula from LatinsEthiopian national and religious feelings. *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [1281 [[w:Principality of AchaeaPope Martin IV|Principality of AchaeaPope Martin IV]] at authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of PelagoniaByzantine Empire]]in Constantinople, marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece.*1260 Subjugation of excommunicating Emperor [[Church of CyprusMichael VIII Palaiologos]] to and the Greeks and renouncing the [[Roman Catholic Church]]union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year due to the [[w:Sicilian Vespers|Sicilian Vespers]]. *1261 End 1291 Fall of Latin occupation Acre; end of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor crusading in Holy Land. *1298 [[Michael VIII PalaiologosAmbrose of Milan|Ambrose]] makes , [[MystrasAugustine of Hippo|Augustine]] seat of the new , [[wJerome]], and [[Gregory the Dialogist|Pope Gregory I]] are named collectively as the first Great [[w:Despotate Doctor of Moreathe Church|Despotate of MoreaDoctors]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurredof the Western Church. *1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch.*1269 Orthodox patriarch returns to Antioch after a 171-year exile and usurpation 1302 Papal Bull ''[[w:Unam sanctum|Unam Sanctum]]'' issued by Latin patriarchPope [[Boniface VIII of Rome|Boniface VIII]] proclaims Papal supremacy. *1270 1326 Metr. [[w:Eighth CrusadePeter of Moscow|Eighth CrusadePeter]] launched by King moves his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow. *1332 [[w:Louis IX Amda Seyon I of FranceEthiopia|Louis IXAmda Syon]] , Emperor of France.*1271-72 Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces, allowing for the spread of Christianity to frontier areas. *1336 [[w:Ninth Crusade|Ninth CrusadeMeteora]] led by in Greece established as a center of Orthodox [[w:Edward I of England|Prince Edwardmonasticism]] of England to Acre, considered to be the last of the medieval Crusades to the Holy Land. *1274 Second 1338 [[Council of LyonsGregory Palamas]] held, proclaiming union between writes ''Triads in Defense of the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic WestHoly Hesychasts'', but generally unaccepted in defending the East.*1275 Unionist Patriarch Orthodox practice of Constantinople [[John XI Beccus of Constantinoplehesychasm|John XI Beccushesychast spirituality]] elected to replace Patriarch and the use of the [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinople|Joseph I GalesiotesJesus Prayer]], who opposed . *1340 [[Council of LyonsHoly Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra]]; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on founded by [[Mount Athos|Mt. AthosSergius of Radonezh]], martyred by the Latins. *ca. 1280 ''1341-51 Three sessions of the [[w:Kebra NagastNinth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, affirming [[hesychasm|Kebra Nagasthesychastic]]'' ("Book theology of the Glory [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of Kings") compiled, a repository [[Barlaam of Ethiopian national and religious feelingsCalabria]]. *1281 1342 Patriarchate of Antioch transferred to Damascus under [[w:Pope Martin IVIgnatius II of Antioch|Pope Martin IVIgnatius II]] authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established . *1349 Prince [[Byzantine EmpireStephen Dushan]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and of Serbia assumes the Greeks and renouncing the union title of 1274''Tsar'' (Caesar); French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.*1287 Last record principality of [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Amalfion on [[Mount Athosw:Galicia (Central Europe)|Mount AthosGalicia]](Halitsh) comes under Polish control. *1291 Fall of Acre; end of crusading 1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Holy LandEurope at Gallipoli. *1298 1359 Death of [[Ambrose of Milan|AmbroseGregory Palamas]], [[Augustine . *1360 Death of Hippo|Augustine]], [[JeromeJohn Koukouzelis]], and [[Gregory the Dialogist|Pope Gregory I]] are named collectively as the first Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Western Churchthe Hymnographer. *1302 Papal Bull ''[[w:Unam sanctum|Unam Sanctum]]'' issued by Pope [[Boniface VIII 1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome|Boniface VIII]] proclaims Papal supremacy. *ca. 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in the East, "among the Greeks." *1326 Metr. 1382-95 [[Peter of Moscoww:Wyclif's Bible|PeterFirst English Bible]] moves his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscowtranslated by John Wyclif. *1309 Rhodes falls to the 1383 [[w:Knights Hospitaller|Knights of St. JohnStephen of Perm]], who establish their headquarters there[[missionary]] to Zyrians, renaming themselves the "Knights consecrated bishop; appearance of [[Theotokos of RhodesTikhvin]] icon." *1311-12 Council of Vienne in the Roman Catholic Church disbands the Knights Templar. *1332 [[1385 [[w:Amda Seyon I Union of EthiopiaKrewo|Amda SyonKreva Agreement]], Emperor provides for conversion of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provincesLithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, allowing for joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the spread Kingdom of Christianity to frontier areasPoland through a dynastic union. *1336 1387 [[Meteora]] in Greece established as a center of Orthodox w:Christianization of Lithuania|Lithuania converts to Roman Catholicism]], while most [[monasticismw:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]]lands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox. *1338 [[Gregory Palamas]] writes ''Triads in Defense 1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[hesychasmLazar of Serbia|hesychast spiritualityLazar]] and the use , prince of the Serbia. *1390 Ottomans take [[Jesus Prayerw:Alaşehir|Philadelphia]], last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. *13411391-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) and John V Palaeologus (1341–91)98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time. *1341-51 Three sessions of the 1410 Iconographer [[Ninth Ecumenical CouncilAndrei Rublev]] held in Constantinople, affirming paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[hesychasmHoly Trinity|hesychasticHoly Trinity]] theology of [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy . *1414-18 Council of Constance in Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[Barlaam of Calabriaw:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]]over authority of pope. *1342 Patriarchate 1417 End of Antioch transferred to Damascus under Western Great Schism at the [[Ignatius II Council of Antioch|Ignatius IIConstance]]. *1344 Death of 1418 Latin monk [[w:Amda Seyon I of EthiopiaThomas à Kempis|Amda SyonThomas à Kempis]], Emperor of Ethiopia.