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==Apostolic era (33*ca. 30-100)==*33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high. *34 [[Apostle Peter]] founds [[Church of Antioch|See of Antioch]]. *35 The name Name ''Christian'' first used in Antioch. *37 [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in [[Glastonbury]]. *40 [[Apostle Barnabas]] sent from Jerusalem to Antioch.*ca. 42 [[Apostle Paul]]'s ecstasy to the third heaven (2 Cor.12:2-4).*ca. 46-48 [[Apostle Paul]]'s first [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Barnabas]].*49 [[Apostolic Council of Jerusalem]] rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians. *ca. 49-52 [[Apostle Paul]]'s second [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Silas]].*50 [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic. *52 [[Apostle Thomas]] arrives in Kerala, introducing [[Church of India|Christianity to India]].*ca. 53-57 [[Apostle Paul]]'s third [[missionary]] journey (Acts 18:23 - 21:16).*ca. 59-62 [[Apostle Paul]]'s fourth [[missionary]] journey, voyage to Rome.*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]]; crucifixion of [[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras. *63 [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first bishop of Britain. *64-67 Persecution 68 First of ten major persecutions of Christians by the early Church, [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Nero.2C_64-68_A.D.|under Emperor Nero]].*64 Martyrdom 66 Flight of the Christian community in Jerusalem to [[Apostle Paulw:Pella, Jordan|Pella]] and other places in Romethe [[w:Decapolis|Decapolis]], and Antioch.*67 Martyrdom of the Apostles [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero. *69 [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated [[bishop]] of Antioch. *70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; [[w:Herod's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem ]] is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues; Johanan Ben Zacchai founds college at Jamnia that becomes seat of Sanhedrin and center of Judaism A.D. 70-135, enabling emergence of Rabbinic Judaism. *71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans. *80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) Titus dedicates [[Josephusw:Colosseum|Colosseum]] writes ''Antiquities'', site of the martyrdom of many early Christians.*ca. 80-90 ''[[Didache]]'' written. *85 ''[[Acts of the Apostles]]'' written by [[Apostle Luke]]. *90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora. *95 [[Apostle John]] writes [[Book of Revelation]]. *ca. 90-96-98 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Domitian|Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian]] (2nd). *96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John]] as supplement and further theological illumination .*ca. 100 Emergence of the [[Synoptic gospelsw:Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs_2|Christian Catacombs]].
*838 Caliph al-Mu'tasim captures and destroys Ammoria in Anatolia.
*ca. 839 First [[w:Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus|Rus'-Byzantine War]], where the Rus attacked Propontis (probably aiming for Constantinople) before turning east and raiding Paphlagonia.
*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches.
*1052 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] founds Westminster Abbey, near London.*1053 Death of Saint Lazarus the Wonder==Post-Roman Schism (1054-worker of Mount Galesius near Ephesus.1453)==*1054 Cardinal :''Main article: [[HumbertTimeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))|Timeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))]]''*1054 Cardinal [[Humbert of Silva Candida|Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]], Patriarch patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of the [[Great Schism]] between East and West; the First Letter of [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]] to Peter of Antioch. *1059 Errors of Berengar of Tours condemned in Rome; term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter Damian]]. *1064 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] storm Anatolia taking Caesarea and Ani and , conquering Armenia. *1066 Normans invade England flying the banner of the Pope of Rome, defeating King [[Harold of England]] at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the . *1066-1171 Beginning reformation of the English church and society there to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics. *1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] defeat Byzantines at the [[w:Battle of Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]], beginning Islamification of Asia Minor; Norman princes led by [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert Guiscard]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of [[w:Catapanate of Italy|Byzantine rule in the south]]. *ca. 1071-1176 Byzantine epic poem 1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [http://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/digenes-akrites Digenes Akrites[Gregory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] is written, set in the ninth and tenth centuries, inspired by launches the almost continuous state of warfare with the Arabs in eastern Asia Minor, presenting a comprehensive picture of the intense frontier life of the [[w:Acritic songs[[w:Gregorian Reform|AkritesGregorian reforms]](celibacy of the clergy, the border guards primacy of the [[Byzantine Empire]].papacy over empire, right of Pope to depose emperors); Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. *1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope 1074 Death of [[Grgeory VII Theodosius of Rome|Gregory VIIthe Kiev Caves]] and launches the . *1075 ''[[w:Gregorian ReformDictatus papae|Gregorian reformsDictatus Papae]] (celibacy of the clergy'' document advances Papal supremacy. *1077 The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem and kill 3, primacy of the papacy over 000 citizens; Seljuks capture Nicea. *1084 Antioch is captured by the empire, right of the Pope to depose emperors); Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. *1074 Death 1088 Founding of monastery of [[Theodosius of Apostle John|John the Kiev CavesTheologian]].*1075 ''on Patmos; election of Pope [[w:Dictatus papaePope Urban II|Dictatus PapaeUrban II]]'' document advances Papal supremacy.*1077 The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem and kill 3,000 citizens; Seljuks capture Nicea.*1084 Antioch is captured by the Seljuk Turks from the Byzantines.*1087 Translation a prominent member of the relics of [[Nicholas of Myraw:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] from Myra to Bari. *1088 Founding of monastery of [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] on Patmos.*1095 1095 Launching of the [[w:First Crusade|First Crusade]].*1096 Persecution of Jews by Crusaders. *1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes ''Cur Deus homo'', marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East. *1098 Crusaders capture Antioch. *1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the [[w:Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and other crusader states known collectively as "[[w:Outremer|Outremer]]." *1108 Death of Nicetas of the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Caves]], Bishop of Novgorod. *1113 Latin Order ca. 1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria [[w:Knights HospitallerPope Gabriel II of Alexandria|Knights HospitallerGabriel II]] founded initiates addition of Arabic as a religious/military order under its own charter, charged liturgical language with the care and defense his Arabic translation of the Holy Land and pilgrims[[Divine Liturgy|Liturgy]]. *1118 Latin Order of 1144 [[w:Knights TemplarSecond Crusade|Knights TemplarSecond Crusade]] founded; Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessa. *ca. 1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria 1149 Crusaders begin to renovate [[w:Pope Gabriel II Church of Alexandria|Gabriel II]] initiates acceptance of Arabic as a liturgical language the Holy Sepulchre (in addition to the CopticJerusalem), with his Arabic translation |Church of the [[Divine Liturgy|LiturgyHoly Sepulchre]].in Romanesque style, adding a bell tower. *ca.1120-1220 Spread of Aristotelian philosophy throughout Western Europe, mostly via the translations of 1159 [[w:AverroesJohn of Salisbury|AverroesJohn of Salisbury]] and authors ''[[w:MaimonidesPolicraticus|MaimonidesPolicraticus]].*1120 The '', a treatise on government drawing from the [[w:Council of NablusHoly Scripture|Council of NablusBible]] is held in , the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.*1127-1145 [[w:ConstantinopleCorpus Juris Civilis|ConstantinopleCodex Justinianus]] is the , and arguing for [[w:List Divine Right of largest cities throughout historyKings|largest city in the worldDivine Right of Kings]] by population. *1144 Bernard 1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of Clairvaux calls for a the [[w:Second Crusade|Second CrusadeTheotokos]] to rescue "of the besieged Latin kingdom Sign" at Novgorod; Anglo-Norman invasion of JerusalemIreland; Kings Louis VII city of France and Konrad III of Germany join Crusaders, but are defeated Dublin captured by Muslims; Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessathe Roman Catholic Normans. *1147 Moscow founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki, a ruler of the northeastern Rus'; 1176 [[w:Roger II Seljuk Sultanate of SicilyRûm|Roger II Sultanate of SicilyRum]] takes Corfu from the defeats Byzantine Empire, and pillages Corinth, Athens and Thebes.*1149 Crusaders began to renovate in the [[Church w:Battle of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Myriokephalon|Church Battle of the Holy SepulchreMyriokephalon]] in Romanesque style, adding a bell tower.*1159 [[w:John marking end of Salisbury|John Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau; Al-Adil I, Muslim ruler of Salisbury]] authors ''[[w:Policraticus|Policraticus]]''Egypt, an important treatise on government drawing from suppresses a revolt by Christian Copts in city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them. * 1179 Pope Alexander III convened the [[Holy Scripturew:Third Council of the Lateran|BibleThird Lateran Council]], the which was attended by a certain Nectarios of the important [[w:Corpus Juris CivilisBasilian monks|Codex JustinianusBasilian]], and arguing for the Monastery of St. Nicholas of Kasoulon near [[w:Divine Right of KingsOtranto|Divine Right of KingsOtranto]]. *1164 Uncovering , under Norman patronage, who made himself the champion of the relics of Greek Church, and vigorously supported their [[Leontius of RostovByzantine Rite|customs and doctrines]].*1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of the [[Theotokos]] <ref>K. Lake. ''"of the SignThe Greek Monasteries in South Italy III." at Novgorod; Anglo'' '''J Theol Studies''' (1903) os-V(17): 22-Norman invasion 41. p. 35.</ref>*1180 Last formal acceptance of Ireland; city of Dublin is captured by the NormansLatins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch. *1176 1182 [[w:Seljuk Sultanate of RûmMaronite Catholic Church|Sultanate of RumMaronites]] defeats Byzantine Empire , who assisted the Crusaders during the Crusades, reaffirm their affiliation with Rome in the 1182; dedication of [[w:Battle of MyriokephalonMonreale#The_Cathedral|Battle of MyriokephalonMonreale Cathedral]]in Sicily, marking containing the end largest cycle of Byzantine attempts to recover the Anatolian plateau; Al-Adil I, the Muslim ruler mosaics extant in Italy. *1186 Byzantine Empire recognizes independence of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by the Christian Copts in the city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of themBulgaria and Serbia. *1177 Latin King Baldwin of 1187 [[w:Saladin|Saladin]] retakes Jerusalem and his knights, with the Templars, defeat the Muslim after destroying crusader army of Saladin at the [[w:Battle of MontgisardHattin (1187)|Battle of MontgisardHattin]].*1179 Death of , and returns Christian holy places to [[w:Hildegard Church of BingenJerusalem|Hildegard von BingenOrthodox Church]]. *1180 Last formal acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch.*1182 The 1189 [[Maronite Catholic Churchw:Third Crusade|MaronitesThird Crusade]]led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, who assisted the Crusaders during the CrusadesKing Philip Augustus II of France, reaffirmed their affiliation with the Holy See in Rome in 1182and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. *1185 ca. 1189 Ethiopian Emperor [[w:Gebre Mesqel Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]] orders construction of [[w:Second Bulgarian EmpireLalibela|Second Bulgarian EmpireLalibela]] (1185–1396). *1186 The Byzantine Empire recognized the independence of Bulgaria and Serbia.*1187 1204 [[[w:Saladin|SaladinFourth Crusade]] retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at the [[w:Battle Sacking of Hattin (1187)Constantinople|Battle of Hattinsacks Constantinople]], and returns Christian holy places laying waste to the city and stealing many [[Church of Jerusalem|Orthodox Churchrelics]].*1189 and other items; [[w:Third CrusadeGreat Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act; [[w:Theodore I Laskaris|Third CrusadeTheodore I Lascaris]] led by King Richard establishes the Lion-Hearted [[w:Empire of England, King Philip Augustus II Nicaea|Empire of France, and Emperor Frederick BarbarossaNicaea]]. *ca. 1189 Ethiopian Emperor 1207 [[w:Gebre Mesqel LalibelaStephen Langton|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]] orders construction of [[w:Lalibela|LalibelaStephen Langton]]divides the Bible into the defined modern chapters in use today. *1191 Cyprus taken from Byzantines by ca.1220 English King Richard I "Lion HeartBp. [http://www."*1198 Cyprus sold by England to Frankish crusaders1911encyclopedia.*1204 Fourth Crusade org/Poore Richard Le Poore ] is said to have been responsible for the final form of the "[[Sacking Sarum Use|Use of Constantinople|sacks ConstantinopleSarum]]", laying waste to which had the sterling reputation of being the best liturgy anywhere in the city and stealing many holy [[relics]] and other items; [[Great Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act; West. *1228 [[w:Theodore I LaskarisSixth Crusade|Theodore I LascarisSixth Crusade]] establishes results in 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem ceded to Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem. *1231 [[w:Empire of Nicaea|Empire of Nicaea]]; death of Jewish philosopher [[w:MaimonidesMedieval Inquisition|Moses MaimonidesPapal Inquisition]]initiated by Pope Gregory IX, author charged with suppressing heresy. *1235 Death of [[w:The Guide for the Perplexed|Guide for the PerplexedSava of Serbia]] which harmonized the Old Testament with Aristotle. *ca. 1204-61 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of 1237 Golden Horde begin [[Iveron Monastery Church of Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (Athos1237-1448)|Iveron Monasterysubjugation of Russia]]. *1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted by 1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] defeats Swedish army at Battle of the Ottoman Turks in 1669Neva. *1212 1242 [[w:ChildrenAlexander Nevsky]]'s CrusadeNovgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in [[w:Battle of the Ice|Children's CrusadeBattle of Lake Peipus]], led by 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes, sets out a major defeat for the Holy Land from FranceCatholic crusaders. *1213 Death of 1244 Jerusalem conquered and razed by [[Tamar of Georgiaw:Khwarezm|Khwarezmian]].*1216 Latin mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[w:Dominican OrderAyyubid dynasty|Dominican OrderAyyubid]] formally recognized.*1217-21 [[w:Fifth ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering Seventh Crusade|Fifth Crusade]]. *1223 Latin 1247 [[w:FranciscanAyyubid dynasty|Franciscan OrderAyyubids]] formally recognizedconquer Jerusalem, driving out the Khwarezmian Turks. *1226 Latin 1258 [[w:Carmelites|Carmelite orderMichael VIII Palaiologos]] formally recognizedseizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from Latins. *1228 1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[w:SixthPrincipality of Achaea|Sixth CrusadePrincipality of Achaea]] results in 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between at the [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]], marking the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and beginning of the Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem ceded to the Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and BethlehemByzantine recovery of Greece. *1235 Death of [ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of [Sava of Serbia[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]].*1237 Golden Horde begin 1260 Subjugation of [[Church of Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)|subjugation of RussiaCyprus]] to the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. *1240 Mongols sack Kiev1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Prince Emperor [[Alexander NevskyMichael VIII Palaiologos]] defeats Swedish army at Battle of the Neva.*1242 [[Alexander Nevskymakes [[Mystras]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in seat of the new [[w:Battle Despotate of the IceMorea|Battle Despotate of Lake PeipusMorea]], where a major defeat for the Catholic crusadersByzantine renaissance occurred. *1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch. *1244 Jerusalem conquered 1269 Orthodox patriarch returns to Antioch after a 171-year exile and razed usurpation by Latin patriarch. *1274 Second [[w:KhwarezmCouncils of Lyons|KhwarezmianCouncil of Lyons]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyubheld, triggering proclaiming union between the Seventh Crusade.*1245 First Council of Lyons in Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic Church mandates red hat for cardinals and a levy for West, but generally unaccepted in the Holy LandEast. *1247 1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople [[w:Ayyubid dynastyJohn XI Bekkos of Constantinople|AyyubidsJohn XI Bekkos]] conquer Jerusalem, driving out the Khwarezmian Turks.