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== New Testament era ==*''ca'' . 27 BC -6 to ~-7BC - 14,000 Holy Innocents are slayed in BethlehemAD 180 [[Pax Romana]].*''ca'' -6 to ~-7BC - . 4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem (according to historians; 14, Christ was not born in the Year 0. it is stated in the New Testament that Christ was born during the period that Herod was slaying the 000 [[Holy Innocents. King Herod died -6BC]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25-26 ''ca'' - The Holy Righteous Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]] reposes in peace (according to St Epiphanios of Cyprus, he reposed prior to Christ entering into his ministery). *27 ''ca'' - [[Theophany|Christ's baptism in the Jordan]]*. 28 ''ca'' - St [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] is beheadedbegins ministry.*30 ''ca'' . 28- Christ's death, 30 Three year ministry of [[resurrection]] and [[ascensionJesus Christ]] in heaven. Total number of known Christians = 120.*30 ''ca'' - The first Christian is [[Martyr|martyred]] [[December 27]]. See, St 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen the Protomartyr]] and the deacon from , first Christian martyr. *30 Conversion of [[Apostle|the SeventyPaul]].
==Nicene era (325-451)==*325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]], also establishing the supremacy of honor of the Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.*326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress St. [[Helen]]a.*326 ; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian. *328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria. *329 St. [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains St. [[Frumentius of Axum|Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to the [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia. *330 Byzantium refounded as ''Constantinople is founded as the / New Rome'', Christian capital of the Roman Empire; Amoun , and is dedicated to the [[Theotokos]] by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert. *333 St. 336-338 [[Constantine Athanasius the Great]] commissioned [[Eusebius goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of Caesarea|Eusebius[[Pachomius the Great]], Bishop of Caesarea and church historian, to prepare 50 copies of the Bible for churches awakening interest in the new capital[[monasticism]] in Europe. *336-338 337 Death of [[Athanasius Constantine the Great|Constantine]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule . *340 Conversion of St. [[Pachomius the GreatWulfila]], awakening interest in to [[monasticismArianism]] in Europe. *340 Conversion of 341 [[WulfilaCouncil of Antioch]] to held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. *345 Death of [[ArianismNicholas of Myra]], subsequently missionizing the Goths with his . *348 Death of [[heresy|hereticalPachomius the Great]] doctrine.*348 Death of St. and [[Pachomius the GreatSpyridon of Trimythous]]. *350 St. [[Ninian]] establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the [[missionary ]] effort to the Picts. *356 Death 351 Apparition of Stthe [[Cross]] over Jerusalem. *355 Death of [[Anthony the GreatNino of Cappadocia]]. *358 St. 356 Death of [[Basil Anthony the Great]] founds the . *357 [[Council of Sirmium]] issues ''Blasphemy of Sirmium''. *358 [[Basil the Great]] founds monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]]. *359 Councils of [[Council of Seleucia|Seleucia]] and [[Council of Rimini|Rimini]]. *360 St. [[Martin of Tours]] founds first French monastery at Liguge.*361 ; first church of [[Julian the ApostateHagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] becomes Roman emperor.*367 St. inaugurated by Emperor [[Athanasius of Alexandriaw:Constantius II|Constantius II]] writes his . *362 Antiochian schism (362-414). *361-63 [[Pascha]]l letter, listing for Julian the first time the [[canonApostate]] of the becomes Roman emperor and attempts to restore paganism. *363 Emperor [[New Testamentw:Jovian|Jovian]] reestablishes Christianity as the official religion of the Empire. *364 [[Holy ScripturesCouncil of Laodicea]], including all 27 NT Booksheld. *373 Death of St. 367 [[Athanasius the Greatof Alexandria]].*374 Election of writes [[Ambrose of Milan|AmbrosePascha]] as bishop of Milan.*375 St. l letter, listing for the first time the [[Basil the Greatcanon]] writes ''of the [[On the Holy SpiritNew Testament]]'', confirming the divinity ; death of the [[Holy SpiritHilary of Poitiers]]. *376 Visigoths convert to 373 Death of [[Arianism|ArianAthanasius the Great]] Christianity.*380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor St. and [[Theodosius Ephrem the GreatSyrian]]. *381 374 Election of [[Second Ecumenical CouncilAmbrose of Milan|Ambrose]] held in Constantinople, condemning as bishop of Milan. *375 [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/PneumatomachianismBasil the Great]] and writes ''[[Appollinarianism]], declaring the divinity of On the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical Council]], and completing the ''. *376 Visigoths convert to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedArianism|Arian]]Christianity. *386 379 Death of [[Panagia Soumela MonasteryBasil the Great]] founded in Trebizond, Pontus, Asia Minor, after the wonderworking icon ; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of the Virgin Mary Bishop of Soumela, believed to have been painted Rome by the [[Apostle Luke]], appears at Mt. Melasallowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *395 St. 380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor [[Theodosius the Great]]; [[Augustine Council of Hippo|AugustineSaragossa]] becomes bishop of Hippo. *398 St. condemns [[John ChrysostomPriscillianism]] becomes . *381 [[ArchbishopSecond Ecumenical Council]] of held in Constantinople.*400 Translation of the , condemning [[Holy ScripturesPneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] into Latin as the and [[VulgateApollinarianism]] by St. [[Jerome, declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical Council]].