*1349 Prince authors ''[[Stephen Dushanw:The Imitation of Christ (book)|The Imitation of Christ]] of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar); principality of . *1422 [[w:Galicia Siege of Constantinople (Central Europe1422)|GaliciaSecond unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] (Halitsh) comes under Polish controlof Constantinople. *1352 Death of 1423-24 [[w:EwostatewosCouncil of Siena|EwostatewosCouncil of Siena]] (Eusthathius), Ethiopian monk and religious leader.*1353 Death of Sergius and Herman, Abbots in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[Valaam Monasteryw:Conciliarism|Valaamconciliarism]], emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council, but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy. *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe 1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with West attempted at Gallipoli.*1359 Death of [[Gregory PalamasCouncil of Florence]]. *1360 Death of , where only [[John KoukouzelisMark of Ephesus]] the Hymnographerrefuses to capitulate to demands of delegates from Rome. *1365 Crusaders under Latin King 1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[w:Peter I Mark of Cyprus|Peter I of CyprusEphesus]] sack Alexandria, Egypt. *1378 Death of 1444 ''[[Alexis Donation of MoscowConstantine]]'' proved forgery. *1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign 1448 [[Church of three Popes Russia]] unilaterally declares its independence from the [[Church of RomeConstantinople]].*ca. 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only 1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allows the East, "among the Greeksunion to be proclaimed." *1382-95 1453 [[w:Wyclif's BibleFall of Constantinople|First English BibleConstantinople falls]] translated by John Wyclif.*1383 to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending Roman Empire; [[Stephen of PermHagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]], missionary to Zyrians, consecrated bishopturned into a mosque; appearance martyrdom of [[Theotokos of TikhvinConstantine XI Palaiologos]] icon.*1385 , last of the [[w:Union List of KrewoByzantine Emperors|Kreva AgreementByzantine Emperors]] provides for conversion of Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians ; many Greek scholars escape to Roman Catholicism, joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania the West with the Kingdom of Poland through a dynastic union.*1387 books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Christianization of LithuaniaRenaissance|Lithuania converts to Roman CatholicismRenaissance]], while most .[[wMedia:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] lands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox.*1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar]], prince of Serbia.*1390 Ottomans take [[w:Alaşehir|Philadelphia]], last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time.*1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinity|Holy Trinity]]. *1414-18 Council of Constance in Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over authority of pope.*1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of Constance]].*1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople.*1423-24 [[w:Council of Siena|Council of Siena]] in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[w:Conciliarism|conciliarism]], emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council, but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy.*1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with West attempted at [[Council of Florence]], where only [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to demands of delegates from Rome.*1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[Mark of Ephesus]].*1444 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' proved forgery.*1448 [[Church of Russia]] unilaterally declares its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[w:Vatican Library|Vatican Library]] formally established by Pope Nicholas V.*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in Hagia Sophia on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allows the union to be proclaimed.*1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI|Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Renaissance|RenaissanceExample.ogg]].

:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))]]''*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]]. *1455-56 ''Confession of Faith'' by Patr. Gennadius of Constantinople. *1461 Death of Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow; commemoration of the Apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, 1456-1587 Byzantine [[October 1]].*1462 Wonderworking icon of [[Mantamadosw:Pammakaristos Church|Archangel Michael Church of MantamadosTheotokos Pammakaristos]] created.*1463 Bosnia becomes province of Ottoman Empire, with an estimated 36,000 families voluntarily accepting Islam, followed by a sustained process of assimilation to Islam.*1480 Spanish Inquisition; meeting became the seat of the [[Theotokos Church of VladimirConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] icon in memory of saving Moscow from the invasion of Khan Ahmed. *1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar (year 7,000, according to the Byzantine [[w:Dating Byzantine CreationEra|Byzantine Date of Creation]]).*1497 Martyrdom of Macarius, Metropolitan of Kiev, by invading Tatars. *1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]]. *1512 First Christian church erected in Americas in [[w:Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]] by Spanish. *1516 Desiderius Erasmus publishes "[[w:Textus Receptus|Textus Receptus]]" of New Testament on the basis of six late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. *1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Martin Luther nails ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to door at Wittenburg, sparking Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria.*1522 Martin Luther translates [[New Testament]] into German and Reformation principle of ''[[w:Sola scriptura|Sola Scriptura]]'' becomes formalized. *1526 [[Non-Possessors]] attack Tsar Vassily III for divorcing his wife and are driven underground. *1529 First Ottoman [[w:Siege of Vienna|Siege of Vienna]], marking Ottoman Empire's apex and end of Ottoman expansion in central Europe.*1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.*1536 Publication of John Calvin's ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''. *1536-41 [[w:Dissolution of the Monasteries|Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in England, Wales and Ireland.*1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia; formal founding of [[w:Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]. *1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives in Ethiopia.*1542 Ethiopians and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.*1545-63 [[w:Council of Trent|Council of Trent]] held to answer the Protestant Reformation.