*1248-54 elected to replace Patriarch [[w:Seventh CrusadeJoseph I Galesiotes of Constantinople|Seventh CrusadeJoseph I Galesiotes]]. *1258 , who opposed [[Michael VIII PalaiologosCouncils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]] seizes the throne ; 26 martyrs of the Nicaean EmpireZographou monastery on [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]], founding martyred by the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from LatinsLatins. *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin ca. 1280 ''[[w:Principality of AchaeaKebra Nagast|Principality of AchaeaKebra Nagast]] at the [[w:Battle '' ("Book of Pelagonia|Battle the Glory of Pelagonia]]Kings") compiled, marking the beginning a repository of the Byzantine recovery of GreeceEthiopian national and religious feelings. *1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs.*1261 Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos1281 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] makes [[Mystras]] seat of authorizes a Crusade against the new newly re-established [[w:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of MoreaByzantine Empire]]in Constantinople, where a Byzantine renaissance occurred.*1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch.*1269 The Orthodox Patriarchy excommunicating Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and the Greeks and renouncing the union of Antioch returns 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to Antioch after a 171-turn back in the following year exile, during which it had been replaced by due to the Latin Patriarch of Antioch.*1270 The [[w:Eighth CrusadeSicilian Vespers|Eighth CrusadeSicilian Vespers]] is launched by [[w:Louis IX . *1291 Fall of France|Louis IX]], King Acre; end of Francecrusading in Holy Land. *1271-72 1298 [[w:Ninth CrusadeAmbrose of Milan|Ninth CrusadeAmbrose]] led by , [[w:Edward I Augustine of EnglandHippo|Prince EdwardAugustine]] of England to Acre, is considered to be the last of the medieval Crusades to the Holy Land.*1274 Second , [[[Council of LyonsJerome]] held, proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and [[Gregory the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in Dialogist|Pope Gregory I]] are named collectively as the East.*1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople first Great [[John XI Beccus w:Doctor of Constantinoplethe Church|John XI BeccusDoctors]] elected to replace Patriarch of the Western Church. *1302 Papal Bull ''[[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinoplew:Unam sanctum|Joseph I GalesiotesUnam Sanctum]], who opposed the '' issued by Pope [[Council Boniface VIII of LyonsRome|Boniface VIII]]; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on proclaims Papal supremacy. *1326 Metr. [[Mount AthosPeter of Moscow|Mt. AthosPeter]], martyred by the Latinsmoves his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow. *ca. 1280 ''1332 [[w:Kebra NagastAmda Seyon I of Ethiopia|Kebra NagastAmda Syon]]'' ("Book , Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the Glory of Kings") compiledsouthern Muslim provinces, a repository allowing for the spread of Ethiopian national and religious feelingsChristianity to frontier areas. *1281 1336 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] authorizes Meteora]] in Greece established as a Crusade against the newly re-established center of Orthodox [[Byzantine Empiremonasticism]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor . *1338 [[Michael VIII PalaiologosGregory Palamas]] and writes ''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Greeks Orthodox practice of [[hesychasm|hesychast spirituality]] and renouncing the union use of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following yearthe [[Jesus Prayer]].*1291 Fall of Acre; end of crusading in 1340 [[Holy LandTrinity-St.*1298 [[Ambrose of Milan|AmbroseSergius Lavra]], founded by [[Augustine Sergius of Hippo|AugustineRadonezh]], . *1341-51 Three sessions of the [[JeromeNinth Ecumenical Council]]held in Constantinople, and affirming [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology of [[Gregory the Dialogist|Pope Gregory IPalamas]] are named collectively as the first Great and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [[w:Doctor Barlaam of the Church|DoctorsCalabria]] of the Western Church. *1302 Papal Bull ''1342 Patriarchate of Antioch transferred to Damascus under [[w:Unam sanctumIgnatius II of Antioch|Unam SanctumIgnatius II]]'' issued by Pope . *1349 Prince [[Boniface VIII of Rome|Boniface VIIIStephen Dushan]] proclaims Papal supremacy.*1326 Moscow became of Serbia assumes the seat title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar); principality of the Russian Orthodox Metropolitanate, as [[Peter of Moscoww:Galicia (Central Europe)|Metropolitan PeterGalicia]] moved his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow(Halitsh) comes under Polish control. *1309 Rhodes falls to the [[w:Knights Hospitaller|Knights 1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli. *1359 Death of St. John[[Gregory Palamas]], who establish their headquarters there, renaming themselves the "Knights of Rhodes." *1311-12 Council 1360 Death of Vienne in [[John Koukouzelis]] the Roman Catholic Church disbands the Knights TemplarHymnographer. *1332 [[w:Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia|Amda Syon]]1379 Western Great Schism ensues, Emperor including simultaneous reign of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces, allowing for the spread three Popes of Christianity to frontier areasRome. *1336 [[Meteora]] ca. 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in Greece is established as a center of Orthodox [[monasticism]]the East, "among the Greeks." *1338 1382-95 [[Gregory Palamas]] writes w:Wyclif''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[hesychasms Bible|hesychast spiritualityFirst English Bible]] and the use of the translated by John Wyclif. *1383 [[Jesus PrayerStephen of Perm]].*1341-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) and John V Palaeologus (1341–91).*1341-51 Three sessions of the , [[Ninth Ecumenical Councilmissionary]] held in Constantinopleto Zyrians, affirming consecrated bishop; appearance of [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology Theotokos of [[Gregory PalamasTikhvin]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of icon. *1385 [[Barlaam w:Union of CalabriaKrewo|Kreva Agreement]]provides for conversion of Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland through a dynastic union. *1342 The Patriarch 1387 [[w:Christianization of Antioch is transferred Lithuania|Lithuania converts to Damascus under [[Ignatius II of Antioch|Ignatius IIRoman Catholicism]]. *1344 Death of , while most [[w:Amda Seyon I of EthiopiaRuthenians|Amda SyonRuthenian]], Emperor of Ethiopialands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox. *1349 Prince 1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[Stephen Dushan]] Lazar of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar); principality |Lazar]], prince of Serbia. *1390 Ottomans take [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)Alaşehir|GaliciaPhiladelphia]] (Halitsh) comes under Polish control, last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time. *1352 Death of 1410 Iconographer [[w:Ewostatewos|EwostatewosAndrei Rublev]] (Eusthathius), Ethiopian monk paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and religious leader.*1353 Death of Sergius and HermanSarah, Abbots the angels being considered a type of the [[Valaam MonasteryHoly Trinity|ValaamHoly Trinity]]. *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement 1414-18 Council of Constance in Europe, at Gallipoli.*1359 Death of Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[Gregory Palamasw:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]]over authority of pope. *1360 Death 1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[John KoukouzelisCouncil of Constance]] the Hymnographer. *1365 Crusaders under 1418 Latin King monk [[w:Peter I of CyprusThomas à Kempis|Peter I of CyprusThomas à Kempis]] sacked Alexandria, Egypt.*1378 Death of authors ''[[Alexis w:The Imitation of Christ (book)|The Imitation of MoscowChrist]]''. *1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign 1422 [[w:Siege of three Popes Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of RomeConstantinople. *ca. 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in the East, "among the Greeks." *13821423-95 24 [[w:Wyclif's BibleCouncil of Siena|First English BibleCouncil of Siena]] translated by John Wyclif.*1383 in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[Stephen of Permw:Conciliarism|conciliarism]], missionary to emphasizing the Zyriansleadership of the bishops gathered in council, consecrated bishop; appearance of but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy. *1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with West attempted at [[Theotokos Council of TikhvinFlorence]] icon, where only [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to demands of delegates from Rome. *1385 1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[w:Union Mark of Krewo|Kreva AgreementEphesus]] provides for conversion of Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland through a dynastic union.. *1387 1444 ''[[w:Christianization Donation of Lithuania|Lithuania converts to Roman CatholicismConstantine]], while most '' proved forgery. *1448 [[Church of Russia]] unilaterally declares its independence from the [[w:Ruthenians|RuthenianChurch of Constantinople]] lands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox..*1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death 1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in [[Saint titles|Great-martyrHagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] Lazarus (Lazar)on West's terms, prince of Serbia.*1390 The Ottomans take when Emperor [[w:Alaşehir|PhiladelphiaConstantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allows the last Byzantine enclave of any significance in Anatoliaunion to be proclaimed. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege 1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople for falls]] to invasion of the first time.*1410 Iconographer Ottoman Turks, ending Roman Empire; [[Andrei RublevHagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type last of the [[Holy TrinityList of Byzantine Emperors|Holy TrinityByzantine Emperors]]. *1414-18 The Council of Constance in ; many Greek scholars escape to the Roman Catholic Church represented a high point for the movement West with books that promoted become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:ConciliarismRenaissance|authority of councilsRenaissance]] over the authority of the pope, but in the end the pope's authority was re-affirmed.*1417 End of Western Great Schism at the .[[[Council of Constance]]Media:Example.*1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople.*1423-24 [[w:Council of Siena|Council of Siena]] in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[w:Conciliarism|conciliarism]], emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council, but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy.*1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with the West attempted at the [[Council of Florence]], where only [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to the demands of the delegates from Rome.*1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[Mark of Ephesus]].*1444 [[Donation of Constantine]] proved forgery.*1448 [[Church of Russia]] unilaterally declares its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]]; the [[w:Vatican Library|Vatican Library]] is formally established by Pope Nicholas V.*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in Hagia Sophia on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allowed the union to be proclaimed.*1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending the Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI|Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]], martyred by the Ottoman Turks; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Renaissance|Renaissanceogg]].
*1917 Restitution of the Moscow Patriarchy with : ''Main article: [[Tikhon Timeline of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; British forces [[w:Battle of Jerusalem Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))|capture Jerusalem]] from Ottoman Empire; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; *1917 [[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws the [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; the Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for the "restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish peoplede facto''"by political chaos in Russia.*1917-40 [[w:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|Persecution of the Orthodox Church in Russia]] beganbegins, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union#Interbellum_persecution_of_the_Church 130,000 Orthodox priests arrested], 95,000 of which whom were put to death, executed by firing squad. *1918 St. Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov]], Tsar of Russia murdered together with his wife St. [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children; Hieromartyr [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir]], Metropolitan of Kiev, the first bishop to be tortured and slain by the Communists at the time of the Russian Revolution. *1919-1922 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Pontic Greek Genocide|Pontic Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond. *1920 Death of St. [[Nektarios of Aegina]]; the publication of Encyclical Letters by the Patriarchate of Constantinople on Christian unity and on the 'Ecumenical Movement' (1920, 1952). *1921 [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, and Patriarch of Alexandria with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as the ''Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and All Africa]]''; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] formed ; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow; [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague|Gorazd (Pavlik)]] consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia; an all-Ukrainian Synod is called in Kyiv and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is formeddeclared independent from the Moscow Patriarchate (MP).*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares [[autocephaly]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] begins; Vladimir Lenin proclaimed the establishment of the [[w:Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR); the [[w:Solovetsky Monastery|Solovetsky Monastery]] was converted by Lenin's decree to the [[w:Solovki|"Solovki Special Purpose Camp"]], one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the Gulag where [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union#Interbellum_persecution_of_the_Church eight Metropolitans, twenty Archbishops, and forty-seven Bishops] of the Orthodox Church 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of laity; the laitypredominatly Christian city of [[w:Great Fire of Smyrna|Smyrna is destroyed]], ending 1900 years of Christian civilization. *1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection.*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Poland]]; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire; the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the USA split into two separate jurisdictions, one for those from Galicia, and another for those from the territories Carpatho-Ukraine, Croatia, Hungary and Slovakia. *1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas; death of Patriarch Saint [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon of All Russia]]. *1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to America to be consecrated 1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a bishop [[Western Rite]] diocese in Poland of the African Orthodox [[Churchof Russia]] under Bp. Alexis of Grodno; Orthodox Archbishopric [[John Maximovitch]] tonsured by [[ROCOR]] Metr. [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Johannesburg establishedKiev]]. *1928 The 1927 Bishops of Russian church in America authorize formation of [[American Orthodox Catholic Church]], including a [[Fellowship of St. Alban and St. SergiusWestern Rite]] [[missionary]] is founded to pray and work for Christian Unityoutreach. *1929 Papal Bull ''Cum data fuerit'' regulated Eastern Rite (Uniate) clergy in the US, mandating that they were to be celibate, resulting in the return of several parishes back to Orthodoxy in 1938; the kingdom Kingdom of Italy and the Papacy ratify the [[w:Lateran Treaty|Lateran Treaty]], recognizing the full sovereignty of the Papacy within the new state of the [[w:Vatican City|Vatican City]]; the "[[w:Collegium Russicum|Russicum]]" (Russian College or 'College of St. Therese') is founded in Vatican City by Pope Pius XI and run by the [[w:Society of Jesus|Jesuits]], often associated with the [[w:Proselytism|proselytism]] dispute spoken about in the context of the 'conversion of Russia'. *1931 Reception of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]]; the USSR banned the sale or importation of [[Holy Scripture|Bibles]]; the [[w:Bonn Agreement (religion)|Bonn Agreement]] established full communion between the [[Anglican Communion|Church of England]] and the [[w:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic Churches]] of the [[w:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]]. *1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to [[Uganda ]] to meet [[Christopher Reuben Spartas|Reuben Spartas]], establishing African Orthodox Church there. *1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]]. *1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; Clergy who opposed the Nazi regime in Germany had their homes raided by secret policeepiscopal consecration of [[John Maximovitch]]. *1935 Critical edition of [[Septuagint]] published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute); [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendar]] schism when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[Church of Greece]] stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act. *1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Church of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]. *1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using [[Western Rite]]. *1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[w:Great Purge|Great Purge]].