*401 St. , and completing the [[Augustine of HippoNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] writes ''Confessions''.*403 Abduction of ; [[Patrick Council of Ireland|PatrickAquileia]] to Ireland to serve as a slave; led by [[w:Victricius|VictriciusAmbrose of Milan]], Bishop of Rouen and missionary, visited Britain for the purpose of bringing peace to the island's clergy, who were in the midst of a disputedeposes Arian bishops. *406 A combined barbarian force 382 Pope [[Siricius of Suevi, Alans, Vandals & Burgundians swept into central Gaul, severing contact between Rome and Britain]] first to bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''. *407 383 Death of [[John ChrysostomFrumentius of Axum]] in exile., bishop of Axum and Apostle to Ethiopia.*410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape 384 Council of St. Bordeaux condemns [[Patrick of Ireland|PatrickPriscillian]] back to Britain; Emperor . *385 Death of [[w:Honorius (emperor)|HonoriusGregory of Nyssa]] . *386 Death of Rome tells Britain to attend to its own affairs; [[w:Zosimus|Zosmius[[Cyril of Jerusalem]] reports Roman officials were expelled from Britain and the native government established independence. *411 387 [[Pelagius]Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] baptized by [[Ambrose of Milan]] condemned at a council in Carthage. *412 St. 391 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria|CyrilGregory the Theologian]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria. *415 391-92 Closing of all non-Christian temples in the Empire; [[Pelagius]] cleared Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at a Alexandria and Rome to cease. *392 Death of [[synodMacarius the Great]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); St. . *393 [[John CassianCouncil of Hippo]] founds convent at Marseillespublishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn 394 [[PelagiusEpiphanius of Salamis]] and convince Pope Innocent I attacks teachings of Rome to excommunicate him.*418 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[PelagianismOrigen]] by way as heretical; Council of endorsing Constantinople held; [[Donatism|Donatist]] [[Augustine Council of Hippo|AugustinianBagai]] anthropologyin Africa held. *426 St. 395 [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] writes ''The City becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; placing of the cincture of God''.*428 the [[NestoriusTheotokos]] becomes patriarch in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople. *395 Re-division of Empire with death of Emperor Theodosius the Great. *429 Pope 397 [[Celestine Councils of RomeCarthage|Celestine ICouncil of Carthage]] dispatches Bishops publishes Biblical canon; death of [[Germanus Martin of Auxerre|Germanus of AuxerreTours]] to Britain and St. [[PalladiusAmbrose of Milan]] to Ireland as missionary bishops and to combat the . *398 [[Pelagianism|PelagianJohn Chrysostom]] heresy; while in Britain, becomes [[Germanus of Auxerre|GermanusArchbishop]], a former military man, having baptised his troops, led them to the "Alleluia" victory on the Welsh border against a Pictish and Saxon armyof Constantinople. *431 ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the Scetis by Patriarch [[Third Ecumenical CouncilTheophilus of Alexandria]] held in Ephesus, condemning . *399 [[NestorianismAnastasius I of Rome]] and other bishops condemn doctrine of [[PelagianismOrigen]], confirming the use of the term ''. *401 [[TheotokosAugustine of Hippo]]writes ''Confessions'' to refer to the Virgin Mary; the council also grants Pope [[autocephalyInnocent I of Rome]] supports [[John Chrysostom]] to the and condemns [[Church of Cypruspelagianism]]; . *432 Return of 402 [[Patrick Porphyry of Ireland|PatrickGaza]] to Ireland to begin missionary workobtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in Gaza. *433 The 403 Abduction of [[Formulary Patrick of PeaceIreland|Patrick]] completes the work to Irelande; visit of the [[Third Ecumenical CouncilVictricius of Rouen]] by reconciling to Britain; [[Cyril Synod of Alexandriathe Oak]] with held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John of AntiochChrysostom]]. *444 Death 404 Martyrdom of St. [[Cyril of AlexandriaTelemachus]], resulting in Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights. *445 Founding of the monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland.*449 405 Translation of [[Robber Synod of EphesusHoly Scriptures]] into Latin as the [[Vulgate]], presided over by [[Dioscorus Jerome]]. *407 Death of Alexandria[[John Chrysostom]]in exile. *410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] back to Britain; Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)|Eutyches]].effectively removing the Roman presence. *410 [[Council of Seleucia]] declares Mesopotamian [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent of Orthodox bishops. *411 [[Pelagius]] condemned at council in Carthage; [[Rabbula of Edessa|Rabbula]] becomes bishop of Edessa. *412 [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws [[Donatism]]; Bishops Lazarus of Aix-en-Provence and Herod of Arles expelled from sees on a charge of [[Manichaeism]]; ''[[Byzantine Creation Era#Alexandrian Era|Alexandrian Creation Era]]'' date finalized at 25 March, 5493 BC. *414 Resolution of Antiochian division. *415 [[Pelagius]] cleared at [[synod]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); [[John Cassian]] founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Pelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate him. *418 Foundation of the Arian [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]], as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle. *418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] [[anthropology]]. *426 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''. *428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as [[missionary]] bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; death of [[Sisoes the Great]]. *430 [[Peter the Iberian]] founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. *431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends [[Palladius]] to Ireland. *432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin [[missionary]] work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Picts. *433 [[Formulary of Peace]] completes work of [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]]. *435 Death of [[John Cassian]] and [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis. *438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published. *439 Carthage falls to Vandals. *444 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; Pope [[Leo the Great]] abolishes Gallican vicariate. *445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of the bishop of Rome. *447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]]. *449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches]] the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]]. *450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britian, the ''[http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/adventus1.html Adventus Saxonum]''; death of [[w:Peter Chrysologus|Peter Chrysologus]], Archbishop of Ravenna (433-450), famed for his eloquence in preaching.
*1052 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] founds Westminster Abbey, near London.*==Post-Roman Schism (1054 Cardinal -1453)==:''Main article: [[Humbert]] excommunicates Timeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))|Timeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))]]''*1054 Cardinal [[Michael CerulariusHumbert of Silva Candida|Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]], Patriarch patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of the [[Great Schism]] between East and West; First Letter of [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]] to Peter of Antioch. *1059 Errors of Berengar of Tours condemned in Rome; the term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter Damian]]. *1064 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] storm Anatolia taking Caesarea and Ani, conquering Armenia. *1066 Normans invade England flying the banner of the Pope of Rome, defeating King [[Harold of England]] at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the . *1066-1171 Beginning reformation of the English church and society there to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics. *1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] capture Jerusalem and defeat Byzantines defeat Byzantines at the [[w:Battle of Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]], beginning Islamification of Asia Minor.*1071 ; Norman princes led by [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert Guiscard]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of [[w:Catapanate of Italy|Byzantine rule in the south]]. *1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Grgeory Gregory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the [[w:Gregorian Reform|Gregorian reforms ]] (celibacy of the clergy, primacy of the papacy over the empire, right of the Pope to depose emperors).; Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. *1074 Death of [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]]. *1075 ''[[w:Dictatus papae|Dictatus Papae]]'' document advances Papal supremacy. *ca1077 The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem and kill 3,000 citizens; Seljuks capture Nicea.1075-1125 Byzantine epic poem [http://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/digenes-akrites Digenes Akrites] is written, inspired *1084 Antioch is captured by the almost continuous state Seljuk Turks. *1088 Founding of warfare with the Arabs in eastern Asia Minor, presenting a comprehensive picture monastery of [[Apostle John|John the intense frontier life Theologian]] on Patmos; election of the Pope [[w:Acritic songsPope Urban II|AkritesUrban II]], the border guards a prominent member of the Byzantine Empire[[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] . *1088 Founding 1095 Launching of monastery of St. [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] on Patmos.*1095 Launching of the the [[w:First Crusade|First Crusade]].*1096 Persecution of Jews by Crusaders. *1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes his ''Cur Deus homo'', marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East. *1098 Crusaders capture Antioch. *1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the [[w:Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and other crusader states known collectively as ''"[[w:Outremer|Outremer]]''." *1119 Order 1108 Death of Knights Templar foundedNicetas of [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Caves]], Bishop of Novgorod. *ca.1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria [[w:Pope Gabriel II of Alexandria|Gabriel II]] (1131-1145) initiates the acceptance addition of Arabic as a liturgical language (in addition to the Coptic), with his Arabic translation of the [[Divine Liturgy|Liturgy]]. *1144 Bernard of Clairvaux calls for a [[w:Second Crusade|Second Crusade]] to rescue the besieged Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, and Louis VII of France and Konrad III of Germany join the Crusaders, but are defeated by Muslims; Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessa. *1147 Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki, a ruler 1149 Crusaders begin to renovate [[Church of the northeastern Rus, who built Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the first fortressHoly Sepulchre]] in Romanesque style, or Kremlin, along the Moscow Riveradding a bell tower. *1149 Building on the work 1159 [[w:John of Salisbury|John of Byzantine Emperor Salisbury]] authors ''[[Constantine IXw:Policraticus|Policraticus]] in 1048'', the crusaders began to renovate a treatise on government drawing from the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Scripture|Church of the Holy SepulchreBible]] in a Romanesque style, adding a bell tower.