*1552 Death of [[Basil the Blessed]]. *1555 Abp. Gurian begins mission to Kazan. *1563 Anglican Church's 1557 Death of [[w:Thirty-Nine Articles|Thirty-Nine ArticlesBasil the Blessed]] of Religion published. *1564 Jesuits arrive in Poland.*1568 Pope Pius V recognizes four Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Eastern Church, [[John Chrysostom]], [[Basil the Great]], [[Gregory the Theologian|Gregory of Nazianzus]], and [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]].*1569 Martyrdom of [[Philip of Moscow]], at the hands of Ivan IV Grozny. *1569 [[w:Union of Lublin|Union of Lublin]] unites Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the [[w:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], placing the [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Orthodox lands of Belarus, and modern Ukraine under direct Roman Catholic rule. *1571 Restoration of [[Church of Cyprus]] to Orthodox rule.*1573 [[w:Pope Gregory XIII|Pope Gregory XIII]] establishes Congregation for the Greeks, a committee of cardinals who addressed issues relating to the Greeks in southern Italy and Sicily in the hope of resolving tensions between Greeks and Latins. *1573-81 Correspondence of Patr. [[Jeremias II (Tranos) of Constantinople|Jeremias II of Constantinople]] with Lutherans. *1575 [[Church of Constantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]].*1576 [[w:Pope Gregory XIII|Pope Gregory XIII]] establishes Pontifical Greek College of St. Athanasius (popularly known as the 'Greek College') in Rome, which he charged with educating Italo-Byzantine clerics. *1579 Death of [[Gerasimus of Kefalonia]].*1581 Ostrozhsky Bible printed by Prince Kurbsky and Ivan Fedorov. *1582 Institution of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Pope Gregory XIII; death of [[w:Teresa of Ávila|Teresa of Ávila]], prominent Spanish mystic.*1583 [[Sigillion of 1583]] issued against [[Gregorian Calendar]] by council convened in Constantinople. *1587-Present. The relatively modest [[w:Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1589 [[Autocephaly]] and [[canonical territory]] of [[Church of Russia]] recognized, as Patr. Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of [[Patriarch]] of Moscow and of All Russia. *1596 [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Constantinople]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church. *ca. 1600-1700 Conversion of Albania to Islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, the ''Djize''.*1604 Death of [[Juliana of Lazarevo]].*1607 Death of Patr. [[Job of Moscow]].*1609-10 [[w:Douay-Rheims Bible|Douay-Rheims Bible]] printed, first complete English Roman Catholic Bible, translated from [[Vulgate]].*1611 [[w:Authorized King James Version|Authorized King James Version]] of the Bible printed.*1612 Martyrdom of Patr. [[Hermogenes of Moscow]]; [[Our Lady of Kazan]] icon commemorates the deliverance from Poles. *1625 ''Confession of Faith'' by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written. *1627 Pope [[Cyril LukarisLucaris]] of Alexandria presents [[Codex Alexandrinus]] to King Charles I of England for safe keeping. *1633 Ethiopian emperor [[w:Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]] expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic missionaries from Ethiopia. *1642 [[Council of Jassy]] (Iaşi) revises [[Peter Mogila]]'s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain [[Deuterocanon|deuterocanonical]] books.*1645-69 [[w:Cretan War (1645–1669)|Cretan War]] between the Ottoman Empire and Venice. *1646 [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] joins 63 Ruthenian Orthodox priests from the Carpathian Mountains to Roman Catholic Church on terms similar to [[Union of Brest]].*1647 Orthodox church erected in Tunisia.*1649 Martyrdom of [[Athanasius of Brest-Litovsk]] by the Latins.*1650-1700 Ottoman [[w:Istanbul|Constantinople]] is [[w:List of largest cities throughout history|largest city in the world]] by population.*1652 School and hospital established in Old Cairo by Patr. Joannikios. *1652-1658 Patriarch [[Nikon of Moscow]] revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as [[Old Believers]].*1654 Appearance of icon of [[Theotokos of the Kievan Brotherhood]].*1656 [[Voskresensky Monastery]] founded by Patr. [[Nikon of Moscow|Nikon]] at Istra near Moscow, intended to represent the Heavenly Jerusalem.*1665 Greek Jewish kabbalist [[w:Sabbatai Zevi|Sabbatai Sevi]] hailed by Jews of Palestine as the [[Jesus Christ|Messiah]], but then converts to Islam before the Ottoman Sultan to save his life.*1667 Annexation of most of [[Kievan Rus']] by Tsar of Muscovite Kingdom.*1669 Greek island of Crete taken by Ottoman Empire from Venetians. *1672 [[w:Synod of Jerusalem|Synod of Jerusalem]] convened by Patr. [[Dositheos II of Jerusalem|Dositheos Notaras]], refuting article by article the Calvinistic confession of [[Cyril Lucaris]], defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining the Orthodox Biblical canon; acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia).*1675 Appearance of icon of 1682 The ''Sabaite [[Typikon]]'' was published in its final form in Russia; from 1682 to 1888 the Greek and Russian Churches shared a common [[Theotokos of PochaivTypikon]]. *1683 Second Ottoman 1685-87 The [[w:Battle of ViennaSlavic Greek Latin Academy|Siege Slavic Greek Latin Academy]] is organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, under the guidance of Viennatwo Greek brothers, [[Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud]], capital on the premises of the Holy Roman Empire[[w:Zaikonospassky monastery|Zaikonospassky Monastery]] with over 70 students. *1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijing by [[Church of Russia]]. *1688 Appearance 1698 Consecration of the first Orthodox [[Mother Church of God Joy of All Who SorrowChina|Joy of All Who SorrowChurch in China]] icon, in the name of Sophia (Divine Wisdom), when Emperor Kangxi ordered a Buddhist temple to be cleared for Russian inhabitants in Beijing.*1689 1700 The ''[[w:Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' calendar in Russia, in use since AD 988 was changed to the [[Julian Calendar]] by Peter the Great; Peter the Great Serb Migrationspublished an ''Ukase'' on [[June 18|Great Serb MigrationsJune 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of hundreds of thousands of Serbian refugees from Kosovo the faith in Siberia and Serbia proper, leaving a vacuum filled by flood of Albanian immigrantsChina.*1700-02 Submission of the dioceses of Lemberg (Lviv) and Luzk (Lutsk) in the [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galician]] area of Ukraine to Roman Catholic Church completes [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], so that two-thirds of the Orthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic.*1707-20 Grabbe's edition of the [[Septuagint]] published at Oxford, reproducing (imperfectly) the ''Codex Alexandrinus'' of London.