*1991 Soviet Union collapses, ending :''Main article: [[w:Cold War|Cold WarTimeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))]]; representatives ''*1991 Representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches; the Ruthenian Byzantine rite Catholic Church in [[w:Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] was restored as a separate entity from the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) based in [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], having about 23% of Transcarpathia's parishes compared to 60% of the Orthodox total there. *1992 Civil war begins in former Yugoslavia; synaxis Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople; [[Diodoros I (Karivalis) of Jerusalem|Patriarch Diodoros I of Jerusalem]] presented a list of [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/diodoros.aspx firm declarations] of Orthodox convictions of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]], which was entered into the minutes of the assembly of Orthodox leaders at the [[Phanar]] on the Sunday of Orthodoxy.*1993 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 7th plenary session meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document on ''"Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion"''(the "[[Balamand document]]"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 7th plenary, in Sandbjerg, issues statement ''"The Ecumenical Councils."''. *1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemns [[Freemasonry]] as a religion incompatible with Christianity; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible|Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms]]'' published; [[Church of Eritrea|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] becomes autocephalous; [[Optina Monastery|Optina Pustyn]] New Martyrs [[New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn|Hieromonk Vasily (Roslyakov), Monk Ferapont (Pushkarev), and Monk Trophim (Tatarinov)]] are martyred in a satanic ritualistic manner.*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]];" death of [[Paisios (Eznepidis)|Elder Paisios]] of [[Mount Athos]].*1995 Ecumenical Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 8th plenary, in Limassol Cyprus, issues statement ''"Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"''; Pope John Paul II issued the issues encyclical ''[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html ''Orientale Lumen]''], encouraging reunion between East and West. *1996 The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America was reorganized by the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], dividing the administration of the two continents into four parts, the new jurisdictions being the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Archdiocese of America]], the [[Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)|Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)]], the Metropolis of Mexico (Central America), and the Metropolis of Buenos Aires (South America). *1997 Visit by Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] to US; establishment of dioceses of Bukoba, Madagascar, Ghana and Nigeria; Russian [[w:Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations|Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations]] enshrined [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] as the country's predominant religion.*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; the [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] is held in May, with delegates from the local Orthodox Churches meeting to discuss the matter of Orthodox participation in the ecumenical movement ([[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]); uncovering of the Relics of [[Ambrose of Optina|St Ambrose]] of [[Optina Monastery|Optina]]; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 9th plenary, in Sigtuna, issues statement ''"Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."''. *1999 Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia destroyed and desecrated during NATO peacekeeping presence; the Lutheran World Federation and the Roman Catholic Church sign the [[w:Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification |Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification]].*2000 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 8th plenary session meets in Baltimore, discusses text on ''"The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism,"'', but is suspended; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 10th plenary, in Damascus, issues statement ''"Word and Sacraments (Mysteria) in the Life of the Church"''; the . *2001 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announced the [[Glorification|canonizationArmenia]] celebrates 1700th Anniversary of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] and his immediate family, executed Christianity in 1918; Armenia (in spite of very stiff opposition from the [[Church of Greece]] and the majority of the public301 AD, the government of Greece ordered the removal of religious affiliation from King Tiridates III declared Christianity as Armenia’s state identity cards. *2001 religion); Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for the Fourth Crusade; the [[Church of Alexandria|Greek OrthodoxChalcedonian]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic OrthodoxNon-Chalcedonian]] Patriarchates of Alexandria agreed agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches, making rebaptisms unnecessary, and to recognize the sacrament of marriage as celebrated by the other. *2002 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 11th plenary, in Oslo , issues statement ''"Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation."''. *2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by [[Church of Antioch]]; Coptic priest Fr. [[Zakaria Botros]] begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions. *2004 Pope [[John Paul II]] returns [[relics]] of Ss. [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to the [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] consecrates church in Havana, Cuba; consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; Wonderworking [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] Canonized Fr [[Alexis Medvedkov]] (1867-1934), Fr [[Dimitri Klepinine]] (1904-1944), Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]] (1891-1945), [[George (Yuri) Skobtsov]] (1921-1944) and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] (1880-1942), personalities from the spiritual history of the Russian emigration in France; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 12th plenary, in Durau, issues statement ''"Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Initiation into the Church."''.*2005 Major controversy in Ukraine involving the almost exclusively western Ukraine-based [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) moving its administrative centre on August 21 from Lviv to Kiev, constructing a huge uniate cathedral there ''(sponsored by the first lady Kateryna Yushchenko-Chumachenko)'', and its plans to establish a patriarchate, all of which was roundly criticized not only by the [[Church of Ukraine|UOC(MP)]], but also by the whole Eastern Orthodox Communion. *2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 9th plenary, meets in Belgrade, Serbia; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from [[Mount Athos]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 13th plenary, in Bratislava, issues statement ''"The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church."''. *2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; 1600th anniversary celebration of the repose of [[John Chrysostom|St. John Chrysostom]]; the [[Roman Catholic Church|Vatican]] [http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Vatican_abolishes_Limbo formally abolishes doctrine of Limbo]; the number of Orthodox believers in Italy reaches almost one million as a result of intensive migratory flow from Romania and Ukraine; a synod of over 50 bishops of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Moscow Patriarchate]] (UOC-MP) announced in December in Kiev announce that the UOC-MP is ''“an "an autonomous, historical part of the Russian Orthodox Church;”"'' the [http://zenit.org/article-20743?l=english 10th plenary assembly] of the ; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission met meets in Ravenna, Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents [[w:Walter Kasper|Cardinal Walter Kasper]] and Metr. [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon|Metropolitan Ioannis Zizioulas of Pergamon]], agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiatical ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]). *2008 ''[[Orthodox Study Bible]] (with [[Septuagint]]'') published; [http://www.interfaxec-religionpatr.comorg/docdisplay.php?actlang=newsen&divid=4495 First 995&tla=en Pan-Orthodox Liturgy is celebrated at meeting in Constantinople] in October of the Primates of the North Pole]fourteen Orthodox Churches, under Archbishop Ignaty signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "''the continuation of Petropavlovsk preparations for the Holy and KamchatkaGreat Council''".*2009 The 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13; Death of popular Elder [[Orthodox Study BibleJoseph of Vatopedi]] (, [[SeptuagintJuly 1]]) is published.
==Notes==*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.*The division {{Template:Timeline of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.}}
Added link to History of Orthodox Missions
<!--- This is a large page that blanks out when edited as a full page, please edit one section at a time. ---> {{Template:Timeline of Church History}}
{{Orthodoxchristianity}}
The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]]. ==New Testament era==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era)]] *ca. 27 BC - AD 180 [[Pax Romana]].*ca. 4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]]. *ca. 28 [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] begins ministry.*ca. 28-30 Three year ministry of [[Jesus Christ]].*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]] the deacon, first Christian martyr. *30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]].
== New Testament Apostolic era (33-100)== *ca. 6-7BC : Main article: ''[[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (33-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed100))]].*ca. 27 [[Theophany|Christ's baptism in the Jordan]].*ca. 28 Beheading of [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]].*ca. 30 [[Crucifixion]], [[Resurrection]] and [[Ascension]] of Christ.*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]].*30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]] on road to Damascus.'
*100 Death of [[Apostle John]].
==Ante-Nicene era (100-325)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))]]'' *107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]]. *108-124 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emperor Hadrian (3rd).*120 Beginning of time of the Apologists: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]], [[Tatian]], [[Athenagoras of Athens]], [[Theophilus]], [[Minucius Felix]], [[Tertullian]] and [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]].*124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and [[Apostle Aristides |Aristides]] present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens. *128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]]. *132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome. *135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day]] in Rome. *136 Emperor Hadrian crushes Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from returning Jerusalem, and changes city name to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]]. *144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]]. *150 [[Justin Martyr]] describes [[Divine Liturgy]]. *155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]]. *156 Beginning of [[Montanism]]. *165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]]. *166 Pope [[Soter of Rome|Soter]] inaugurates in Rome a separate annual feast for [[Pascha]], in addition to the weekly [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] celebrations of the [[Resurrection]], which is also held on a Sunday, in contrast to the [[Quartodeciman|Quartodecimans]].*ca. 170 Emergence of 175 Tatian's [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the four canonical gospels into single narrative.*177-180 [[w:Muratorian fragmentPersecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Muratorian CanonPersection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]](161-180) (4th).*180 [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''; [[Dyfan]] first martyr in British Isles.*190 180-192 [[Pantaenusw:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] founds Greek translation of the [[Alexandrian schoolOld Testament]].*193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Catechetical School at AlexandriaSymmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]]. *197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy. *200 Martyrdom of [[Irenaeus of Lyons]]. *202 Emperor Septimus Severus issues edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]]. *203 202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimus Septimius Severus issues edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]](193-211) (5th).*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity. *208 ca. 209 Martyrdom of [[TertullianAlban]] writes that Christ has followers on the far side of the Roman wall in Britain where Roman legions have not yet penetrated. *ca. 209 Martyrdom 210 [[Hippolytus of Rome]], bishop and martyr and last of Greek-speaking fathers in Rome, writes ''[[Albanw:Refutation of all Heresies|Refutation of All Heresies]] in Britain'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].
*225 Death of [[Tertullian]].
*232 Heraclas becomes Pope ca. 225-250 ''[[w:Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia Apostolorum]]'' written.*227 [[Origen]] begins ''Commentary on Genesis'', completes work on ''First Principles''.*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]] (6th); martyrdom of St. [[Hippolytus of AlexandriaRome]].*238 During reigns of Gordian and [[w:Philip the Arab|Philip the Arab]] Church preaches openly and increasingly attracts well-educated converts.*ca. 240 [[Origen]] produces [[Hexapla]].*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome in opposition to Church.*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes in Egypt first Christian hermit. *247 Rome celebrates thousandth anniversary, witnessing a period of increased persecution of Christians.*248 [[Origen]] writes ''Against Celsus'' that the [[Pax Romana|Roman Empire was ordained by God]]. *249-251 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Decius]] (7th). *251257-253 260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor Gaius.*Valerian]] (253-260 Persecution under Emperor Valerian) (8th). *255-256 Three Councils 258 Martyrdom of [[Cyprian of Carthage]].*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ; Synod in Rome condemns Sabellianism and Subordinationism. *264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].*265 ''[[Homoousios]]'' used for first time by Modalist Monarchians of Cyrene.*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]] (9th). *270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]].*272 Martyrdom ; [[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Sabbas Stratelates ("Tyre]] writes ''Against the General") of Rome and 70 soldiersChristians''.
*284 [[Diocletian]] becomes Roman emperor, persecutes Church and martyrs an estimated one million Christians; martyrdom of [[Cosmas and Damian (Rome)|Cosmas and Damian]], Andrew Stratelates ("the General") and 2,593 soldiers with him in Cilicia.
*285 [[Anthony the Great]] flees to desert. *300 Christian population reaches about 6,200,000, or 10.5% of the desert to pursue a life population of prayerthe Roman Empire.*301 [[Gregory the IlluminatorEnlightener]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith. *302 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia. *303 Outbreak of the [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution, as Diocletian launches the last major persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire]] (303-311) (10th); martyrdom of [[George the Trophy-bearer]]. *ca. 305 Martyrdom of -311 [[PanteleimonLactantius]] and writes ''[[Catherine of AlexandriaDivinae Institutiones]]''. *ca. Martyrdom 306 [[w:Synod of Bishop Ianouarios Elvira|Synod of Beneventio of Campania Elvira]] requires clerical celibacy and sets severe disciplinary penalties for apostasy and his Companionsadultery, becoming the pattern in the West.*306 Martyrdom of 308 Pope [[Demetrius of Thessalonikiw:Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus]]opposes leniency for Christians who lapsed under persecution.*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379). *311 Galerius issues Edict of Toleration , ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; rebellion of the [[Donatism|DonatistsDonatist]] rebellion in Carthage. *312 [[Labarum|Vision ]] and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]]; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]], making Constantine Emperor of the West; martyrdom of [[Lucian of Antioch]].*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by [[Constantine the Great]] and co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire, specifically naming religious toleration for Christianity, restoration of property to Christian churches, and legal recognition. *314 [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]]. *315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held.*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by [[Athanasius the Great]], influencing the condemnation of [[Arianism]]; beginnings of [[Arianism|Arian Controversy]]. *318 [[Pachomius the Great]], disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]].*319 Translation of relics of [[Theodore the General|Theodore Stratelates]] ("the General"). *320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. *320-21 Licinius' measures against Christians in the East enforced.*321 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] declares [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] a holiday in honor of the [[Resurrection]].*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds church on the site of the martyrdom of [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome.
*324 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] defeats Licinius and becomes sole emperor.