*1177 King the [[w:Baldwin IV of JerusalemCorpus Juris Civilis|Baldwin of JerusalemCodex Justinianus]] , and his knights, with the arguing for [[w:Knights Templar|Templars]], defeated the Muslim army Divine Right of Saladin at the [[w:Battle of MontgisardKings|Battle Divine Right of MontgisardKings]]. *1179 Death 1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of the [[Theotokos]] "of the Sign" at Novgorod; Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland; city of Dublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans. *1176 [[w:Hildegard Seljuk Sultanate of BingenRûm|Hildegard von BingenSultanate of Rum]] (1098-1179), Benedictine Abbess, and medieval mystic.*1180 Last formal, canonical acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar defeats Byzantine Empire in Antioch.*1187 the [[w:SaladinBattle of Myriokephalon|SaladinBattle of Myriokephalon]] retakes Jerusalem and destroys crusader army at the [[w:Battle , marking end of Hattin (1187)|Battle of Hattin]]Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau; [Al-Adil I, Muslim ruler of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by Christian Copts in city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them. * 1179 Pope Alexander III convened the [[w:SaladinThird Council of the Lateran|SaladinThird Lateran Council]] returns Christian holy places to , which was attended by a certain Nectarios of the important [[Church of Jerusalemw:Basilian monks|Orthodox ChurchBasilian]]Monastery of St.*1189 Nicholas of Kasoulon near [[w:Third CrusadeOtranto|Third CrusadeOtranto]] led by King Richard , under Norman patronage, who made himself the Lion-Hearted champion of England, King Philip Augustus II of Francethe Greek Church, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossavigorously supported their [[Byzantine Rite|customs and doctrines]].<ref>K.*caLake.1189 In response to the capture of old Jerusalem by Muslims ''"The Greek Monasteries in 1187, Ethiopian Emperor [[w:Gebre Mesqel Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]] South Italy III."'' '''J Theol Studies''' (11891903) os-1229V(17) ordered the construction of a holy city hewn from rock as a New Jerusalem, thus building the twelve monolithic rock: 22-cut churches 41. p. 35.</ref>*1180 Last formal acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch. *1182 [[w:LalibelaMaronite Catholic Church|LalibelaMaronites]], one of Ethiopia's holiest citieswho assisted the Crusaders during the Crusades, second only to reaffirm their affiliation with Rome in 1182; dedication of [[w:AxumMonreale#The_Cathedral|AxumMonreale Cathedral]]in Sicily, and a center containing the largest cycle of pilgrimageByzantine mosaics extant in Italy. *1191 Cyprus taken from the Byzantines by English King Richard I "Lion Heart1186 Byzantine Empire recognizes independence of Bulgaria and Serbia." *1198 Cyprus sold by England to Frankish crusaders.*1204 Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade 1187 [[w:Saladin|Saladin]] retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at [[Sacking w:Battle of ConstantinopleHattin (1187)|sack ConstantinopleBattle of Hattin]], laying waste to the city and stealing many returns Christian holy places to [[relicsChurch of Jerusalem|Orthodox Church]] and other items; . *1189 [[Great Schismw:Third Crusade|Third Crusade]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act.*1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted led by King Richard the Ottoman Turks in 1669Lion-Hearted of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. *1235 Death of Stca. 1189 Ethiopian Emperor [[Sava of Serbiaw:Gebre Mesqel Lalibela|Sava of SerbiaGebre Mesqel Lalibela]].*1237 Golden Horde (Mongols) begin orders construction of [[Church of_Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)w:Lalibela|subjugation of RussiaLalibela]]. *1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince 1204 [[Alexander NevskyFourth Crusade]] defeats Swedish army at Battle of the Neva.*1242 [[Alexander NevskySacking of Constantinople|sacks Constantinople]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in , laying waste to the Battle of Lake Peipus, a major defeat for the Catholic crusaders.*1244 Jerusalem is conquered city and completely razed by stealing many [[w:Khwarezm|Khwarezmianrelics]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the and other items; [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|AyyubidGreat Schism]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering generally regarded as having been completed by this act; [[w:Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I Lascaris]] establishes the [[w:Seventh CrusadeEmpire of Nicaea|Seventh CrusadeEmpire of Nicaea]] (1248-54). *1247 ca.1207 [[w:Ayyubid dynastyStephen Langton|AyyubidsStephen Langton]] conquer Jerusalem, driving out divides the Bible into the Khwarezmian Turksdefined modern chapters in use today. *1258 ca.1220 English Bp. [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] seizes http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore ] is said to have been responsible for the throne final form of the Nicaean Empire"[[Sarum Use|Use of Sarum]]", founding which had the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest sterling reputation of being the Greek peninsula from Latinsbest liturgy anywhere in the West. *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin Principality of Achaea at the 1228 [[w:Battle of PelagoniaSixth Crusade|Battle of PelagoniaSixth Crusade]], marking the beginning of results in 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem ceded to Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the Byzantine recovery of Greececoast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem.*1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs1231 [[w:Medieval Inquisition|Papal Inquisition]] initiated by Pope Gregory IX, charged with suppressing heresy.*1261 Emperor 1235 Death of [[Michael VIII PalaiologosSava of Serbia]] makes . *1237 Golden Horde begin [[w:MystrasChurch of Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)|Mystrassubjugation of Russia]] seat of the new . *1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[w:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of MoreaAlexander Nevsky]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurreddefeats Swedish army at Battle of the Neva. *1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch.*1274 1242 [[Alexander Nevsky]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in [[Council w:Battle of the Ice|Battle of LyonsLake Peipus]] held, proclaiming union between a major defeat for the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the Eastcrusaders. *1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople 1244 Jerusalem conquered and razed by [[John XI Beccus of Constantinoplew:Khwarezm|John XI BeccusKhwarezmian]] elected to replace Patriarch mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinoplew:Ayyubid dynasty|Joseph I Galesiotes]Ayyubid]]ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, who opposed the [[Council of Lyons]]triggering Seventh Crusade. *ca. 1280 ''1247 [[w:Kebra NagastAyyubid dynasty|Kebra NagastAyyubids]]'' ("Book of conquer Jerusalem, driving out the Glory of Kings") compiled, a repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelingsKhwarezmian Turks. *1281 1258 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IVMichael VIII Palaiologos]] authorizes a Crusade against seizes the throne of the newly re-established [[Byzantine Nicaean Empire]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from Latins. *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and w:Principality of Achaea|Principality of Achaea]] at the Greeks and renouncing [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]], marking the union beginning of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following yearthe Byzantine recovery of Greece. *1291 Fall ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of Acre; end monks of crusading in Holy Land[[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]].*1302 Papal Bull ''1260 Subjugation of [[w:Unam sanctum|Unam SanctumChurch of Cyprus]]'' issued by Pope to the [[[Boniface VIII of Rome|Boniface VIIIRoman Catholic Church]] proclaims Papal supremacy. *1326 Moscow became the seat 1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of the Russian Orthodox Metropolitanate, as patriarchs; Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] makes [[Mystras]] seat of the new [[Peter w:Despotate of MoscowMorea|Metropolitan PeterDespotate of Morea]] moved his see from Kiev , where a Byzantine renaissance occurred. *1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch. *1269 Orthodox patriarch returns to Vladimir Antioch after a 171-year exile and then to Moscowusurpation by Latin patriarch. *1309 The island of Rhodes falls to the 1274 Second [[w:Knights HospitallerCouncils of Lyons|Knights Council of St. JohnLyons]]held, who establish their headquarters there, renaming themselves proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and the Knights of Rhodes (1309-1522)Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East. *1336 1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople [[MeteoraJohn XI Bekkos of Constantinople|John XI Bekkos]] in Greece is established as a center elected to replace Patriarch [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Orthodox [[monasticismConstantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]].*1338 , who opposed [[Gregory PalamasCouncils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]] (1296-1359) writes ''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of ; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[hesychasmMount Athos|hesychast spiritualityMt. Athos]] and the use of , martyred by the Latins. *ca. 1280 ''[[Jesus Prayerw:Kebra Nagast|Kebra Nagast]].*1341-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus '' (1347–54) "Book of the Glory of Kings") compiled, a repository of Ethiopian national and John V Palaeologus (1341–91)religious feelings. *1341-51 Three sessions of the 1281 [[Ninth Ecumenical Councilw:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established [[Byzantine Empire]] held in Constantinople, affirming excommunicating Emperor [[hesychasm|hesychasticMichael VIII Palaiologos]] theology and the Greeks and renouncing the union of St. 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year due to the [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabriaw:Sicilian Vespers|Sicilian Vespers]]. *1344 Death 1291 Fall of Amda Syon, Emperor Acre; end of Ethiopiacrusading in Holy Land. *1349 Prince 1298 [[Stephen DushanAmbrose of Milan|Ambrose]] , [[Augustine of Serbia assumes Hippo|Augustine]], [[Jerome]], and [[Gregory the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar)Dialogist|Pope Gregory I]] are named collectively as the first Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Western Church. *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe, at Gallipoli.*1359 Death of St. 1302 Papal Bull ''[[Gregory Palamasw:Unam sanctum|Unam Sanctum]]. *1360 Death of St John Koukouzelis, the Hymnographer of the Great Lavra on Mount Athos, maistor (master of music), theorist and composer, who codified the second major form of '' issued by Pope [[Byzantine ChantBoniface VIII of Rome|Boniface VIII]] known as ''kalophonic'', being highly melismatic, protracted, embellished and grandioseproclaims Papal supremacy. *1365 Crusaders under Latin King 1326 Metr. [[w:Peter I of CyprusMoscow|Peter I of Cyprus]] sacked Alexandria, Egyptmoves his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow. *1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome.*1383 St. 1332 [[Stephen w:Amda Seyon I of PermEthiopia|Amda Syon]], missionary to Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the Zyrianssouthern Muslim provinces, consecrated bishopallowing for the spread of Christianity to frontier areas. *1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks 1336 [[Meteora]] in Greece established as a center of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo PoljeOrthodox [[monasticism]]. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time.*1396 First English Bible translated by John Wyclif.*1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev1338 [[Gregory Palamas]] paints his most famous icon depicting writes ''Triads in Defense of the three angels who appeared to Abraham and SarahHoly Hesychasts'', defending the angels being considered a type Orthodox practice of the Holy Trinity. *1417 End [[hesychasm|hesychast spirituality]] and the use of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of ConstanceJesus Prayer]].