*1715-1956 [[Russian Orthodox Mission in China|Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China]].*1716-25 Correspondence of Ecumenical Patriarch and Russian Czar with English Non-Jurors. *1721 Czar [[Peter I of Russia]] replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]]. *1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schism, in which many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s. *1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar with the ''[[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]]'' (AD).*1731 Death of [[Innocent of Irkutsk]]. *1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]]. *1755 Synod of Constantinople declares Roman Catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from Roman Catholicism. *1756 ''[[Sigillion of 1756]]'' issued against the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Patr. [[Cyril V of Constantinople]]. *1760 [[Holy Trinity St. Seraphim-Diveyevo Convent]] founded in Russia. *1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida; Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] among claimants. *1767-1815 [[w:Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the Jesuits]] in Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, particularly in Russia. *1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland. *ca. 1770 About 1,200 Kiev region Uniate churches return to Orthodoxy under political pressure from Russia. *1774 Russia and Ottoman Empire sign [[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]], bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians. *1779 Death of [[Kosmas Aitolos]]. *1782 First publication of ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1793-95 Over 2,300 Uniate churches became Orthodox under Tsarina Catherine the Great. *1794 [[Missionaries]], including [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos. *1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] publishes ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice. *1800 ''1798 Patriarch [[Anthimus of Jerusalem]] contended that the [[The Rudderw:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]'' published and printed in Athens.*1803 Death was part of the [[Xenia w:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] granted by [[God]] to protect [[Orthodoxy]] from the taint of St. Petersburg[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]].*1804 and of Western [[w:British Secularism|secularism]] and Foreign Bible Society[[w:Irreligion by country|British and Foreign Bible Societyirreligion]].*1800 ''[[The Rudder]] founded'' published and printed in Athens. *1805 Death of [[Makarios Macarius Notaras of Corinth|Makarius of Corinth]], a central figure in the Kollyvades movement.*1808 Death of Hieromartyr Nikita the Slav, of Mount Athos.*1809-10 Rotunda and edicule exterior of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Kollyvades Movement|Church of the Holy SepulchreKollyvades]] rebuilt after fire in Ottoman Baroque stylemovement. *1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]].*1814 Martyrdom of Euthymius and Ignatius of [[Mount Athos]].*1815 [[Peter the Aleut]] tortured and martyred in San Francisco, California.*1816 [[w:American Bible Society|American Bible Society]] founded; martyrdom of Acacius of Athos.

:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))]]''*1821 Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence on Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; martyrdom of Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation. *1823 Icon of ca. 1830 [[Panagia of Tinos|Panagia EvangelistriaSlavophile movement]] found on Tinosbegins in Russia. *1831 Return of 3,000, led by a vision from 000 [[Pelagia of TinosUniate]], becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at s with the [[Orthodox Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)|Church of Evangelistria]]] at Vilnius in 1831. *1825 Russia and Britain establish Alaska/Canada boundary. *1829 Treaty 1832 [[Church of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek stateSerbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]. *ca. 1830 1833 [[Slavophile movementChurch of Greece]] begins in Russia.*1831 Return of 3,000,000 declares [[Uniateautocephaly]]s with , making it independent of the [[Orthodox Churchof Constantinople|Constantinople]]; death of [[Seraphim of Sarov]] at Vilnius in 1831. *1832 1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes [[Church Union of SerbiaBrest-Litovsk]] becomes ''de factoin all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-enter the Orthodox Church. *1848 '' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].*1833 [[Church Encyclical of Greece]] declares [[autocephalythe Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, making it independent of condemning the [[Church of Constantinople|ConstantinopleFilioque]]; death of as [[Seraphim of Sarovheresy]].*1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes , declaring the [[Union of Brest-LitovskRoman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and Belarus re-enter referring to the Orthodox Church (with the exception Photian Council of 879-880 as the eparchy of Chelm, in Polish territory, which was itself integrated into the Russian Orthodox Church in 1875)"[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]." *1840s Correspondence of Anglican William Palmer with 1850 [[Alexei KhomakiovChurch of Constantinople]], and recognizes [[Philaret of Moscowautocephaly]] towards establishment of [[Western RiteChurch of Greece]] church in England. *1847 Restoration 1851 Translation into English of [[w:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem]] by Pope Pius IXSeptuagint]] by Lancelot C. L.*1848 ''Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the [[Encyclical Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Eastern PatriarchsNativity]]'' sent by the primates and synods . *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of the four ancient patriarchates [[Church of the Orthodox Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church, condemning of the [[FilioqueHoly Sepulchre]] as permanent. *1853-56 [[heresyw:Crimean War|Crimean War]], declaring fought between Russia and the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, beginning over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy Land. *1854 [[heresy|heretical]], [[schismImmaculate Conception]]atic, and in declared [[apostasydogma]], repudiating by [[UltramontanismRoman Catholic Church]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the ". *1859 [[Eighth Ecumenical Councilw:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von Tischendorf]]."*1850 discovers [[Church of Constantinoplew:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] recognizes at [[autocephalySt. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] .*1860 Death of [[Church of Greece]]Alexei Stepanovich Khomiakov|Alexei Khomiakov]], co-founder of the [[Slavophile movement]]. *1851 Translation into English of 1864 First Orthodox [[Septuagintparish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Lancelot CGreeks; death of [[Jacob Netsvetov]]. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the *1865 [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the NativityRomania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division 1869 Russian synod authorizes corrected text of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy SepulchreWestern Rite]] permanentliturgy and Benedictine offices. *1853-56 1870 [[w:Crimean WarPapal Infallibility]] declared [[Roman Catholic Church|Crimean WarRoman Catholic]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, beginning over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" dogma necessary for salvation by First Vatican Council. *1871 [[Nicholas of the Christian faith Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in the Holy LandJapan. *1854 1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[Immaculate Conceptionphyletism]] declared to be [[dogmaheresy]] by ; [[Roman Catholic Churchof Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]]by a decree of the Sultan. *1859 1875 Uniate diocese of [[w:Constantin von TischendorfChełm|Constantin von TischendorfChelm]] discovers [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticusin Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy. *1876 [[Theophan the Recluse]] at [[St. Catherinebegins issuing a translation of the 's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery[[Philokalia]]; Charles Darwin's ''[[w:On the Origin in Russian. *1879 [[Church of Species|On the Origin Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of Species by Means [[Church of Natural SelectionSerbia]]'' published; Christian quarter of Damascus sacked by a Muslim mob also involving Turkish troops. *1860 Death death of [[Alexei Khomiakov]], co-founder Innocent of the [[Slavophile movementAlaska]]. *1864 First Orthodox 1882 Synod of Constantinople gives conditional approval to use of Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices; [[parishMitrophan Ji]] established on American soil becomes the first Chinese ordained a priest in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks; Pope Pius IX presented his the [[w:Syllabus of Errors|Syllabus Church of ErrorsChina]]. *1865 1885 [[Church of RomaniaConstantinople]] declares its recognizes [[autocephaly|independence]] from the of [[Church of ConstantinopleRomania]].