==Nicene era (325-451)== : ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))]]'' *325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]].*326 Discovery , also establishing the supremacy of honor of the [Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. *326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress [[Helen]]a.*326 ; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian. *328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria (328-373). *329 [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains [[Frumentius of Axum|Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia. *330 Constantinople is founded Byzantium refounded as ''Constantinople / New Rome'' as the , Christian capital of the Roman Empire, and is dedicated to the [[Theotokos]] by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert. *333 336-338 [[Constantine Athanasius the Great|Constantine]] commissions goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of [[Eusebius of Caesarea|EusebiusPachomius the Great]], to prepare 50 copies of the Bible for churches awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in the new capitalEurope. *335 337 Death of [[Sylvester of RomeConstantine the Great|SylvesterConstantine]], Pope of Rome. *336-338 340 Conversion of [[Wulfila]] to [[Athanasius the GreatArianism]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of . *341 [[Pachomius the GreatCouncil of Antioch]], awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in Europeheld; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. *337 345 Death of [[Constantine the Great|ConstantineNicholas of Myra]]. *339-346 Second exile 348 Death of [[Athanasius Pachomius the Great|Athanasius]].*340 Conversion and [[Spyridon of [[WulfilaTrimythous]] to . *350 [[ArianismNinian]]establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, subsequently missionizing beginning the Goths with [[heresy|hereticalmissionary]] doctrine; Council of Rome under Pope Julius where Athanasius and Marcellus are declared innocent and maintained in effort to the communion Picts. *351 Apparition of the western churches; [[Council of GangraCross]] heldover Jerusalem. *340-570 355 Death of [[w:Constantinople|ConstantinopleNino of Cappadocia]] overtakes Rome as the . *356 Death of [[w:List of largest cities throughout history|largest city in Anthony the worldGreat]] by population. *341 357 [[Council of AntiochSirmium]] held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty issues ''Blasphemy of deathSirmium''. *345 Death of 358 [[Nicholas of Myra|NicholasBasil the Great]], Archbishop founds monastery of Myra Annesos in Lycia.*347 Pontus, the model for Eastern [[Council of Sardicamonasticism]]. *348 Death 359 Councils of [[Pachomius the GreatCouncil of Seleucia|Seleucia]]; death of and [[Spyridon Council of TrimythousRimini|Rimini]]. *350 360 [[NinianMartin of Tours]] establishes the founds first French monastery at Liguge; first church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the Picts.*351 Apparition of the Sign of the of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] inaugurated by Emperor [[Crossw:Constantius II|Constantius II]] over Jerusalem. *355 Death of [[Nino of Cappadocia|Nina]], Enlightener of Georgia362 Antiochian schism (362-414). *356 Death of 361-63 [[Anthony Julian the GreatApostate]].becomes Roman emperor and attempts to restore paganism. *357 The 363 Emperor [[Council of Sirmiumw:Jovian|Jovian]], reestablishes Christianity as the high point official religion of Arianism, issues the ''Blasphemy of Sirmium''.Empire. *358 364 [[Basil the Great]] founds monastery Council of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticismLaodicea]]held. *359 Councils of 367 [[Council Athanasius of Seleucia|SeleuciaAlexandria]] in the east and writes [[Council of Rimini|RiminiPascha]] in l letter, listing for the first time the west.*360 [[Martin of Tourscanon]] founds first French monastery at Liguge; first church of the [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia SophiaNew Testament]] inaugurated by Emperor ; death of [[w:Constantius II|Constantius II]Hilary of Poitiers]]. *362 Synod 373 Death of Alexandria; Antiochian schism (362-414).*361-63 [[Julian Athanasius the ApostateGreat]] and [[Ephrem the Syrian]] becomes Roman emperor, attempting to restore paganism. *363 Emperor 374 Election of [[w:JovianAmbrose of Milan|JovianAmbrose]] reestablished Christianity as the official religion bishop of the Empire, stating that he preferred the Orthodox view, and that Athanasius was to be permitted to return to his see at Alexandria.Milan. *364 375 [[Council of LaodiceaBasil the Great]] held..*365-66 Brief exile and final restoration of [[Athanasius of Alexandriawrites ''[[On the Holy Spirit]]''. *367 376 Visigoths convert to [[Athanasius of AlexandriaArianism|Arian]] writes his Christianity. *379 Death of [[Pascha]]l letter, listing for Basil the first time the [[canonGreat]] ; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of the [[New Testament]] Bishop of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor [[Holy ScripturesTheodosius the Great]], including all 27 New Testament Books; death [[Council of Saragossa]] condemns [[Hilary of PoitiersPriscillianism]]. *373 Death of 381 [[Athanasius the GreatSecond Ecumenical Council]]; death of held in Constantinople, condemning [[Ephrem the SyrianPneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]]. *374 Election of and [[Ambrose of Milan|AmbroseApollinarianism]] as bishop , declaring the divinity of Milan.*375 [[Basil the Great]] writes ''[[On the the Holy Spirit]]'', confirming the divinity of the previous [[Holy SpiritEcumenical Council]].*376 Visigoths convert to , and completing the [[Arianism|ArianNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] Christianity.*378 ; [[Meletius Council of Antioch|MeletiusAquileia]] returns to his see as bishop led by [[Ambrose of Antioch; at [[w:Battle of Adrianople|Battle of AdrianopleMilan]] Emperor Valens defeated by the Visigoths, permanently weakening northern borders of the empiredeposes Arian bishops. *379 Death of 382 Pope [[Basil the GreatSiricius of Rome]]; Emperor Gratianfirst to bear title 's rescript ''Ordinariorum SententiasPontifex Maximus'' extends power of Bishop of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *380 Christianity established as the official faith 383 Death of the Roman Empire by Emperor [[Theodosius the GreatFrumentius of Axum]]; [[, bishop of Axum and Apostle to Ethiopia.*384 Council of SaragossaBordeaux condemns [[Priscillian]] condemns . *385 Death of [[PriscillianismGregory of Nyssa]]. *381 386 Death of [[Second Ecumenical CouncilCyril of Jerusalem]] held in Constantinople, condemning [.*387 [Pneumatomachianism[Augustine of Hippo|Macedonianism/PneumatomachianismAugustine]] and baptized by [[AppollinarianismAmbrose of Milan]], declaring the divinity . *391 Death of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical CouncilGregory the Theologian]], and completing . *391-92 Closing of all non-Christian temples in the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]Empire; [[Council of AquileiaTheodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] led ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to cease. *392 Death of [[Ambrose of MilanMacarius the Great]] deposes Arian bishops. *382 Pope 393 [[Siricius Council of RomeHippo]] first to bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival. *ca. 383 Death of 394 [[FrumentiusEpiphanius of Salamis]].*384 Council attacks teachings of Bordeaux condemns [[PriscillianOrigen]].*385 Death as heretical; Council of Constantinople held; [[Gregory Donatism|Donatist]] [[Council of NyssaBagai]]in Africa held. *386 395 [[Panagia Soumela MonasteryAugustine of Hippo|Augustine]] founded becomes bishop of Hippo in Trebizond, Pontus, Asia MinorNorth Africa; death placing of the cincture of the [[Cyril of JerusalemTheotokos]]; [[Theodosius in the Great (emperor)|Theodosius Church of the Great]] begins to rebuild the presentVirgin in Halkoprateia-day [[w:Basilica Constantinople. *395 Re-division of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|Basilica Empire with death of Saint Paul Outside Emperor Theodosius the Walls]]Great. *387 397 [[Augustine Councils of HippoCarthage|AugustineCouncil of Carthage]] baptized at publishes Biblical canon; death of [[PaschaMartin of Tours]] by and [[Ambrose of Milan]]. *391 Death of 398 [[John Chrysostom]] becomes [[Gregory the TheologianArchbishop]]of Constantinople. *391-92 All non-Christian temples in ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the Empire closed; Scetis by Patriarch [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to cease.Theophilus of Alexandria]]. *392 Death of 399 [[Macarius the GreatAnastasius I of Rome]] and other bishops condemn doctrine of [[Origen]]. *393 401 [[Council Augustine of Hippo]] publishes Biblical canonwrites ''Confessions''; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival.*394 [[Epiphanius Pope [[Innocent I of SalamisRome]] attacks teachings of supports [[OrigenJohn Chrysostom]] as heretical; Council of Constantinople held; and condemns [[Donatism|Donatistpelagianism]] Council of Bagai in Africa held with 310 bishops. *395 402 [[Augustine Porphyry of Hippo|AugustineGaza]] becomes bishop obtains imperial decree ordering closing of Hippo pagan temples in North Africa; the placing Gaza. *403 Abduction of the cincture (sash) of the Most Holy [[TheotokosPatrick of Ireland|Patrick]] in the Church to Irelande; visit of [[Victricius of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople (395-408).*395 Re-division of Empire with death Rouen]] to Britain; [[Synod of Emperor Theodosius the Great.*397 Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[Council of CarthageJohn Chrysostom]] publishes Biblical canon; death . *404 Martyrdom of [[Martin of ToursTelemachus]]; death , resulting in Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights. *405 Translation of [[Ambrose of MilanHoly Scriptures]].*398 into Latin as the [[John ChrysostomVulgate]] becomes by [[ArchbishopJerome]] of Constantinople. *ca. 398 Martyrdom 407 Death of 10,000 Fathers of the Scetis by Patriarch [[Theophilus of AlexandriaJohn Chrysostom]]in exile. *399 [[Anastasius 410 Fall of Rome]] and other bishops condemn doctrine to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of [[Origen]].*401 [[Augustine Patrick of HippoIreland|Patrick]] writes ''Confessions''back to Britain; Pope Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence. *410 [[Innocent I Council of RomeSeleucia]] supports declares Mesopotamian [[John Chrysostom]] and condemns [[pelagianismNestorianism|Nestorian]]bishops independent of Orthodox bishops. *402 Emperor Honorius transfers capital of the Western Empire from Milan to 411 [[Ravenna (Italy)|RavennaPelagius]]condemned at council in Carthage; [[Porphyry Rabbula of GazaEdessa|Rabbula]] obtains imperial decree ordering closing becomes bishop of pagan temples in GazaEdessa. *403 Abduction of 412 [[Patrick Cyril of IrelandAlexandria|PatrickCyril]] to Ireland to serve succeeds his uncle Theophilus as a slavePope of Alexandria; visit of Honorius outlaws [[Victricius of RouenDonatism]] to Britain; [[Synod Bishops Lazarus of the Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing Aix-en-Provence and exiling Herod of Arles expelled from sees on a charge of [[John ChrysostomManichaeism]].*404 Martyrdom of ; ''[[TelemachusByzantine Creation Era#Alexandrian Era|Alexandrian Creation Era]]'' date finalized at 25 March, resulting in Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights5493 BC. *405 Translation 414 Resolution of Antiochian division. *415 [[Holy ScripturesPelagius]] into Latin as the cleared at [[Vulgate]] by [[Jeromesynod]]in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); martyrdom of [[Moses the BlackJohn Cassian]]founds convent at Marseilles. *406 Invasion of Gaul by Germanic tribes, severing contact between Rome 416 Councils in Carthage and Britain.*407 Death of Milevis condemn [[John ChrysostomPelagius]] in exileand convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate him. *410 Fall 418 Foundation of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of Arian [[Patrick of Irelandw:Visigothic Kingdom|PatrickVisigothic Kingdom]] back to Britain; , as Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence; [[Honoratus]] founds a monastery rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on island of Lerinswhich to settle. *410 [[418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of SeleuciaHippo|Augustinian]] declares Mesopotamian [[Nestorianism|Nestoriananthropology]] bishops independent of Orthodox bishops. *411 426 [[PelagiusAugustine of Hippo]] condemned at council in Carthage; writes ''The City of God''. *428 [[Rabbula of Edessa|RabbulaNestorius]] becomes bishop patriarch of EdessaConstantinople. *412 429 Pope [[Cyril Celestine of AlexandriaRome|CyrilCelestine I]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[DonatismGermanus of Auxerre]]; Lazarus, bishop of Aix-en-Provence, and Herod, bishop of Arles, expelled from sees on a charge and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as [[Manichaeismmissionary]].*413 Martyrdom of bishops and to combat the [[Marcellinus of CarthagePelagianism|Pelagian]].*414 Resolution heresy; death of [[Sisoes the Antiochian divisionGreat]]. *415 430 [[PelagiusPeter the Iberian]] cleared at a founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. *431 [[synodThird Ecumenical Council]] held in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); Ephesus, condemning [[John CassianNestorianism]] founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[PelagiusPelagianism]] and convince Pope Innocent I , confirming the use of Rome to excommunicate him.*418 Foundation of the (Arian) the term ''[[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic KingdomTheotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle.*418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianismand confirming [[autocephaly]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine Church of Hippo|AugustinianCyprus]] ; Pope Celestine sends [[anthropologyPalladius]]to Ireland. *425 Sanhedrin disbanded by the Roman Empire; 432 Return of [[w:University Patrick of ConstantinopleIreland|University of ConstantinoplePatrick]] founded as the first university in to Ireland to begin [[missionary]] work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the worldPicts. *426 433 [[Augustine Formulary of HippoPeace]] writes ''The City completes work of God''.*428 [[NestoriusThird Ecumenical Council]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople.*429 Pope by reconciling [[Celestine Cyril of Rome|Celestine IAlexandria]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops with [[[Germanus John of AuxerreAntioch]] and Lupus . *435 Death of Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|PelagianJohn Cassian]] heresy; death of and [[Sisoes the Great]]. *ca. 430 Death Acacius of [[Nilus of SinaiMelitene]].*430 ; [[Peter the IberianNestorius]] founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem.*431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends [[Palladius]] to Ireland.*432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin missionary work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Picts.*433 [[Formulary of Peace]] completes the work of the [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]].*435 Death of [[John Cassian]]; death of [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by Imperial exiled by imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis. *438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published. *439 Carthage falls to Vandals. *444 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; Pope [[Leo the Great]] abolishes Gallican vicariate. *445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of the bishop of Rome. *447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]]. *449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)|Eutyches]] the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]]. *450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britian; death of [[Peter Chrysologus]].
==Byzantine era (451-843)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))]]'' *451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and invisible indivisible but separate distinct natures of in Christ, and recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]] as patriarchate.*451 Attila the Hun defeated at [[w:Battle of Chalons|Battle of Chalons]].*452 [[Proterios of Alexandria]] convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonian Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonian groupsChalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[John the Forerunner]].*452 Attila the Hun invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope [[Leo the Great]]; [[Venice]] founded by fugitives from Attila's army.*455 [[w:Vandals|Vandals]] under Gaiseric sack Rome; Germanic Saxons and Angles conquer Britain, founding several independent kingdoms. *457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Paschalion]]; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by Patriarch patriarch of Constantinople. *459 Death of [[Symeon the Stylite]]. *461 Death of [[Leo the Great]]; death of and [[Patrick of Ireland]]. *462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[September 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]] founded. *466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of [[Catholicos]] of Kartli, rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]; death of [[Shenouda the Archimandrite|Shenouda the Great]], abbott of White Monastery in Egypt, considered the founder of [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]]. *ca. 471 Patr. [[Acacius of Constantinople]] first called ''Oikoumenikos'' ("Ecumenical"). *473 Death of [[Euthymius the Great]]. *475 Emperor [[w:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] issues circular letter to the bishops of his empire, supporting the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]] [[Christology|Christological]] position.*476 Fall of Western Roman Empire. *477 [[Timothy II Aelurus of Alexandria|Timothy Aelurus]] of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt. *482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno(emperor)|Zeno I]] issues ''[[HenotikonHenoticon]]'' in an attempt to reconcile the differences over the Christology of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]]. *484 [[Acacian Schism]]. *484 Founding of [[Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar Sabbas Monastery]] by [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]; [[Synod of Beth Lapat]] in Persia declares [[Nestorianism]] as official theology of [[Assyrian Church of the East]], effectively separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church.*488 Death of [[Peter the Fuller]]. *489 Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]. *490 [[Brigid of Kildaire]] founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland. *494 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] delineates relationship between church Church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I]]. *496 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] dedicates [[February 14]] to [[Valentine of Terni]] in the West, banning the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia; Bp. [[Remigius of Rheims]] baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity. *ca. 500 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''.*502 Start of [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid wars]] lasting until 562. *506 [[Church of Armenia]] separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. *507 Clovis I defeats the Arian Visigoths at [[w:Battle of Vouillé|Battle of Vouillé]] near Poitiers, ending their power in Gaul.*512 Death of [[Genevieve of Paris]]. *518 [[Severus of Antioch]] deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for Monophysitism; Patr. [[John II of Constantinople]] is addressed as ''Oikoumenikos Patriarches'' ("Ecumenical Patriarch"). *519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of [[Acacian Schism]].*ca. 520 [[Elesbaan]] (Caleb), King of Ethiopia (Axum), invades Jewish Himyarite kingdom of Yemen, which was persecuting the Christians there, thus establishing Axumite control of South Arabia. *521 Birth of [[Columba of Iona]]. *527 [[Dionysius Exiguus]] calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] on the Sinai peninsula by [[Justinian the Great]].*ca. 528 Death of [[Procopius of Gaza]]. *529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Monte Cassino]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]] burned down in Samaritan revolt of 529; death of [[Theodosius the Great]]. *529-534 [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]]'s ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' issued from 529 to 534. *530 [[Brendan the Navigator]] lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks. *532 [[Justinian the Great]] orders building of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]]; death of [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]. *533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election.*533 Foundation of the Diocese of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor Justinian. *534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of Vandals; Malta becomes Byzantine province. *536 [[Mennas of Constantinople]] summons a synod anathematizing [[Severus of Antioch]].
*537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople completed.