*1422 1340 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siegeHoly Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra]] founded by [[Sergius of ConstantinopleRadonezh]]. *1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with the West attempted at 1341-51 Three sessions of the [[Ninth Ecumenical Council of Florence]]held in Constantinople, where only St. affirming [[Mark of Ephesushesychasm|hesychastic]] refuses to capitulate to the demands theology of the delegates from Rome.*1444 [[Donation Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabria]]. *1342 Patriarchate of Antioch transferred to Damascus under [[Ignatius II of ConstantineAntioch|Ignatius II]] . *1349 Prince [[Stephen Dushan]] of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar); principality of [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] (Halitsh) comes under Polish control. *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli. *1359 Death of [[Gregory Palamas]]. *1360 Death of [[John Koukouzelis]] the Hymnographer. *1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome. *ca. 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in the East, "among the Greeks." *1382-95 [[w:Wyclif's Bible|First English Bible]] translated by John Wyclif. *1383 [[Stephen of Perm]], [[missionary]] to Zyrians, consecrated bishop; appearance of [[Theotokos of Tikhvin]] icon. *1385 [[w:Union of Krewo|Kreva Agreement]] provides for conversion of Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland through a dynastic union. *1387 [[w:Christianization of Lithuania|Lithuania converts to Roman Catholicism]], while most [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] lands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox. *1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar]], prince of Serbia. *1390 Ottomans take [[w:Alaşehir|Philadelphia]], last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time. *1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinity|Holy Trinity]]. *1414-18 Council of Constance in Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over authority of pope. *1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of Constance]]. *1418 Latin monk [[w:Thomas à Kempis|Thomas à Kempis]] authors ''[[w:The Imitation of Christ (book)|The Imitation of Christ]]''. *1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople. *1423-24 [[w:Council of Siena|Council of Siena]] in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[w:Conciliarism|conciliarism]], emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council, but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy. *1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with West attempted at [[Council of Florence]], where only [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to demands of delegates from Rome. *1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[Mark of Ephesus]]. *1444 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' proved forgery.
*1991 Soviet Union collapses, ending :''Main article: [[w:Cold War|Cold WarTimeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))]]; representatives ''*1991 Representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches. *1992 Civil war begins in former Yugoslavia; synaxis Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople; [[Diodoros I (Karivalis) of Jerusalem|Patriarch Diodoros I of Jerusalem]] presented a list of [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/diodoros.aspx firm declarations] of Orthodox convictions of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]], which was entered into the minutes of the assembly of Orthodox leaders at the [[Phanar]] on the Sunday of Orthodoxy.*1993 Seventh Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission session meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document on ''"Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion"''(the "[[Balamand document]]"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Ecumenical Councils."'' *1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemns [[Freemasonry]] as a religion incompatible with Christianity; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible|Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms]]'' published; [[Church of Eritrea|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] becomes autocephalous; [[Optina Monastery|Optina]] [http://handmaidleah.wordpress.com/new-martyrs-of-the-optina-pustyn/ Pustyn New Martyrs] Hieromonk Vasily (Roslyakov), Monk Ferapont (Pushkarev), and Monk Trophim (Tatarinov) are martyred in a satanic ritualistic manner.*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]"."*1995 Ecumenical Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"''; Pope John Paul II issues encyclical ''[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html Orientale Lumen]'', encouraging reunion between East and West. *1996 The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America was reorganized by the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], dividing the administration of the two continents into four parts, the new jurisdictions being the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Archdiocese of America]], the [[Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)|Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)]], the Metropolis of Mexico (Central America), and the Metropolis of Buenos Aires (South America). *1997 Visit by Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] to US; establishment of dioceses of Bukoba, Madagascar, Ghana and Nigeria; Russian [[w:Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations|Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations]] enshrined [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] as the country's predominant religion.*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; the [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] is held in May, with delegates from the local Orthodox Churches meeting to discuss the matter of Orthodox participation in the ecumenical movement ([[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."''