*1867 Sale of Alaska to United States; death of [[Ignatius Brianchaninovw:Revised Version|English Revised Version]].*1869 Celebration of first miracle of the published; [[Icon Archbishop of the Theotokos at Chernigov-GethsemaneCanterbury]]; Russian synod authorizes corrected text officially removes all of [[Western RiteApocrypha]] liturgy and Benedictine offices.*1870 from [[Papal Infallibilityw:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]] declared . *1888 ''[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman CatholicTypikon]] dogma necessary for salvation of the Great Church of Christ'' is published with revised church services, prepared by First Vatican Council; [[w:Papal States|Papal StatesProtopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch, while the ''Sabaite (monastic) [[Typikon]] cease '' continues to exist; Old Catholic schism occurs; Old Catholics openly courted by Russian church be used in France and GermanyRussia.*1871 1889 Federation of [[Nicholas of Japanw:Old Catholic Church|Nikolai KasatkinOld Catholic Churches]] establishes Orthodox mission , not in Japan.*1872 Council in Jerusalem declares communion with Rome, at the [[phyletismw:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]] to be . *ca. 1890 ''[[heresy]]; [[Church of BulgariaUnseen Warfare]] gains ''de facto'' further revised by [[autocephalyTheophan the Recluse]] by a decree . *1891 Death of the Sultan.*1873 [[w:Philotheos Bryennios|Philotheos Bryennios]] discovers the ''[[DidacheAmbrose of Optina]]'' in manuscript with copies of several early Church documents. *1875 Uniate diocese 1895 Reply of Synod of Constantinople to Pope Leo XIII. *1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[w:ChełmChurch of Antioch|ChelmAntioch]] in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy.*1876 deposed; [[Theophan the Recluse]] begins issuing a translation of the ''Western Rite]] diocese organized in Czechoslovakia by [[PhilokaliaChurch of Russia]]'' in Russian. *1877 Death 1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Arsenios Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of ParosAntioch]]. *1879 1900 [[Church Martyrs of China|Martyrdom of ConstantinopleOrthodox Christians]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of in Chinese Boxer Rebellion (Yihetuan Movement). *1901 [[Church of SerbiaEvangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|"Evangelakia" riots]]; death in Athens Greece in November, over translations of [[Innocent of AlaskaNew Testament]]; into [[Joseph Julian Overbeckw:Dimotiki|Demotic (Modern) Greek]] journeys to Constantinople to request approval from patriarch for use , resulting in fall of Roman liturgy both government and Benedictine officesMetropolitan of Athens. *1881 Wave 1904 [[Church of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migration of Jews (2Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.5 million Jews settle in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)homestead.com/files/noteptxt.*1882 Synod of Constantinople gives conditional approval to use pdf "Patriarchal" Text of Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices.*1884 ''[[The Way of a Pilgrimthe Greek New Testament]]'' published in Kazan, based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp.*1885 [[Church Tikhon of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephalyMoscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] of , Bp. [[Church Raphael of RomaniaBrooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]]; , and Fr. [[w:Revised Version|English Revised VersionJohn Kochurov]] published; [[Archbishop to permit adaption of Canterbury]] officially removes all services taken from Anglican Book of Common Prayer for use by Orthodox people. *1905 Death of [[ApocryphaApostolos Makrakis]] from ; Tsar [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James BibleNicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]].*1886 decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[w:Church of Maria MagdaleneRuthenians|Church of Maria MagdaleneRuthenians]] built on slope of Mount of Olives, in the Garden of Gethsemane in Jerusalem by Tsar Alexander III.*1889 Federation of returning to [[w:Old Eastern Catholic ChurchChurches|Old Catholic ChurchesUniatism]], not ; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in communion with RomeAmerica moved from San Francisco to New York, at the as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[w:Utrecht Union|Union of UtrechtUniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America. *ca1907 Archim. 1890 ''[[Unseen WarfareEusebius Matthopoulos]]'' further revised by founds [[Theophan the RecluseBrotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]].; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of Russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from Book of Common Prayer and sets out criteria. *1890-1 Bp1908 Fr. [[Vladimir (Sokolovsky-Avtonomov) of the Aleutians|Vladimir (Sokolovsky-Avtonomov)]Nikodemos Sarikas] receives a parish of Swiss Old Catholics at Dyckesville, Wisconsin, as [[Western Rite]] parish.*1892 Pastoral visit of Bp. [[Nicholas (Ziorov) of Warsaw|Nicholas (Ziorov)]] to Western Rite parish in Wisconsin.*1895 Reply of Synod of Constantinople to Pope Leo XIII.*1896 Pope Leo XIII issues the bull ''Apostolicae Curae'' which declares Anglican Orders "absolutely null and utterly void". *1896-1906 [[w:Oxyrhynchus|Oxyrhynchus]] papyri discovered in Egypt dating from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, including portions of the New Testament.*1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] deposed; [[Western Rite]] diocese organized in Czechoslovakia by [[Church of Russia]].*1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]].*1900 [[Chinese Martyrs of the Boxer Rebellion|Martyrdom of Orthodox Christians]] in Chinese Boxer Rebellion.*1901 "Evangelakia" riots in Athens Greece in November, over translations of [[New Testament]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (modern) Greek]], resulting in fall of both government and Metropolitan of Athens.*1903 Uncovering of the relics of [[Seraphim of Sarov]].*1904 [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]], Bp. [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]], and Fr. [[John Kochurov]] to permit adaption of services taken from Anglican Book of Common Prayer for use by Orthodox people.*1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]; Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]] decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]] returning to [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America.*1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]]; Papal Bull ''Ea Semper'' issued, effectively subordinating Greek Catholic clergy in the United States to local Roman Catholic bishops; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of Russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from Book of Common Prayer and sets out criteria.*1908 Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans. *1908 Death of [[John of Kronstadt]].*1910 [[w:1910 World Missionary Conference|Edinburgh Missionary Conference]] is the formal beginning of the modern Protestant Christian ecumenical movement, a precursor to the World Council of Churches.