*538 Emperor [[Justinian the Great]], via deportations and force, manages to get [[Pentarchy|all five patriarchates]] offcially into communion.*539 [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] becomes exarchate of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. *541 [[Jacob Baradeus]] organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt. *543 Doctrine of [[apokatastasis]] condemned by Synod of Constantinople. *544 [[Jacob Baradeus]] consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Chalcedonian [[Church of Antioch]]; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]]. *545 [[Synod David of Brefi]] at Llandewi Brefi in Wales condemns [[PelagianismWales]]moves primatial see of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's). *546 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland. *547 [[Our Lady David of Sadnaya (Damascus)|Our Lady of SadnayaWales]] convent founded in Damascus does obeisance to the Patriarch of Syria.*ca. 550 [[David of Wales]] takes Christianity to WalesJerusalem. *553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their [[Nestorianism]], and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned. *553 Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters'', causing the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] in those areas, leading to independence of [[Patriarch of Venice]] from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]]. *554 [[Church of Armenia]] officially [[schism|breaks]] with the West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] was rejected. *556 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Roman the Melodist]]. *557 [[Brendan the Navigator]] founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland. *563 Re-consecration of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes his [[monastery]] there, founding mission to the Picts.*564 Death of [[Petroc]]. *569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; [[David of Wales]] holds [[Synod of Victoria]] to re-assert the anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi.*570 Death of 576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, [[Gildas]]; birth of Muhammad, founder Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian (Greek)]] and [[IslamChurch of Alexandria (Coptic)|Monophysite (Coptic)]].*579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily577 Patr.*580 Monte Cassino sacked by Lombards[[John Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] is responible for the first collection of Canon Law, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece.*587 Visigoth King [''[[w:Reccared I|ReccaredNomocanon]] renounces [[Arianism]] in favor '', of the [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox ChristianityChurch]]. *589 [579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily. *580 [Council of Toledo]] adds [[FilioqueMonte Cassino]] sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt Rome; Slavs begin to combat [[Arianism]]migrate into the Balkans and Greece. *ca. 590 587 Visigoth King [[w:ParthenonReccared I|ParthenonReccared]] in Athens converted into a Christian church dedicated to the [[Theotokosrenounces [[Arianism]]. *590 in favor of [[ColumbanusOrthodoxy]] founds monasteries in France. *593 589 [[Anastasius I Council of Antioch|Anastasius the SinaiteToledo]] is restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.*596 adds [[Gregory the DialogistFilioque]] sends to [[Augustine of Canterbury|AugustineNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] along with forty other monks in an attempt to southern Britain to convert paganscombat [[Arianism]]. *597 Death of 590 [[Columba of IonaColumbanus]]founds monasteries in France. *ca. 600 ''593 [[The Ladder Anastasius I of Divine AscentAntioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]]'' written by [[John Climacus]]; restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. *596 [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspires development of sends [[Gregorian ChantAugustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] through his liturgical reformsalong with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. *601 597 Death of [[Augustine Columba of CanterburyIona]] converts King . *598 [[Ethelbert of KentGlastonbury Abbey]]] and establishes the see of Canterburyfounded. *602 Final series of wars between ca. 600 ''[[Byzantine EmpireThe Ladder of Divine Ascent]] and Sassanid Empire; '' written by [[Augustine of CanterburyJohn Climacus]] meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury.*604 ; [[MellitusGregory the Dialogist]] becomes first Bishop inspires development of London and founds the first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the DialogistGregorian Chant]]through his liturgical reforms. *605 Death of 601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]]. *609 converts King [[w:Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon in RomeEthelbert of Kent]] converted into church, consecrated to the Virgin Mary and All Saints (Santa Maria dei Martiri)establishes see of Canterbury. *610 602 [[HeracliusAugustine of Canterbury]] changes official language of the Empire from Latin meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury. *604 [[w:Medieval Greek|GreekMellitus]], already the lingua franca becomes first bishop of the vast majority of the population.*612 London and founds first [[Holy Spongew:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]] and ; death of [[Holy LanceGregory the Dialogist]] brought to Constantinople from Palestine. *614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II 605 Death of Persia; [[Church Augustine of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy SepulchreCanterbury]] damaged by fire, [[True Cross]] is captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem are massacred. *615 Death of 610 [[ColumbanusHeraclius]] in Italy.*617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege.*618 Death changes official language of the Empire from Latin to [[Kevin of Glendaloughw:Medieval Greek|Greek]].*620 Slavs attack Thessaloniki.*622 Year one , already the ''lingua franca'' of the Islamic calendar begins, during which vast majority of the hejira occurs, Muhammad and his followers emigrating from Mecca to Medinapopulation. *626 612 [[Akathist|Akathist HymnHoly Sponge]] to the Virgin Mary written, after and [[Holy Lance]] brought to Constantinople liberated from a siege Palestine. *614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of 80,000 Persia; [[w:Siege Church of Constantinople the Holy Sepulchre (626Jerusalem)|AvarsChurch of the Holy Sepulchre]] damaged by fire, Slavs[[True Cross]] captured, and the Persian fleetover 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred. *627 Emperor 615 Death of [[HeracliusColumbanus]] decisively defeats the Sassanid Persians at in Italy. *617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege. *626 [[w:Battle Akathist|Akathist Hymn]] to the Virgin Mary written. *627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], recovering the [[True Cross]] and breaking the Sassanid power of the Sassanid dynasty. *628 Muhammad issues [[w:Charter of Privileges|Charter of Privileges]] to monks of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|Saint Catherine's Monastery]].*630 Second 630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]]. *633 Death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem]]. *635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; ; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity. *636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].*638 Muslim Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem. *640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]]. *641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs. *642 Muslim conquest of Egypt; .*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs invade [[w:Christian Nubia|Christian Nubia]] for the first time.*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine after Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] civilization in Egypt. *648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]]. *649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus. *650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox ChristianityOrthodoxy. *651 End of Persian Empire as the last shah of Persia Yezdegherd III of the Sassanid dynasty is killed at Merv.*653 Pope 653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]]. *654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs. *655 Martyrdom of [[Martin the Confessor]]. *657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England. *662 Death of [[Maximus the Confessor]]. *663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative. *664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, harmonizing Celtic adopting Roman calendar and Roman liturgical practices tonsures in EnglandNorthumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York; death of [[Cedd]].*668 [[Theodore of Tarsus]] appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.. *669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe. *670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by [[Caedmon]] of [[WhitbyAbbey|Whitby]]. *680-681 672 First Synod of Hertford called by [[Sixth Ecumenical CouncilTheodore of Tarsus]] held in Constantinople, condemning adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. *673 Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]] and . *680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius I of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius I of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism. *680 682 Foundation of [[w:First Bulgarian Empire|First Bulgarian Empire]] established after a successful war with Byzantium.*682 Foundation of [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in England. *685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of [[Anastasius of Sinai]]. *685 [[John Maron]] elected first Maronite Patriarchpatriarch, becoming the founder of what is known today as founding the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]]. *687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raidersVikings; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]]. *688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. *ca. 690 Witenagamot of England forbids church appeals to Rome. *691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem. *692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]]. *694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] is defeated by the [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent afterwards. *697 [[Council of Birr]] accepts Roman [[Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of Iona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin AdomáinAdomnáin]]. *698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome. *ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]]. *705 Long period 707 Death of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs. *706 Greek replaced by Arabic as administrative language in Egypt.*707 Byzantines lose the Balearic Islands to the Moors; death of [[John Maron]][[John Maron]]. *710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.*711 Umayyad Islamic invasion of Spain. *712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete]]. *ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England). *715 [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]] built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque is constructed over the site of the [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Justinian]]; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts. *716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage; [[Boniface]]'s first [[missionary ]] journey to Frisia. *717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[Iona]]. *717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]. *719 [[w:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from the [[Church of Alexandria|Greek Orthodox ChurchChalcedonian church]] to the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Churchchurch]]. *723 [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. *726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]]. *730 Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. *731 [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''. *732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by the Franks at the [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]].
*733 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope [[Gregory III of Rome]]'s support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.
*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning. *735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status. *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; Byzantine forces defeat [[w:Umayyad|Umayyad]] invasion of Asia Minor at [[w:Battle of Akroinon|Battle of Akroinon]]; death of [[Willibrord]].*740 [[w:Khazars|Khazars]] voluntarily convert to Judaism. *742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. *746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from 747 Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the ArabsRogation Days.*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. *750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims. *751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. *752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. *754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries. *754 Death of [[Boniface]]. *756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. *768 Church of Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at the teaching of ElbodugusElfoddw of Gwynedd. *769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council at which changing papal election procedure is changed and confirming veneration to of icons is confirmed. *772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. *781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons the monk and scholar [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. *786 [[w:Beatus 785 Synod of Liébana|Beatus Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Liébana]] publishes ''Commentary on the Apocalypse''Lichfield. *787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. *792 Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. *793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. *794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinipolitan Constantinopolitan Creed]].*796 [[Alcuin]] made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by [[Charlemagne]]. *800 [[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilisation civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland. *800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. *801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. *803 [[Council of CloveshoII]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. *810 Pope Leo III bans use of [[Filioque]]. *814 Bulgarians lay siege before Constantinople; conflict erupts Conflict between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of over iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.*824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960. *826 [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. *828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. *ca. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]].
*836 Death of [[Theodore the Studite]].
==Late Byzantine era (843-14531054)==*845 The The 42 Martyrs :''Main article: [[Timeline of Ammoria in Phrygia, taken as hostages from Ammoria to Samarra Church History (Late Byzantine Era (in Iraq843-1054)) and executed there.]]''*846 Muslim raid 843 [[Triumph of RomeOrthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches. *850 [[Third Finding of the Head of St. John the Forerunner|Third Finding]] of the head of [[John the Forerunner]]. *852 [[Ansgar]] founds churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 [[Photius the Great]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *ca. 860 [[w:Christianization of the Rus'-Byzantine War (860)|Second Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus-Byzantine War' Khaganate]], a naval raid and the first siege of Constantinople by the Rus. *ca. 860 861 [[w:Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]].*861 [[Cyril and Cyril and Methodius]] depart from Constantinople to [[Church of Russia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]]; Council of Constantinople attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms [[Photius the Great]] as patriarch and passes 17 canons. *862 [[Rastislav of Moravia]] converts to Christianity. *863 First translations of [[Holy Scripture|Biblical]] and liturgical texts into [[Church Slavonic]] by [[Cyril and Methodius]]. *863 Venetians steal relics of [[Apostle Mark]] from Alexandria. *864 Baptism of Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria]]; [[Synaxis]] of the [[Theotokos]] in Miasena in memory of the return of her icon. *865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Boris of Bulgaria|Boris I]] converts to [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]. *866 Vikings raid and capture York in England. *867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]], which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Rome]] for his attacks on the work of Greek [[missionaries ]] in Bulgaria and the use by papal missionaries of the heretical [[Filioque]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of excommunication; [[Basil the Macedonian]] has Emperor [[Michael III the Amorian|Michael III]] murdered and usurps the Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople. *867 Death of [[Kassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''[[Hymn of Kassiani]]'', chanted during [[Holy Week]] on Holy Wednesday. *869-870 [[Robber Council of 869-870]] held, deposing [[Photius the Great]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council." *870 Conversion of Serbia; death of [[Rastislav of Moravia]]; Malta conquered from the Byzantines by the Arabs; martyrdom of [[w:Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]], King of East Anglia. *874 Translation of relics 877 Death of [[Nicephorus I Ignatius of Constantinople|Nicephorus the Confessor]], interred in the who appoints [[Church of Photius the Holy Apostles (Constantinople)Great|Church of the Holy ApostlesPhotius]], Constantinopleto succeed him. *877 Death of 878 King [[Ignatius I of Constantinople]], who appoints [[Photius w:Alfred the Great|PhotiusAlfred the Great]] to succeed him.*877 Arab Muslims conquer all of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital.*878 King [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] of Wessex defeats Vikings; the Wessex defeats Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the [[w:Danelaw|Danelaw]]). *879-880 [[Eighth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[Photius the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]]. *883 Muslims burn the monastery of 885 [[Monte CassinoMount Athos]].*885 [[Mount Athos]] gains gains political autonomy. *885 Death of [[Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]]. *886 [[w:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]], (now called [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]) adopted in Bulgarian Empire; St [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]], King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes. *902 Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid Arabs.*904 Thessalonika sacked and pillaged by Saracen pirates under 910 [[w:Leo Benedict of TripoliNursia|Leo of TripoliBenedictine]], a Greek pirate serving Saracen interests.*907 Third [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (907)Cluny Abbey|Rus-Byzantine WarAbbey of Cluny]], a naval raid founded in France.*899 Death of Constantinople (''or [[w:Tsargrad|TsargradAlfred the Great]] in Old Slavonic'') led by Varangian Prince [[w:Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg of Novgorod]], which was relieved by peace negotiations.*899 Death of [[Alfred the Great]].*911 . *911 [[Protection of the Mother of God|Holy Protection of the Virgin Mary]].*911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince of Rus'. *912 Normans become Christian; [[w:Nicholas Mystikos|Nicholas I Mysticus]] becomes Patriarch of Constantinople. *927 [[Church of Bulgaria]] recognized as [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] by [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]. *931 Abbott [[w:Odo of Cluny|Odo of Cluny]] reforms monasteries in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, starting the [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] within the [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine order]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor.*933 Death of Patr. [[Tryphon of Constantinople]]. *935 Martyrdom of [[WenceslausWenceslas]], prince of the Czechs. *941 Fourth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (941)|Rus-Byzantine War]].*944 944 City of Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, including [[Image Not-made-by-hands|Icon Not Made By Hands]].*945 [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes Abbot of [[w:Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury]]. *948 Holy Roman Emperor Otto I the Great founds missionary dioceses of Brandenburg, Havelburg, Ribe, Aarhus, and Schleswig. *ca. 950 957 [[[Monastery Olga of Hosios LoukasKiev]] founded near Stiris baptized in GreeceConstantinople. *957 960 Emperor [[Olga of Kiev]] baptized in Constantinople. *960 Emperor [[Nicephorus Nicephorus IIPhocas]] Phocas re-captures [[w:Crete|Crete]] for the Byzantines; [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], reforming the monasteries and enforcing the rule of [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedict]]. *962 Denmark becomes a Christian nation with the [[baptism]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor; ''Diploma Ottonianum'' is co-signed by Pope John XII and Otto, confirming the earlier . *963 [[w:Donation Athanasius of Pepin|Donation of PepinAthos]] establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], granting control of the [[w:Papal StatesGreat Lavra (Athos)|Papal StatesGreat Lavra]] to the Popes, regularizing Papal elections, and clarifying the relationship between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors. *963 965 Emperor [[Athanasius of AthosNicephorus II Phocas]] establishes first major monastery on gains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines. *969 Death of [[Mount AthosOlga of Kiev]], the ; Emperor [[Great Lavra (Athos)w:Nikephoros II|Great LavraNikephoros II Phokas]]captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs. *965 972 Emperor [[Nicephorus II]] Phocas gains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines; [[w:Sviatoslav John I of KievTzimiskes|Sviatoslav of KievJohn I Tzimiskes]] destroys grants [[w:Khazars|KhazarMount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]] imperial power, as the Khazar fortresses of Sarkel and Tamatarkha fall to the Rus). *966 Anti-Christian riots in Jerusalem.*968 [[Rila Monastery]] founded; Sviatoslav of Kiev defeats Bulgarians at the 973 [[w:Battle of SilistraGreat Moravia|Battle of SilistraMoravia]], precipitating assigned to the collapse Diocese of Prague, putting the First Bulgarian EmpireWest Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church. *968-71 Fifth 975 Emperor [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (968-971)#Campaigns in the Balkans|Rus-Byzantine WarJohn I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]], resulting in a Byzantine victory over the coalition of Rus'Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, PechenegsTiberias, MagyarsNazareth, and Bulgarians in the [[w:Battle of Arcadiopolis|Battle of Arcadiopolis]]Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and the defeat Tripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem. *978 Death of King [[w:Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav of Kiev]] by [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I TzimiskesEdward the Martyr]]. *969 Death 980 Revelation of the ''[[Olga of KievAxion Estin]]; Emperor '' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II PhokasArchangel Gabriel]] to a monk on [[Mount Athos]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs. *972 Emperor 980-5 The [[w:John I TzimiskesWestern Rite|John I TzimiskesWestern Rite]] grants Monastery of Amalfion is founded on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]). *973 987 Sixth [[w:Great Moravia|MoraviaRus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine War]], where [[Vladimir of Kiev]] assigned dispatches troops to the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church.*975 Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:John I TzimiskesBasil II|John I TzimiskesBasil II]] in a Syrian campaign takes Emesawith an internal revolt, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails agreeing to take Jerusalem.*978 Death of King accept [[[Edward the MartyrOrthodox Christianity]]as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *980 Revelation of the '988 '[[Axion EstinBaptism of Rus']]'' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), begins with the appearance conversion of the [[Archangel GabrielVladimir of Kiev]] to a monk on [[Mount Athos]].*983 Martyrdom of Theodore the who is baptized at [[w:Varangian GuardChersonesos|VarangianChersonesos]] , the birthplace of the Russian and his son John of KievUkrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II. *987 Sixth 992 Death of [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism Michael of VladimirKiev|Rus-Byzantine WarMichael]], where first Metropolitan of Kiev. *995 [[Vladimir Olaf of KievNorway]] dispatches troops proclaims Norway to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor be a Christian kingdom.*1000 Conversion of Greenland and Iceland. *1008 Conversion of Sweden. *1009 Patr. [[w:Basil II|Basil IISergius II of Constantinople]] with an internal revolt. agreeing to accept removes name of Pope [[Orthodox ChristianitySergius IV of Rome]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *988 [[Baptism of Rus'from [[diptychs]] begins with the conversion of [[Vladimir Church of KievConstantinople|Constantinople]] who is baptized at , because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[w:Chersonesos|ChersonesosFilioque]], . *1009 [[Church of the birthplace Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.*992 Death Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[Michael of Kievw:Druze|MichaelDruze]], the first Metropolitan of Kiev.. *995 [[Olaf 1012 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a all Christian kingdom; the relics and Jewish houses of worship. *1014 [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne|CuthbertFilioque]] are transferred with his community to Durhamused for first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. *1000 Conversion 1015 Death of Greenland and Iceland[[Vladimir of Kiev]]. *1008 Conversion of Sweden1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity. *1009 Patriarch 1022 Death of [[Sergius II of ConstantinopleSimeon the New Theologian]] removes the name . *1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of Pope [[Sergius IV Church of Romethe Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] from the . *1034 Patriarch [[diptychsAlexius I Studites of Constantinople|Alexius I Studites]] of writes the first complete ''Studite [[Church of ConstantinopleTypikon]], because the pope had written '' for a letter to the patriarch including monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[FilioqueTypikon]]. *1009 introduced into the Rus' lands by [[Church Theodosius of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze]].*1012 Death of Hieromartyr [[w:Alphege|Alphege]], Archbishop of Canterbury; Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship. *1013 Jews expelled from the caliphate of Córdoba. *1014 [[Filioque]] used for the first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at the coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.*1015 Death of St. [[Vladimir of Kiev]].*1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.*1022 Death of St. [[Simeon the New Theologian]].*1024 Seventh [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (1024)|Rus-Byzantine War]], Byzantine naval victory.*1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy SepulchreKiev Caves]].