==Notes==*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.*The division {{Template:Timeline of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.*Removed the phrase, "and formally dismisses doctrine of Limbo" under acts of 2006 sue to inaccuracy.}}
Added link to History of Orthodox Missions
<!--- This is a large page that blanks out when edited as a full page, please edit one section at a time. ---> {{Template:Timeline of Church History}}
{{Orthodoxchristianity}}
The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]].
== Old New Testament era ==*-5509BC, - Creation of the WorldFollowing is a proposed chronology (with no certainty) of the Prophets as they appeared in history not as they are listed in the Septuagint.* 1. The holy :''Main article: [[Prophet]] Obdios Timeline of Church History (Obdias, Obadiah, AbdiuNew Testament Era) contemporary of the Prophet Elias. Celebrated [[November 19]]. Born 800BC - Died ???* 2. The holy [[Prophet]] Joel. Celebrated [[October 19]]. Dating is difficult - anywhere between 835BC to 699BC.* 3. The holy [[Prophet]] Jonas. Celebrated [[]]. Flourished between 793-753 BC.* 4. The holy [[Prophet]] Amos of Tekoa.* 5. The holy [[Prophet]] Hosea.* 6. The holy [[Prophet]]* 7. The holy [[Prophet]]* 8. The holy [[Prophet]]* 9. The holy [[Prophet]]* 10. The holy [[Prophet]]* 11. The holy [[Prophet]]* xx. The holy [[Prophet]] Malachi. Celebrated [[January 31]]. Died ''ca''331 BC.
==Apostolic era (33-100)== : Main article: ''[[Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (33-100))]]'' *ca. 30-33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high; total number of Christians baptised on the day of Pentecost = 3,120. *30 - Conversion of 34 [[Apostle PaulPeter]] upon meeting the risen Lord on the road to Damascus. *34 St. founds [[Apostle PeterChurch of Antioch|Peter]] founds the See of Antioch]]. *35 The name "CHRISTIAN" is Name ''Christian'' first used in Antioch. *37 St. [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in [[Glastonbury]]. *40 [[Apostle Barnabas]] sent from Jerusalem to Antioch.*ca. 42 [[Apostle Paul]]'s ecstasy to the third heaven (2 Cor.12:2-4).*ca. 46-48 [[Apostle Paul]]'s first [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Barnabas]].*49 [[Apostolic Council of Jerusalem ]] rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians. *ca. 49-52 [[Apostle Paul]]'s second [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Silas]].*50 The [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic. *52 [[Apostle Thomas]] arrives in Kerala, introducing [[Church of India|Christianity to India]].*ca. 53-57 [[Apostle Paul]]'s third [[missionary]] journey (Acts 18:23 - 21:16).*ca. 59-62 [[Apostle Paul]]'s fourth [[missionary]] journey, voyage to Rome.*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]], the Lord's brother and bishop ; crucifixion of Jerusalem[[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras. *63 St. [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first Bishop bishop of Britain. *64-67 Persecution 68 First of ten major persecutions of Christians by the early Church, [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Nero.2C_64-68_A.D.|under Emperor Nero]].*64 Martyrdom 66 Flight of the Christian community in Jerusalem to [[Apostle Paulw:Pella, Jordan|Pella]] and other places in Romethe [[w:Decapolis|Decapolis]], and Antioch.*67 Martyrdom of the Apostles [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero. *69 St. [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated to the [[bishop|episcopacy]] in of Antioch. *70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes his [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; the [[w:Herod's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem ]] is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues; Johanan Ben Zacchai founds a college at Jamnia that became the seat of the Sanhedrin and the religious centre of Judaism from A.D. 70-135, enabling the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism. *71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans. *80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) Titus dedicates [[Josephusw:Colosseum|Colosseum]] writes , site of the ''Antiquities''martyrdom of many early Christians.*ca.80-90 The ''[[Didache]] is written, also called ''The Teaching (or Doctrine) of the Twelve Apostles''written. *85 [[Acts of the Apostles]] is composed written by the [[Apostle Luke]]. *90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks the final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] or [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] Old Testament widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora. *95 [[Apostle John]] writes the [[Book of Revelation]]. *ca. 90-96-98 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Domitian|Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian]] (2nd). *96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John|that apostle]] as a supplement and further theological illumination .*ca. 100 Emergence of the [[Synoptic Gospelsw:Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs_2|Christian Catacombs]]. *100 Death of the [[Apostle John]] the Theologian.