: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))]]''*1917 [[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; British forces [[w:Battle Church of Jerusalem (1917)|capture JerusalemGeorgia]] from Ottoman Empire; [[Church of Georgia]]''s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people".*1917-40 [[w:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|Persecution of the Orthodox Church in Russia]] begins, with 130,000 priests arrested, 95,000 of whom were executed by firing squad. *1918 Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] murdered together with his wife [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children; Metr. *1919-1922 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich]] first bishop to be tortured and slain by Russian Communists. *1919-1922 [[ww:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Pontic Greek Genocide|Pontic Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond. *1920 Death of [[Nektarios of Aegina]]; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement. *1921 [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as ''Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and All Africa]]''; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] formed ; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow; [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague|Gorazd (Pavlik)]] consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia.*; an all-Ukrainian Synod is called in Kyiv and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is declared independent from the Moscow Patriarchate (MP).*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares [[autocephaly]] from [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] begins; Vladimir Lenin proclaims establishment of the [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]; [[Solovetsky Solovetsky Monastery]] converted by Lenin's decree to the [[w:Solovki|"Solovki Special Purpose Camp"]], one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the Gulag where 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of laity ; Alcuin Club in England prints the Russian synod's report in favor predominatly Christian city of [[w:Great Fire of adapting Book Smyrna|Smyrna is destroyed]], ending 1900 years of Common Prayer for Orthodox useChristian civilization. *1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by [[Church of Constantinople]].*1924 ; [[Church w:Treaty of ConstantinopleLausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] recognizes affirmed the international status of the [[autocephalyChurch of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] of , with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection.*1924 [[Church of PolandConstantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Poland]]; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African *1925 [[Church (of Romania]] becomes a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire[[patriarchate]]; Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church first Africans in the USA splits into two separate jurisdictions, one for those from Galicia, and another for those from Carpathosub-Ukraine, Croatia, Hungary and SlovakiaSaharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr.*1925 Nikodemos Sarikas; death of [[Church Tikhon of RomaniaMoscow]] becomes . *1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a [[patriarchateWestern Rite]]; first Africans diocese in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by FrPoland of [[Church of Russia]] under Bp. Nikodemos SarikasAlexis of Grodno; death of [[Tikhon of MoscowJohn Maximovitch]].*1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a tonsured by [[Western RiteROCOR]] diocese in Poland of Metr. [[Church Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of RussiaKiev]] under Bp. Alexis *1927 Bishops of Russian church in America authorize formation of Grodno; [[John MaximovitchAmerican Orthodox Catholic Church]] tonsured by , including a [[ROCORWestern Rite]] Metr. [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kievmissionary]]outreach. *1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to America to be consecrated a bishop of African Orthodox Church; Orthodox Archbishopric of Johannesburg established; bishops of Russian church in America authorize formation 1929 Kingdom of Italy and Papacy ratify [[American Orthodox Catholic Churchw:Lateran Treaty|Lateran Treaty]], including a recognizing sovereignty of Papacy within the new state of the [[Western Ritew:Vatican City|Vatican City]] missionary outreach. *1928 1931 Reception of [[Fellowship Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of St. Alban and St. SergiusRussian Tradition in Western Europe]] founded.*1929 Papal Bull ''Cum data fuerit'' regulates Uniate clergy in into the US[[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], mandating celibacy, resulting in the return of several parishes back to Orthodoxy in 1938; kingdom of Italy and Papacy ratify led by Metr. [[w:Lateran Treaty|Lateran TreatyEulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]], recognizing sovereignty of Papacy within the new state of the . *1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to [[w:Vatican City|Vatican CityUganda]]; "to meet [[w:Collegium RussicumChristopher Reuben Spartas|RussicumReuben Spartas]]" (Russian College or 'College of St, establishing African Orthodox Church there. Therese') founded in Vatican City by Pope Pius XI and run by the [[w:Society *1933 [[Church of Jesus|JesuitsGreece]]; Russian Fraternity of Saint Irenee in France celebrates bans [[Western RiteFreemasonry]]. *1931 Reception 1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; episcopal consecration of [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes John Maximovitch]]. *1935 Critical edition of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical PatriarchateSeptuagint]], led published in Gottingen Germany by Metr. [[Eulogius Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (GeorgievskyInstitute) of Paris]]; USSR bans sale or importation of [[Holy ScriptureOld Calendarists|BiblesOld Calendar]]; schism when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[w:Bonn Agreement (religion)|Bonn AgreementChurch of Greece]] established full communion between stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act. *1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Anglican CommunionChurch of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church of England]] and . *1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using [[w:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic ChurchesWestern Rite]] of the . *1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[w:Utrecht UnionGreat Purge|Union of UtrechtGreat Purge]]. *1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to Uganda to meet Reuben Spartas, establishing African Orthodox Church there.*1933 1937 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[Church of Greeceautocephaly]] bans of [[Freemasonry]Church of Albania]].*1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; clergy opposing Nazi regime in Germany have homes raided by secret police; episcopal consecration of [[John Maximovitch1938 Death of [[Silouan the Athonite]]; [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese]].*1935 Critical edition founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. [[SeptuagintOrestes (Chornock) of Agathonikeia|Orestes Chornock]] published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at , were received into the jurisdiction of the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute)Ecumenical Patriarchate. *1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the 1941 Martyrdom of [[Church Gorazd (Pavlik) of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox ChurchPrague]]by Nazis. *1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using 1941-45 Croatian [[Western Ritew:Ustaše|Ustasa]].*1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's terrorists kill 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[w:Great PurgeRoman Catholic Church|Great PurgeCatholicism]]. *1937 1943 [[Church of ConstantinopleRussia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of AlbaniaGeorgia]]; [[Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School first constitution of Theology (Brookline, Massachusetts)|Holy Cross Greek the African Orthodox School of Theology]] founded.*1938 [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)]] Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] foundedArthur Gathuna; death Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of [[Silouan Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the Athonite]]; election of [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox DioceseSergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] founded, when a group as patriarch of 37 CarpathoMoscow. *1943-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under 44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the leadership of Fr. [[Orestes (Chornock) Church of AgathonikeiaUkraine|Orestes ChornockUkrainian Orthodox Church]]eliminated, were received into the jurisdiction tortured and drowned by Organization of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.*1939 Ukrainian Nationalists - [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)Ukrainian Insurgent Army|GaliciaUkrainian Rebel Army]] is divided as Poland gets partitioned between the German Empire and Soviet Union approximately along the Curzon Line, so that Western Galicia goes to the German Empire, and Eastern Galicia is affiliated with Soviet Ukraine. *1941 Martyrdom of , aided by [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of PragueEastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] by NazisMetr.*1941-45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists kill 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of Nazi military units that were later condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]]who was imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA. *1943 1944 Fr. [[Church Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephalySaint-Denis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky)]] completes restoration of [[Church Divine Liturgy according to St. Germanus of GeorgiaParis|Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris]]; first constitution . *1945 [[Church of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur GathunaBulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs library of Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the holy synod and the election of [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) Church of Moscow|Sergius Ithe Czech Lands and Slovakia]] as patriarch of Moscow.. *19431945-44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests 90 Persecution of the [[Church of UkraineAlbania|Ukrainian Orthodox Churchin Albania]] eliminated, tortured and drowned by Organization . *1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of Ukrainian Nationalists - the [[w:Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian Rebel ArmyChurch of Alexandria]], aided by [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of Nazi military units that were later condemned by officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda; state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolves the Nuremberg tribunal, and who was imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA.*1944 Fr. [[Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) Union of SaintBrest-Denis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky)Litovsk]] completes restoration of [[Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris]].*1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]. *1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda; state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolves the [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]] and integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church into the Russian Orthodox and integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church into the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia. *1947 [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] discovered near Qumran in Egypt; death Death of [[Alexis (Kabaliuk) of Carpathia|Alexei Kabalyiuk]], who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in [[w:Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] in the early 20th century. *1948 Establishment of [[w:State of Israel|State of Israel]] and end of [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]; [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II); [[w:World Council of Churches|World Council of Churches]] is founded; Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Church]] from [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches.