*1036 Byzantine [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IV]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor sent to protect pilgrims.
*1043 Eighth and last [[Rus'-Byzantine War (1043)|Rus'-Byzantine War]], an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople; [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral; [[w:University of Constantinople|University of Constantinople]] is re-organized under [[w:Michael Psellos|Michael Psellos]].*1045-50 [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminiscent of the [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. *1048 Re-consecration of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].
*1051 [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves]] founded.
==Post-Imperial era (1453-1821)==
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))]]''*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]]. *1455-56 The ''Confession of Faith '' by Patr. Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople. *1461 Death of St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow; commemoration of the Apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskhet in Georgia, 1456-1587 Byzantine [[October 1]].*1462 Wonderworking icon of the [[Mantamadosw:Pammakaristos Church|Archangel Michael Church of MantamadosTheotokos Pammakaristos]] is created after the Byzantine monastery of the Taxiarchis (''Archangel'') [[Archangel Michael|Michael]] is destroyed by invading Ottoman Turks and all the monks are slaughtered; the sole surviving [[novice]]-monk credited his salvation to a miracle of the Archangel and made the icon, in relief, using clay earth mixed with in with the blood of his slain brothers.*1463 Bosnia became a province of the Ottoman empire, with an estimated 36,000 families voluntarily accepting Islam, (thus joining the ruling priviledged Muslim class, the ''Ummah''), a voluntary mass conversion practically without parallel in the annals of Islam, followed by a sustained long and slow process of assimilation to Islam.*1480 Spanish Inquisition; meeting seat of the [[Theotokos Church of VladimirConstantinople|Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos]] in memory of saving Moscow from the invasion of Khan Ahmed, observed on [[June 23Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar (year 7,000, according to the Byzantine [[w:Dating Byzantine CreationEra|Byzantine Date of Creation]]).*1497 Hieromartyr Macarius, Metropolitan of Kyiv, martyred by invading Tatars. *1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]]. *1512 First Christian church erected in the Americas in [[w:Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]] by the Spanish. *1516 Desiderius Erasmus published the publishes "[[w:Textus Receptus|Textus Receptus]]" (received text) of the New Testament, on the basis of some six late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. *1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Martin Luther nails his ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to the door at Wittenburg, sparking Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria.*1522 Martin Luther's translates [[New Testament]] in German and principle of ''[[w:Sola scriptura|Sola Scriptura]]'' becomes formal principle of Protestant Reformation. *1526 [[Non-Possessors]] attack Tsar Vassily (Basil) III for divorcing his wife, and are driven underground. *1529 First Ottoman [[w:Siege of Vienna|Siege of Vienna]], marking the Ottoman Empire's apex and the end of Ottoman expansion in central Europe.*1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.*1536 Publication of John Calvin's ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''. *1536-41 [[w:Dissolution of the Monasteries|Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in England, Wales and Ireland, with [[w:List of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England|over 800 religious houses dissolved]] during the [[English Reformation]].*1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia; formal founding of the [[w:Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]. *1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives in Ethiopia.*1542 Ethiopians and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.*1545-63 [[w:Council of Trent|Council of Trent]] held to answer the Protestant Reformation.
*1551 [[Council of the Hundred Chapters]] in Russia.
*1552 1555 Abp. Gurian begins mission to Kazan. *1557 Death of St. [[Basil the Blessed]], .*1568 Pope Pius V recognizes four Great [[Fool for Christw:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]]. *1555 Archbishop Gurian missionary in Kazan (until 1564).*1563 Anglican of the Eastern Church's , [[w:Thirty-Nine Articles|Thirty-Nine ArticlesJohn Chrysostom]] of Religion were established, [[Basil the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine. *1564 Jesuits arrive in Poland.*1568 Pope Pius V recognized the four Great ]], [[w:Doctor of Gregory the Church|Doctors]] of the Eastern Church, [[John Chrysostom]], [[Basil the Great]], [[Gregory the TheologianTheologian|Gregory of Nazianzus]], and [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]]. *1569 Martyrdom of St. [[Philip of Moscow|Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow]], at the hands of Ivan IV Grozny. *1569 [[[w:Union of Lublin|Union of Lublin]] united the unites Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the [[w:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], placing the [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Orthodox [[w:Image:Rzeczpospolita265.png|lands of Belaruslands of Belarus, and modern Ukraine]] under a direct Roman Catholic sphere of influencerule. *1573 1571 Restoration of [[w:Pope Gregory XIII|Pope Gregory XIIIChurch of Cyprus]] established the Congregation for the Greeks, a committee of cardinals who addressed issues relating to the Greeks in southern Italy and Sicily in the hope of resolving tensions between Greeks and Latins.to Orthodox rule. *1573-81 The Replies Correspondence of Jeremias the Second to the LutheransPatr.*1575 [[Church of Jeremias II (Tranos) of Constantinople|Jeremias II of Constantinople]] with Lutherans. *1575 [[Church of Constantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]]. *1576 1582 Institution of the [[w:Pope Gregory XIII|Gregorian Calendar]] by Pope Gregory XIII]] established the Pontifical Greek College of St. Athanasius (popularly known as the 'Greek College') in Rome, which he charged with educating Italo-Byzantine clerics. *1579 Death 1583 [[Sigillion of 1583]] issued against [[Gregorian Calendar]] by council convened in Constantinople. *1587-Present. The relatively modest [[w:Gerasimus Church of Kefalonia|GerasimosSt. George, the New Ascetic Istanbul|Church of CephaloniaSt George]], Greece, who was given in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the gift seat of healing and the [[Church of casting out evil spiritsConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1581 Ostrozhsky Bible printed by Prince Kurbsky and Ivan Fedorov.*1582 Institution of the 1589 [[Autocephaly]] and [[Gregorian Calendarcanonical territory]] by Pope Gregory XIII; death of [[w:Teresa Church of Ávila|Teresa of ÁvilaRussia]]recognized, prominent Spanish mysticas Patr.*1583 The Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of [[Sigillion of 1583Patriarch]] was issued against the Calendar of Pope Gregory XIII Moscow and of Rome by a council convened in ConstantinopleAll Russia. *1589 1596 [[AutocephalyUnion of Brest-Litovsk]] of , several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Russia]] recognized, as Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metropolitan Job of Moscow to the rank of [[Patriarch]] of Moscow and recognize the Pope of All Russia.*1596 Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Union of Brest-LitovskUniate]]church. *ca. 1600-1700 Conversion of Albania to Islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Constantinople]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church''Djize''. *ca.1600-1700 The conversion 1625 ''Confession of the Albanians to Islam was achieved during the 17th century largely through a discriminatory tax system, the Faith''Djize'', which imposed severe burdens on those who remained Christians, so that by the end of that century the Muslim Albanian community was the largest religious community in Albania.by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written. *1604 Death of the Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo.*1607 Death of St 1627 Pope [[Job Cyril Lucaris]] of Moscow|JobAlexandria presents [[Codex Alexandrinus]], First Patriarch to King Charles I of MoscowEngland for safe keeping. *1609-10 The 1633 Ethiopian emperor [[w:Douay-Rheims BibleFasilides of Ethiopia|Douay-Rheims BibleFasilides]] (D-R) is printed, the first complete English expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic Bible, translated missionaries from the Latin [[Vulgate]]Ethiopia. *1611 The 1642 [[w:Authorized King James Version|Authorized King James VersionCouncil of Jassy]] of the Bible (KJV-AVIaşi) is printed, including all of the revises [[The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books|Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical booksPeter Mogila]] (''officially removed by the s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain [[Archbishop of CanterburyDeuterocanon|deuterocanonical]] in 1885'')books. *1612 Death of Hieromartyr 1646 [[Hermogenes w:Union of MoscowUzhhorod|Hermogenes]], Patriarch Union of Moscow and All Russia; the [[Our Lady of Kazan|Kazan Icon of the Most Holy TheotokosUzhhorod]], commemorating the deliverance joins 63 Ruthenian Orthodox priests from the Poles, Carpathian Mountains to Roman Catholic Church on terms similar to [[October 22Union of Brest]]. *1625 The ''Confession of Faith'' by Metrophanes Kritopoulos.*1627 Pope 1652-1658 Patriarch [[Cyril Lukaris]] Nikon of Alexandria presents the famous [[Codex AlexandrinusMoscow]] revises liturgical books to King Charles I of England for "safe keepingbring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as [[Old Believers]]." *1633 Ethiopian emperor 1672 [[w:Fasilides Synod of EthiopiaJerusalem|FasilidesSynod of Jerusalem]] expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic missionaries from Ethiopiaconvened by Patr.*1642 [[Council Dositheos II of JassyJerusalem|Dositheos Notaras]] (Iaşi) revises , refuting article by article the Calvinistic confession of [[Peter MogilaCyril Lucaris]]'s confession , defining Orthodoxy relative to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology Catholicism and Protestantism, and confirms canonicity of certain deuterocanonical booksdefining the Orthodox Biblical canon; acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia).*1645-69 1682 The ''Sabaite [[w:Cretan War (1645–1669)|Cretan WarTypikon]]'' was published in its final form in Russia; from 1682 to 1888 the Greek and Russian Churches shared a common [[Typikon]] between the Ottoman Empire and Venice. *1646 At the 1685-87 The [[w:Union of UzhhorodSlavic Greek Latin Academy|Union of UzhhorodSlavic Greek Latin Academy]] 63 Ruthenian Orthodox priests from is organized as the Carpathian Mountainsfirst higher education establishment in Moscow, then within under the Kingdom guidance of Hungarytwo Greek brothers, [[Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud]], joined the Roman Catholic Church on terms similar to the Union premises of Brest from 1596the [[w:Zaikonospassky monastery|Zaikonospassky Monastery]] with over 70 students. *1647 Orthodox church erected 1685 Orthodoxy introduced in TunisiaBeijing by [[Church of Russia]]. *1649 Martyrdom 1698 Consecration of Saint the first Orthodox [[Athanasius Church of Brest-LitovskChina|Athanasius, Abbot of BrestChurch in China]], by in the Latinsname of Sophia (Divine Wisdom), when Emperor Kangxi ordered a Buddhist temple to be cleared for Russian inhabitants in Beijing.*1650-1700 Ottoman The ''[[w:IstanbulByzantine Creation Era|ConstantinopleCreation Era]] is '' calendar in Russia, in use since AD 988 was changed to the [[w:List of largest cities throughout history|largest city in the worldJulian Calendar]] by population.*1652 School and hospital established in Old Cairo by Patriarch Joannikios.*1652-1658 Patriarch Peter the Great; Peter the Great published an ''Ukase'' on [[Nikon of MoscowJune 18|June 18th]] revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with that made a resounding appeal for the Greek liturgical customs, leading to excommunication propagation of dissenters, who become known as the [[Old Believers]]the faith in Siberia and China.*1654 Icon 1700-02 Submission of the Most Holy [[Theotokos]] dioceses of the Kievan Brotherhood.*1656 The Lemberg (Lviv) and Luzk (Lutsk) in the [[w:New Jerusalem MonasteryGalicia (Central Europe)|New Jerusalem MonasteryGalician]], also known as the Voskresensky Monastery is founded by Patriarch area of Ukraine to Roman Catholic Church completes [[Nikon Union of Moscow|NikonBrest-Litovsk]] at Istra near Moscow, intended to represent so that two-thirds of the Heavenly Jerusalem.Orthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic. *1665 The Greek Jewish kabbalist 1715 Metr. [[w:Sabbatai Zevi|Sabbatai SeviArsenios of Thebaid]] (Shabbatai Zvi) is hailed sent to England by the Jews of Palestine as the Pope [[Jesus ChristSamuel of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|MessiahNon-Juror]], on Jewish New Year 1665, but then accepts conversion to Islam before the Ottoman Sultan to save his lifeAnglican bishops.*1669 Greek island of Crete taken by Turkish Muslim Ottoman Empire from the Roman Catholic Latin Venetians.*1672 1715-1956 [[w:Synod of JerusalemRussian Orthodox Mission in China|Synod of JerusalemRussian Ecclesiastical Mission in China]] is convened by .*1716-25 Correspondence of Ecumenical Patriarch and Russian Czar with English Non-Jurors. *1721 Czar [[Dositheos II Peter I of Jerusalem|Dositheos NotarasRussia]], refuting article by article the Calvanistic confession of replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]]. *1724 [[Cyril LucarisMelkite]]schism, defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining in which many faithful from the Greek Orthodox Biblical canon; the acts [[Church of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia); the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica called the Synod Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s. *1728 The [[Church of Jerusalem ''"Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the most vital statement of faith made in the Greek Church during the past thousand years."''*1675 Icon of the [[TheotokosByzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]] of God of Pochaiv, commemorating her Miraculous Appearance at Pochaiv, which saved the monastery from the assault of the Tartars and Turks, celebrated on '' (AM) calendar with the ''[[July 23w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]]'' (AD).*1683 Second Ottoman 1731 Death of [[w:Battle Innocent of Vienna|Siege of ViennaIrkutsk]], capital of the Holy Roman Empire. *1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijing, China by 1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Church of RussiaKollyvades Movement]]. *1688 Icon 1755 Synod of the Most Holy Constantinople declares Roman Catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from Roman Catholicism. *1756 ''[[TheotokosSigillion of 1756]] "'' issued against the [[Mother of God Joy of All Who Sorrow|The Joy of All Who SorrowGregorian Calendar]]]", by Patr. [[October 24Cyril V of Constantinople]]. *1689 Kosovo was greatly disrupted by the 1767 Ottoman Empire legally divides [[w:Great Turkish War|Great Turkish WarChurch of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] (1683among claimants. *1767-1699), prompting the ''Velika Seoba'' or 1815 [[w:Great Serb Migrations|"Great Serbian Migration"Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the Jesuits]]in Roman Catholic countries, said to have accounted for a huge exodus of hundreds of thousands of Serbian refugees from Kosovo and Serbia propersubsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, which left a vacuum filled by a flood of Albanian immigrantsparticularly in Russia. *17001768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-02 Submission of the the dioceses of Lemberg (Lviv) occupied Poland. *ca. 1770 About 1,200 Kiev region Uniate churches return to Orthodoxy under political pressure from Russia. *1774 Russia and Luzk (Lutsk) in the Ottoman Empire sign [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|Galiciantreaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]] [http://wiki-commons.genealogy.net/images/f/fe/Lokal_Königreich_Galizien.png area of Ukraine] to , bringing Russia for the Roman Catholic Church completes first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians. *1779 Death of [[Union of Brest-LitovskKosmas Aitolos]], so that two-thirds . *1782 First publication of the Orthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic.*1707-20 Grabbe's edition of the '[[SeptuagintPhilokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] was published at Oxford, reproducing (imperfectly) the "Codex Alexandrinus" of London.*1715 Metropolitan [[Arsenios Church of ThebaidSinai]] sent to England confirmed by Pope [[Samuel Church of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-JurorConstantinople]] Anglican bishops. *1718 The Answers of the Orthodox Patriarchs to the Non1793-Jurors (171895 Over 2, 1723)300 Uniate churches became Orthodox under Tsarina Catherine the Great. *1721 Czar Peter I replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling 1794 [[holy synodMissionaries]].*1724 , including [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|MelkiteHerman of Alaska]] schism, in which many faithful from the arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of [[Church of Antioch]Paisius Velichkovsky] become [[Uniate]]s.