*1950 [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the Virgin Mary as a dogma. *1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]. *1952 New Monastery of Panagia Soumela built in -60 With the village of Kastania, [[w:Mau Mau Uprising|Mau-Mau Movement]] in MacedoniaKenya (''British East Africa Protectorate''), Greece, housing the wonderworking icon of [[Panagia SoumelaOrthodox Church]], becoming a center of religious pilgrimageis banished by the Colonial Government.*1953 Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of New York|Antony (Bashir)]] accepts three [[Western Rite]] parishes into Syrian Metropolitanate in America. *1957 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of China]]. *1958 Patriarch of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and 1907 for use by [[Western Rite]] in America ; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. [[John Maximovitch]], who authorizes the use of the restored Gallican rite. *1959 Abp. [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; autocephaly granted to the [[Church of Ethiopia]] by Coptic Pope [[Cyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria]]. *1961 Creation of [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]]; death of [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Simferopol and Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man to fly in outer space. *1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Roman Catholic Church]], including restriction of ancient [[Tridentine Mass]] and introduction of the Novus Ordo. *1963 1900th anniversary of martyrdom of [[Apostle Mark]]; second Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of [[Mount Athos]]. *1964 Meeting of Pope [[Paul VI of Rome]] and Patr. [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] in Jerusalem; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov]] established by resolution of His Holiness Patriarch [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis I]] and the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]]. *1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the [[excommunication]]s of 1054 ; Abp. *1966 The [[John Maximovitchw:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]] consecrates almost totally destroyed the young [[Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) Church of Saint-DenisChina|Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky)Chinese Orthodox Church]] for Western Orthodox Church of France.*1967 [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]] unilaterally declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Serbia]] (as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state, closing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1968-71 Millions of Christians, Muslims, Jews and others witness apparitions of the [[Theotokos|Virgin Mary]] many times over a three year period over the Coptic Orthodox Church of St. Mary at [[Zeitun]], Cairo, recognized as authentic by the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Orthodox Church]] and other churches. *1970 [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian-American Metropolia]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]], renamed as the Orthodox Church in America, returning control of [[Church of Japan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]]; glorification of [[Herman of Alaska]] in separate services by the ROCOR and the OCA; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus]] baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya. *1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]] closed by Turkish authorities.*1974 1600th anniversary of death of [[Athanasius the Great]]. *1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]]; Joint Commission of Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is established.*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1977 [[w:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia|Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]] published. *1979 Pope [[John Paul II]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate; torture and martyrdom of Archim. Philoumenos, keeper of the Greek monastery of Jacob's Well in Samaria (Nablus, West Bank), by Israeli Fanatics who also desecrate the church.*1979 Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]].*1980 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue, 1st plenary, met in Patmos and Rhodes. *1981 Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission meets for the first time in Espoo, Finland. *1982 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission publishes in Munich first official common document, ''"The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1984 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, meets in Khania, Crete. *1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Divine Revelation."'' *1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1987 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission issues common document ''"Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church"''; visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to Vatican. *1987 Group of twenty parishes of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former Campus Crusade for Christ leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and [[Jon Braun]], are received into [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]] in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues the statement ''"Scripture and Tradition." '' *1988 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission publishes common document ''"The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"''; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. [[Daniel (Bambang Dwi) Byantoro|Daniel Byantoro]] begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there." *1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''; glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow]]; Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946. *1990 [[Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)|Ukrainian OrthodoxChurch-Kiev Patriarchate]] (UOC-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Freising, Germany; first Orthodox service in seventy years held in KP) self-proclaims its independance from the [[St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow)Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|St. Basil's CathedralUAOC]](both groups unrecognized).

*1991 Soviet Union collapses, ending :''Main article: [[w:Cold War|Cold WarTimeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))]]; representatives ''*1991 Representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches; Ruthenian Byzantine rite Catholic Church in [[w:Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] was restored as a separate entity from Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church based in [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], having about 23% of Transcarpathia's parishes compared to 60% of the Orthodox total there. *1992 Civil war begins in former Yugoslavia; synaxis Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople.*1993 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document ''"Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion" '' (the "[[Balamand document]]"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Ecumenical Councils."'' *1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemns [[Freemasonry]]; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible|Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms]]'' published; [[Church of Eritrea|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] becomes autocephalous; martyrdom of [[New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn]].*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]"; death of [[Paisios (Eznepidis)|Elder Paisios]] of [[Mount Athos]].*1995 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"''; Pope John Paul II issues encyclical ''[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html Orientale Lumen]'', encouraging reunion between East and West.