*1731 Death of StMoldova and Mt. Innocent, first bishop of IrkutskAthos. *1754 The [http://ldysinger.stjohnsem.edu/@texts2/1980_kal-ware/07_hesyc-ren.htm Hesychast Renaissance] begins with the Kollyvades Fathers of [[Mount Athos]] led by saints Makarios Notaras, [1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the AthoniteHagiorite]], and Athanasios of Paros, which over the next half century stressed the study of the church fathers, Orthodox liturgical life, and frequent communion, also representing a movement against the influence of the Western Enlightenment publishes ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in GreeceVenice. *1755 Synod 1798 Patriarch [[Anthimus of Constantinople where Jerusalem]] contended that the Patriarchs [[w:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] was part of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Jerusalem the [[httpw://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/orth_cath_response.aspx#oros declared Roman Catholic baptism invalidDivine Providence|Divine Dispensation]], and ordered the rebaptism of converts. *1756 The granted by [[Sigillion of 1756God]]to protect [[Orthodoxy] was issued against ] from the New Calendar by Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril V taint of Constantinople. *1760 [[Holy Trinity St. Seraphim-Diveyevo ConventRoman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] founded in Russia.*1767 Community and of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida; Ottoman Empire legally divides Western [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)w:Secularism|Church of the Holy Sepulchresecularism]] among claimants.and [[w:Irreligion by country|irreligion]].*1767-1815 1800 ''[[w:Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the JesuitsThe Rudder]] '' published and printed in Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, particularly in RussiaAthens. *1768 Jews are massacred during riots 1805 Death of [[Macarius Notaras of Corinth|Makarius of Corinth]], a central figure in Russia-occupied Polandthe [[Kollyvades Movement|Kollyvades]] movement. *ca.1770 As a result 1811 [[Autocephaly]] of increasing Russian presence in Ukraine, some 1,200 Kiev region Uniate churches returned to Orthodoxy.*1774 Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the [[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-KainarjiChurch of Georgia]]revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians.*1779 Death of St. [[Kosmas Aitolos]], who founded 200 elemenatry schools and 10 higher schools in different parts of Greece.*1782 First publication of the ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]].*1793-95 Under Catherine the Great over 2,300 Uniate churches became Orthodox. *1794 Missionaries, including St. [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of St. [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos.*1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] published the ''“Unseen Warfare”'' in Venice, revising Venetian priest [[w:Lorenzo Scupoli|Lorenzo Scupoli's]] two works the ''“Spiritual Combat” (1599 ed.)'' and ''“Path to Paradise” (1600),'' to remove Latinisms and give a fuller expression to the Patristic doctrine of pure prayer. *1800 ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens.*1803 Death of St [[Xenia of St. Petersburg|Xenia of Petersburg]], [[Fool-for-Christ]].*1804 The [[w:British and Foreign Bible Society|British and Foreign Bible Society]] founded.*1805 Death of St. Makarios of Corinth (1731-1805), a central figure in the Kollvades movement.*1808 Death of Hieromartyr Nikita the Slav, of Mount Athos.*1809-10 Rotunda and edicule exterior of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] rebuilt after fire in Ottoman Baroque style.*1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]]. *1814 New-Martyrs Euthymius, Ignatius, and ''Acacius (1816)'' of [[Mount Athos]].*1815 [[Peter the Aleut]] tortured and martyred in Roman Catholic San Francisco, California.*1816 The [[w:American Bible Society|American Bible Society]] founded.*1819 A council 1819 Council at Constantinople endorsed the standpoint endorses views of the Kollyvades fathers.
==Modern era (1821-1917)==
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))]]''*1821 Metr. [[Germanos of Patra|]] declares Greek independence declared]] on the Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; execution martyrdom of [[Saint titles|Hieromartyrs]] Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation. *1823 Miracle-working icon of ca. 1830 [[Panagia of Tinos|Panagia EvangelistriaSlavophile movement]] is excavated on the Greek island begins in Russia. *1831 Return of Tinos3, according to a vision from 000,000 [[Pelagia of Tinos|St. PelagiaUniate]], becoming s with the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at [[Orthodox Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)]]at Vilnius in 1831. *1825 Russia and Britain established the Alaska/Canada boundary. *1827 Anglican priest John Nelson Darby became an influential member of the movement now known as the Plymouth Brethren, and advocate 1832 [[Church of Serbia]] becomes ''dispensational premillenialismde facto''[[autocephaly|autocephalous]]. *1829 Treaty 1833 [[Church of Adrianople ends Greek War of IndependenceGreece]] declares [[autocephaly]], culminating in the creation making it independent of the modern Greek state.*ca.1830 Drawing on the works of Greek patristics, Russian poets and literary critics, the [[w:SlavophileChurch of Constantinople|Slavophile movementConstantinople]]; death of [[Seraphim of Sarov]] began in Russia attempting to reinforce Orthodox Christian values and Slavic cultural traditions, denouncing "westernizations" by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, and preferring Russian mysticism to Western rationalism. *1831 The reunion 1839 Synod of the 3,000,000 Polotsk abolishes [[Uniate|Uniates]] with the [[Orthodox ChurchUnion of Brest-Litovsk]] at Vilna in 1831, celebrated on [[May 24]]all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-enter the Orthodox Church. *1832 1848 ''[[Church Encyclical of Serbiathe Eastern Patriarchs]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].*1833 sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Church of GreeceFilioque]] declares its as [[autocephalyheresy]], making it independent of declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church of Constantinople]]; death of St. to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[Seraphim of Sarovschism]].*1839 Synod of Polotsk (atic, and in Modern Belarus) abolished the [[Union of Brest-Litovskapostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] in all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-entered and referring to the Orthodox Church ''(with the exception Photian Council of 879-880 as the eparchy of Chelm, in Polish territory, which was itself integrated into the Russian Orthodox Church in 1875)"[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]].''" *1847 Restoration of 1850 [[w:Latin Patriarch Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate [[Church of JerusalemGreece]] by Pope Pius IX. *1848 ''1851 Translation into English of [[Encyclical of the Eastern PatriarchsSeptuagint]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the Orthodox [[Church, condemning of the [[Filioque]] as [[heresyNativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]], declaring the . *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresyof the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|hereticalChurch of the Holy Sepulchre]], permanent. *1853-56 [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanismw:Crimean War|Crimean War]] fought between Russia and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, beginning over which church would be recognized as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]].sovereign authority"of the Christian faith in the Holy Land. *1850 1854 [[Church of ConstantinopleImmaculate Conception]] recognizes declared [[autocephalydogma]] of by [[Roman Catholic Church of Greece]]. *1851 Translation of 1859 [[Septuagintw:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von Tischendorf]] by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the keys to the discovers [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] at [[Church of the Nativity St. Catherine's Monastery (BethlehemSinai)|Church of the NativitySt. Catherine's Monastery]].*1852 Ottoman Empire makes division 1860 Death of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church Alexei Stepanovich Khomiakov|Alexei Khomiakov]], co-founder of the Holy Sepulchre[[Slavophile movement]] permanent. *1853-56 1864 First Orthodox [[w:Crimean War|Crimean Warparish]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and Franceestablished on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, begins over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" by Greeks; death of the Christian faith in the Holy Land[[Jacob Netsvetov]].*1854 1865 [[Immaculate ConceptionChurch of Romania]] declared declares its [[dogmaautocephaly|independence]] by from the [[Roman Catholic Churchof Constantinople]]. *1859 1869 Russian synod authorizes corrected text of [[w:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von TischendorfWestern Rite]]] discovered liturgy and Benedictine offices. *1870 [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex SinaiticusPapal Infallibility]] at declared [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)Roman Catholic Church|St. Catherine's MonasteryRoman Catholic]]; Charles Darwin’s ''[[w:On the Origin dogma necessary for salvation by First Vatican Council. *1871 [[Nicholas of SpeciesJapan|On the Origin of SpeciesNikolai Kasatkin]] by Means of Natural Selection'' published, the pivotal work establishes Orthodox mission in evolutionary biology; the Christian Quarter of the city of Damascus is sacked by a Muslim mob also involving Turkish troopsJapan. *1860 Death of 1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[w:Aleksey Khomyakov|Aleksey Khomyakovphyletism]], co-founder of the [[w:Slavophile|Slavophileto be [[heresy]] movement.*1864 First Orthodox ; [[parishChurch of Bulgaria]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks; Pope Pius IX presented his gains ''de facto'' [[w:Syllabus of Errors|Syllabus of Errorsautocephaly]]by a decree of the Sultan. *1865 [[Church 1875 Uniate diocese of Romania]] declares its [[autocephalyw:Chełm|independenceChelm]] from the [[in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with all of Constantinople]]the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy. *1867 Sale of Alaska to United States; death of St. 1876 [[Ignatius BrianchaninovTheophan the Recluse]], Russian bishop begins issuing a translation of the Caucasus and the Black Sea and ascetical writer''[[Philokalia]]'' in Russian. *1869 Celebration of the first miracle of the 1879 [[Icon Church of the Theotokos at Chernigov-GethsemaneConstantinople]].*1870 recognizes [[Papal Infallibilityautocephaly]] declared of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicof Serbia]] dogma necessary for salvation by the First Vatican Council; ; death of [[[w:Papal States|Papal StatesInnocent of Alaska]] ceased to exist (1870-1929). *1871 [[Nicholas 1882 Synod of Japan|Nikolai KasatkinConstantinople gives conditional approval to use of Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices; [[Mitrophan Ji]] establishes Orthodox mission becomes the first Chinese ordained a priest in Japanthe [[Church of China]]. *1872 Council in Jerusalem declares 1885 [[phyletismChurch of Constantinople]] to be recognizes [[heresyautocephaly]]; of [[Church of BulgariaRomania]] gains ''de facto'' ; [[autocephaly]] by a decree of the Sultan.*1873 [[ww:Philotheos BryenniosRevised Version|Philotheos BryenniosEnglish Revised Version]] discovered the published; [[DidacheArchbishop of Canterbury]] among an important manuscript with copies of several early Church documents. *1875 The Uniate diocese officially removes all of [[Apocrypha]] from [[w:ChełmAuthorized King James Version|ChelmKing James Bible]] in Poland was incorporated back into . *1888 ''[[Typikon]] of the Russian Orthodox Great Church under Alexander II, of Christ'' is published with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy; revised church services, prepared by Protopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the Vatican never withdrew its claim to jurisdiction over itEcumenical Patriarch, until while the town had been restored to newly-reborn Poland ''Sabaite (monastic) [[Typikon]]'' continues to be used in 1918Russia.*1876 1889 Federation of [[Theophan the Reclusew:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic Churches]] began issuing a translation of , not in communion with Rome, at the [[Philokaliaw:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]], in five volumes, in Russian. *1877 Death of ca. 1890 ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' further revised by [[Arsenios of ParosTheophan the Recluse]]. *1879 1891 Death of [[Church Ambrose of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephalyOptina]] . *1895 Reply of Synod of Constantinople to Pope Leo XIII. *1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[Church of SerbiaAntioch|Antioch]]deposed; death of St. [[Innocent Western Rite]] diocese organized in Czechoslovakia by [[Church of AlaskaRussia]]. *1881 Wave 1899 Restoration of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migration Arabs to the [[Church of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]]. *1884 1900 [[w:The Way Martyrs of a PilgrimChina|The Way Martyrdom of a PilgrimOrthodox Christians]] is first published in Kazan, detailing the narrator's journey across Russia while discovering Orthodox mysticismChinese Boxer Rebellion (Yihetuan Movement). *1885 1901 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephalyEvangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|"Evangelakia" riots]] in Athens Greece in November, over translations of [[Church of RomaniaNew Testament]]; into [[w:Revised VersionDimotiki|English Revised VersionDemotic (Modern) Greek]] published; the , resulting in fall of both government and Metropolitan of Athens. *1904 [[Archbishop Church of CanterburyConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] officially removed all of the publishes the [[The Apocryphahttp://kainh.homestead.com/Deuterocanonical Books|Apocryphalfiles/Deuterocanonical books]] from noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp. [[w:Authorized King James Version[Tikhon of Moscow|King James BibleTikhon (Belavin)]], Bp.*1886 [[w:Church Raphael of Maria MagdaleneBrooklyn|Church of Maria MagdaleneRaphael (Hawaweeny)]], and Fr. [[John Kochurov]] is built on the slope to permit adaption of the Mount services taken from Anglican Book of Olives, in the Garden of Gethsemane in Jerusalem, Common Prayer for use by Tsar Alexander IIIOrthodox people. *1889 Federation 1905 Death of [[w:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic ChurchesApostolos Makrakis]], not in communion with Rome, at the ; Tsar [[w:Utrecht UnionNicholas II of Russia|Union of UtrechtNicholas Romanov's]]. *ca.1890 The ''“Unseen Warfare”'' is further revised by Bishop decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[Theophan the Reclusew:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]], returning to remove unnecessary Latinisms and give a fuller expression to the Patristic doctrine [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of pure prayer.*1895 The Reply Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the Synod balance of Constantinople Orthodox population to Pope Leo the Thirteentheastern North America. *1896 Pope Leo XIII issues the bull ''Apostolicae Curae'' which declares Anglican Orders ''"absolutely null and utterly void"1907 Archim.'' *1896-1906 [[w:OxyrhynchusEusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|OxyrhynchusZoe Brotherhood]] papyri discovered ; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of Russian synod reports in Egypt dating favor of adaptation of services from the Ptolemaic Book of Common Prayer and Roman periods, including portions of the New Testamentsets out criteria. *1898 Last Greek patriarch of 1908 Fr. [[Church of Antioch|AntiochNikodemos Sarikas]] deposed.*1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]].*1900 [[Chinese Martyrs of the Boxer Rebellion|Martyrdom of Orthodox Christians]] in Chinese Boxer Rebellion.*1901 "Evangelakia" riots in Athens Greece in November, over translations of the [[New Testament]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (modern) Greek]], resulting in the fall of both the government and the Metropolitan of Athens.*1903 Uncovering of the relics of St. [[Seraphim of Sarov]].*1904 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts.*1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]; Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]] decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]] returning to [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America; the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State established state secularism in France.*1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]]; Papal Bull ''Ea Semper'' issued, effectively subordinating the Greek Catholic Clergy in the United States to the local Roman Catholic bishops.*1908 Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans. *1908 Death of St. [[John of Kronstadt]].*1910 [[w:1910 World Missionary Conference|Edinburgh Missionary Conference]] is the formal beginning of the modern Protestant Christian ecumenical movement, a precursor to the World Council of Churches. *1912 Death of St. [[Nicholas of Japan]].*1915-18 [[w:Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide]] in Turkey.
==Communist era (1917-1991)==
*1937 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Albania]].
*1938 Death of [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)Silouan the Athonite]] and ; [[St. Tikhon's American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]Diocese]] founded; death of St. [[Silouan the Athonite]]; [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese]] (ACROD) founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. [[Orestes (Chornock) of Agathonikeia|Orestes Chornock]], were received into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.*1939 1941 Martyrdom of [[w:Galicia Gorazd (Central EuropePavlik)|Galiciaof Prague]] is divided as Poland gets partitioned between the German Empire and the Soviet Union approximately along the Curzon-Line, so that Western Galicia goes to the German Empire, and Eastern Galicia is affiliated with Soviet-Ukraineby Nazis. *1941 [[w:Legion of Christ|Legion of Christ]], Roman Catholic priestly-order founded.*1941--45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Genocide kill] 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. *1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the election of [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] as Patriarch patriarch of Moscow. *1943-44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] were eliminated, tortured and drowned by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - [[w:Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian Rebel Army]] (OUN-UPA), , aided by [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Metropolitan Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of the Nazi Western-Ukrainian military units [[w:14th Waffen Grenadier Division of that were later condemned by the SS Galicia (1st Ukrainian)|SS-Galicia division]] (Galichina/Galizien) and the Wehrmacht [[w:Nachtigall Battalion|Nachtigal battalion]] ''(condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal)'' and Nuremberg tribunal, and who was subsequently imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA. *1945 1944 Fr. [[Church Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) of Saint-Denis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky)]] completes restoration of [[Divine Liturgy according to St. Germanus of Paris|Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris]]. *1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]. *1945-90 Persecution of the [[Church of Albania|Orthodox Church in Albania]]. *1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda; a state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolved dissolves the [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], and re-integrated integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) into the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia. *1947 Death of [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] are discovered near Qumran in Egypt; death of St [[Alexis (Alexis (Kabaliuk) of Carpathia|Alexei Kabalyiuk]], who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in [[w:Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] in the early 20th century. *1948 Establishment of [[w:State Church of Israel|State of IsraelRussia]] and end of re-grants [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]; [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II); [[w:World Council of Churches|World Council of Churches]] is founded; the Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Church]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]], with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches. *1949 Soviet authorities revoked revoke the [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] of 1646, creating the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow.*1950 [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a dogma. *1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]. *1952 New Monastery of Panagia Soumela built in the village of Kastania, in Macedonia, Greece, housing the wonderworking icon of Panagia Soumela, becoming a center of religious pilgrimage.*1957 -60 With the [[Church of Russiaw:Mau Mau Uprising|Mau-Mau Movement]] grants [[autonomy]] to in Kenya (''British East Africa Protectorate''), the [[Orthodox Church of China]]is banished by the Colonial Government.*1958 Creation of 1953 Metr. [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese Antony (Bashir) of North AmericaNew York|Antony (Bashir)]] with the reception of multiple accepts three [[Western Rite]] parishes into OrthodoxySyrian Metropolitanate in America. *1959 Archbishop 1957 [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of AlbaniaChurch of Russia]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; Autocephaly granted for the grants [[Church of Ethiopiaautonomy]] as Coptic to [[Cyril VI (Atta) Church of Alexandria|Pope Cyril VI of AlexandriaChina]] crowned Abune Baslios as the first Patriarch of Ethiopia. *1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical 1958 Patriarch of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and theological reforms 1907 for the use by [[Roman Catholic ChurchWestern Rite]], including restriction of ancient in America; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. [[Tridentine MassJohn Maximovitch]] and introduction , who authorizes the use of the Novus Ordorestored Gallican rite. *1961 Death of St1959 Abp. [[Luke Anastasios (Voino-YasenetskyYannoulatos) of CrimeaAlbania]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Panestablishes inter-Orthodox Conference in Rhodesmission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; [http://www.oodegr.com/english/epistimi/gagarin1.htm Orthodox Christian Yuri Gagarin] becomes autocephaly granted to the first man to fly in outer space. *1963 1900th anniversary of martyrdom of [[Apostle MarkChurch of Ethiopia]]; second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of by Coptic Pope [[Mount AthosCyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria]]. *1964 Meeting 1961 Creation of Pope [[Paul VI Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of RomeNorth America]] and Patriarch ; death of [[Athenagoras I Luke (SpyrouVoino-Yasenetsky) of ConstantinopleSimferopol and Crimea]] in Jerusalem; third consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; .*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Synaxis of the Saints of RostovRoman Catholic Church]] established by resolution , including restriction of His Holiness Patriarch ancient [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis ITridentine Mass]] and the Holy Synod introduction of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]]Novus Ordo. *1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch 1963 Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of ConstantinopleMount Athos]] mutually nullify the excommunications of 1054. *1967 1964 Meeting of Pope [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church Paul VI of MacedoniaRome]] declares its and Patr. [[autocephaly]], making it independent Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of the [[Church of SerbiaConstantinople]] (as yet unrecognized).*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representativesin Jerusalem; fourth third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1968-71 Millions Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Christians, Muslims, Jews and others witnessed apparitions Rostov]] established by resolution of the His Holiness Patriarch [[TheotokosAlexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Virgin MaryAlexis I]] many times over a three year period over and the Coptic Orthodox Church Holy Synod of St Mary at [[Zeitun|Zeitoun]], Cairo, recognized as authentic by the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)Russia|Coptic Russian Orthodox Church]] and other churches. *1970 1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Orthodox Church in AmericaAthenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] reconciles with mutually nullify the [[Church of Russiaexcommunication]] and is granted s of 1054.*1966 The [[autocephalyw:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]], returning control of almost totally destroyed the young [[Church of JapanChina|Chinese Orthodox Church]] to Moscow, which grants it .*1967 [[autonomyMacedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]]; glorification of unilaterally declares its [[Herman of Alaska|Herman of Alaskaautocephaly]] in separate services by the ROCOR and , making it independent of the OCA; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) Church of CyprusSerbia]] baptizes 10(as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenyaclosing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.*1971 1968 Visit to [[Theological School Patriarchate of Halki|Halki SeminaryAlexandria]] Greek by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Theology Patriarchal School on Heybeliada Island near Istanbul closed by Turkish authoritiesConference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1974 1600th anniversary of death 1970 [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian-American Metropolia]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[Athanasius the Greatautocephaly]]. *1975 Division in , renamed as the Antiochian church Orthodox Church in North America overcome by the uniting , returning control of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) Church of New YorkJapan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]] and ; Abp. [[Michael Makarios III (ShaheenMouskos) of ToledoCyprus]].*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate Church in Chambesy, SwitzerlandKenya. *1977 1971 [[w:Biblia Hebraica StuttgartensiaTheological School of Halki|Biblia Hebraica StuttgartensiaHalki Seminary]] publishedclosed by Turkish authorities. *1979 Pope 1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[John Paul IIPhilip (Saliba) of New York]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate; and Abp. [[http://www.allsaintsofamerica.org/martyrs/nmphilou.html Hieromartyr Archimandrite PhiloumenosMichael (Shaheen) of Toledo]], keeper ; Joint Commission of the Greek monastery of Jacob's Well in Samaria (Nablus, West Bank), Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is tortured and executed on November 29 by Israeli Fanatics who also desecrated the churchestablished.*1979 Joint Commission of 1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1979 Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patrvisits Ecumenical Patriarchate.*1979 Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]]. *1980 1981 Lutheran-Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Joint Commission meets for Theological Dialoguethe first time in Espoo, 1st plenary, met in Patmos and RhodesFinland. *1981 The [http://www.lutheranworld.org/What_We_Do/OEA/Bilateral_Relations/OEA-Lutheran-1982 Orthodox.html Lutheran-Orthodox Roman Catholic Joint Commission] met for the first time in Espoo, Finland. *1982 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 2nd plenary, publishes in Munich first official common document, ''"The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1984 1985 Founding of [[Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, meets in Khania, Crete. *1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, in Allentown, USA, issues the statement ''"Divine Revelation."''. *1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1987 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 4th plenary, issues common document ''"Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church"'' in Bari, Italy; Visit visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to the Vatican. *1987 A group Group of twenty parishes of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former ''Campus Crusade for Christ'' leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and [[Jon Braun]], are received into the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]]in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission (AEOM); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 4th plenary, in Crete, issues the statement ''"Scripture and Tradition."''. *1988 Millennial 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 5th plenary, meets in Valamo, Finland and publishes common document ''"The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"''; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. [[Daniel (Bambang Dwi) Byantoro|Daniel Byantoro]] begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there. *1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 5th plenary, in Bad Segeberg , issues issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''; Glorification glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon of Moscow]]; the Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) was legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from the Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946. *1990 [[Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)|Ukrainian OrthodoxChurch-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 6th plenary session, meets in Freising, Germany; Kiev Patriarchate]] (UOC-KP) self-proclaims its independance from the first Russian Orthodox service in seventy years was held in [[St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow)Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|St. Basil's CathedralUAOC]] in October(both groups unrecognized).
==Post-Communist era (1991-Present)==
==Notes==
*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
*The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.
*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.
==See also==
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations]]
*[[History of Orthodox Missions]]
==Published works== The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history: '''From an Orthodox perspective''' * Angold, Michael (Ed.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&printsec=frontcover Eastern Christianity]''. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 722 pp. ISBN 9780521811132* [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] (Ecumenical Patriarch). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=citwDOTiWV8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today].'' Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130* [[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich]]. ''[http://www.svspress.com/product_info.php?products_id=203&osCsid=b1daf845e88be28003d36749c5127b7a The Orthodox Church].'' Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518 * Clark, Katherine. ''The Orthodox Church.'' '''Simple Guides: Religion (series)'''. Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (''Concise, accessible introduction'')* [[Olivier Clement|Clément, Olivier]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MhJGJbPKpz4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I].'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782* [[Georges Florovsky|Florovsky, Georges]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=UO1rAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Christianity and Culture].'' 2nd ed. Nordland Pub. Co., 1974. 245 pp. (ISBN 0913124044; ISBN 9780913124048)* Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ufw_AAAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time].'' Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)* Maloney, George A. (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976. * Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=khL2qJ7gLPwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition].'' InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''. * Tsai, Kathryn (Dr.). ''A Timeline of Eastern Church History.'' [[St. John of San Francisco Monastery (Manton, California)|Divine Ascent Press]], CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924 * [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)* [[Meletios (Webber)|Webber, Meletios]] (Archimandrite). ''[http://www.conciliarpress.com/bread-water-wine-oil.html Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God].'' Conciliar Press. 2007.<br>* Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vc0wBCU70NwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200]''. '''The Church in History Vol. I: Part I'''From a . Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199* [[HeterodoxJohn Meyendorff|Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John]] perspective. ''Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD''. '''The Church in History Vol. II'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563* Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205* Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587
'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective''' * Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399) * Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122) * Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994) * Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057) * Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166) * Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295) * Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_MH-_ZQuZrgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity].'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675)* Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins].'' Cambridge 2006.* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church.''. (ISBN 0198264569) * Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105) * Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X) * [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803) * Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X) * Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)
* Walton, Robert C. ''Chronological and Background Charts of Church History''. (ISBN 0310362814)
==External links== *[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church] *History of Orthodox Christianity ''(QuickTime movies)'' ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] - Journey begins with the founding of the Church, the spread of Christianity to "nations" by the Apostles, the Gospel and the institution of Sacraments ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] - After the stabilization of the Church, the journey continues through the period of the Nicene Creed, Patristic Scriptures, Divine Liturgy and Icons. During this same period, however, the official division of East and West is witnessed and concludes with a gradual rift in matters of faith, dogma, church customs, politics and culture ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] - The Church becomes the only institution perceived by Greeks as the preserver *[http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/ Timeline of their national identity during 400 years Patriarchal History]. Order of Turkish ruleSt. By Andrew the end Apostle. Archons of the 19th centuryEcumenical Patriarchate. ''(Pop-up Video Presentation, a worldwide Orthodox community is born and the Church expands its influence to major social and philanthropic concernsin Sections)'' *[[Categoryw:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]][[Category:Featured Articles]][[Category:Timelines|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]]
[[Category:Church History]] [[Category:Featured Articles]] [[Category:Timelines|Church History]] [[ar:ملخص تاريخ الكنيسة]] [[bg:Времева линия на църковната история]] [[el:Ιστορικό χρονολόγιο της Εκκλησίας]]
[[ro:Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe (cronologie)]]