*1997 Visit by Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] to US; establishment of dioceses of Bukoba, Madagascar, Ghana and Nigeria; Russian [[w:Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations|Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations]] declares [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] as Russia's predominant religion.*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] held to discuss Orthodox participation in [[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]; uncovering of the relics of [[Ambrose of Optina|Ambrose]] of [[Optina Monastery|Optina]]; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."'' *1999 Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia destroyed and desecrated during NATO peacekeeping presence; Lutheran World Federation and Roman Catholic Church sign [[w:Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification |Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification]].*2000 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Baltimore, discusses text on ''"The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism," '' but is suspended; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Word and Sacraments (Mysteria) in the Life of the Church"; ''. *2001 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonizationArmenia]] celebrates 1700th Anniversary of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate familyChristianity in Armenia (in 301 AD, King Tiridates III declared Christianity as Armenia’s state religion); government of Greece orders removal of religious affiliation from state identity cards. *2001 Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for Fourth Crusade; [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Non-Chalcedonian]] Patriarchates of Alexandria agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches. *2002 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation." '' *2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by [[Church of Antioch]]; Coptic priest Fr. [[Zakaria Botros]] begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions. *2004 Pope [[John Paul II]] returns [[relics]] of [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to [[Church of Constantinople]]; Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] consecrates church in Havana, Cuba; consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission statement ''"Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Initiation into the Church."*2005 Major controversy in Ukraine involving the almost exclusively western Ukraine-based [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Greek Catholic Church moving its administrative centre on from Lviv to Kiev, constructing a large cathedral there, and its plans to establish a patriarchate, criticized by the Orthodox [[Church of Ukraine]] and other Orthodox.'' *2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Belgrade, Serbia; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from [[Mount Athos]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church." '' *2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; 1600th anniversary celebration of the repose of [[John Chrysostom]]; the [[Roman Catholic Church|Vatican]] [[w:Vatican_abolishes_Limbo|formally abolishes doctrine of Limbo]]; number of Orthodox believers in Italy reaches almost one million as a result of immigration from Romania and Ukraine; synod of over 50 bishops of the [[Church of Ukraine]] announce that the UOC-MP is ''"an autonomous, historical part of the Russian Orthodox Church"''; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission meets in Ravenna, Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents [[w:Walter Kasper|Cardinal Walter Kasper]] and Metr. [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon]], agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); letter "[[w:A Common Word Between Us and You|A Common Word Between Us and You]]" is sent by 138 Muslim leaders from 40 nations to the leaders of the world's Christian churches, calling for understanding and commonality. *2008 First Orthodox Liturgy [http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=4495 celebrated at the North Pole]; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible]] (with [[Septuagint]]'') published; [[Church of Ukraine|UOChttp://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=995&tla=en Pan-MPOrthodox meeting in Constantinople]] canonizes new martyrs in October of the Primates of Vasyliivskyithe fourteen Orthodox Churches, Frsigning a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "''the continuation of preparations for the Holy and Great Council''". *2009 The 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13; Death of popular Elder [[Serhii ShtenkoJoseph of Vatopedi]] and laymen [[Prokhor Bunchuk]] and , [[Kyryl PryimaJuly 1]], martyred during the communist persecution of the church in the 20th century.

==Notes==*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.*The division {{Template:Timeline of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.}}

*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]

==Published works== The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history: '''From an Orthodox perspective''' * Angold, Michael (Ed.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&printsec=frontcover Eastern Christianity]''. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 722 pp. ISBN 9780521811132* [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] (Ecumenical Patriarch). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=citwDOTiWV8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today].'' Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130* [[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich]]. ''[http://www.svspress.com/product_info.php?products_id=203&osCsid=b1daf845e88be28003d36749c5127b7a The Orthodox Church].'' Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518 * Clark, Katherine. ''The Orthodox Church.'' '''Simple Guides: Religion (series)'''. Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (''Concise, accessible introduction'')* [[Olivier Clement|Clément, Olivier]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MhJGJbPKpz4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I].'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782* [[Georges Florovsky|Florovsky, Georges]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=UO1rAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Christianity and Culture].'' 2nd ed. Nordland Pub. Co., 1974. 245 pp. (ISBN 0913124044; ISBN 9780913124048)* Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ufw_AAAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time].'' Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)* Maloney, George A. (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976. * Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=khL2qJ7gLPwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition].'' InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''. * Tsai, Kathryn (Dr.). ''A Timeline of Eastern Church History.'' [[St. John of San Francisco Monastery (Manton, California)|Divine Ascent Press]], CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924 * [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)* [[Meletios (Webber)|Webber, Meletios]] (Archimandrite). ''[http://www.conciliarpress.com/bread-water-wine-oil.html Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God].'' Conciliar Press. 2007.<br>* Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vc0wBCU70NwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200]''. '''The Church in History Vol. I: Part I'''From a . Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199* [[HeterodoxJohn Meyendorff|Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John]] perspective. ''Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD''. '''The Church in History Vol. II'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563* Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205* Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587

'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective''' * Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399) * Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122) * Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994) * Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057) * Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166) * Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295) * Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_MH-_ZQuZrgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity].'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675)* Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins].'' Cambridge 2006.* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church.''. (ISBN 0198264569) * Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105) * Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X) * [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803) * Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X) * Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)

==External links== *[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church] *History of Orthodox Christianity ''(QuickTime movies)'' ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] *[[Categoryhttp:Church //www.archons.org/patriarchate/ Timeline of Patriarchal History]]. Order of St. Andrew the Apostle. Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. ''(Pop-up Video Presentation, in Sections)'' [[Category:Featured Articles]] *[[Categoryw:TimelinesTimeline of the Roman Catholic Church|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]]

[[Category:Church History]] [[Category:Featured Articles]] [[Category:Timelines|Church History]] [[ar:ملخص تاريخ الكنيسة]] [[bg:Времева линия на църковната история]] [[el:Ιστορικό χρονολόγιο της Εκκλησίας]]