==Ante-Nicene era (100-325)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))]]'' *107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]].*ca.108-124 According to [[Eusebius w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emperor Hadrian (3rd).*120 Beginning of Caesareatime of the Apologists: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Apostle Aristides|EusebiusAristides]], [[Tatian]], both [[Athenagoras of Athens]], [[Theophilus]], [[Minucius Felix]], [[Tertullian]] and [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus ]].*124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides presented ]] present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens. *128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]]. *132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome. *135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day|holy day]] in Rome. *136 Emperor Hadrian crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering returning Jerusalem, and changes the city name of the city to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of the title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]]. *144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]]. *150 St. [[Justin Martyr]] describes the [[Divine Liturgy]]. *155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]]. *156 Beginning of [[Montanism]]. *165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]]. *ca.170 The 166 Pope [[w:Muratorian fragmentSoter of Rome|Muratorian CanonSoter]] inaugurates in Rome a separate annual feast for [[Pascha]], in addition to the oldest known canon or list of books weekly [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] celebrations of the New Testament recognized the Four Gospels[[Resurrection]], Actswhich is also held on a Sunday, thirteen Epistles of Paul, 1st and 2nd John, Jude, and Revelation; it omitted Hebrews, James, 1 & 2 Peter and 3 John; it also included in contrast to the Wisdom of Solomon and [[Quartodeciman|Quartodecimans]]. *ca. 175 Tatian's [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the Revelation of Peterfour canonical gospels into single narrative.*177-180 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Persection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]] (161-180 St) (4th). *180 [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''; [[Dyfan]] first martyr in British Isles.*190 180-192 [[Pantaenusw:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] founds Greek translation of the [[Alexandrian schoolOld Testament]].*193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Catechetical School at AlexandriaSymmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]]. *197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy. *200 Martyrdom of St. [[Irenaeus of Lyons]]. *203 202 Emperor Septimus Severus issues an edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]]. *202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimius Severus]] (193-211) (5th).*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity. *ca.209 StMartyrdom of [[Alban]] in Britain. *210 [[AlbanHippolytus of Rome]], protomartyr bishop and martyr and last of BritainGreek-speaking fathers in Rome, was killed for his faith by Roman authorities in one writes ''[[w:Refutation of the few persecutions all Heresies|Refutation of Christians to take place on the islandAll Heresies]]'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].
*225 Death of [[Tertullian]].
*232 Heraclas becomes Pope ca. 225-250 ''[[w:Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia Apostolorum]]'' written.*227 [[Origen]] begins ''Commentary on Genesis'', completes work on ''First Principles''.*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]] (6th); martyrdom of St. [[Hippolytus of Rome]].*238 During reigns of Gordian and Patriarch of Alexandria on [[w:Philip the Arab|Philip the death of DemetriusArab]] Church preaches openly and increasingly attracts well-educated converts.*ca. 240 [[Origen]] produces [[Hexapla]].*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome in opposition to Church.*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes the in Egypt first Christian hermit. *249-251 Persecution under the Emperor Decius; the 10 Holy Martyrs 247 Rome celebrates thousandth anniversary, witnessing a period of increased persecution of Crete (Christians.*248 [[December 23Origen]]); Martyr Nikon, and writes ''Against Celsus'' that the 199 Disciples with him in Sicily ([[March 23Pax Romana|Roman Empire was ordained by God]]).*249-251-253 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor GaiusDecius]] (7th). *253257-260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor Valerian]] (253-260) (8th). *258 Martyrdom of [[Cyprian of Carthage]].*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ; Synod in Rome condemns Sabellianism and Subordinationism. *264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].*265 ''[[Homoousios]]'' used for first time by Modalist Monarchians of Cyrene.*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]] (9th). *270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]]; [[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Tyre]] writes ''Against the Christians''. *284 [[Diocletian]] becomes Roman emperor, persecutes Church and martyrs an estimated one million Christians; martyrdom of [[Cosmas and Damian (Rome)|Cosmas and Damian]], Andrew Stratelates ("the General") and 2,593 soldiers with him in Cilicia.*285 St. [[Anthony the Great]] flees to desert. *300 Christian population reaches about 6,200,000, or 10.5% of the desert to pursue a life population of prayerthe Roman Empire.*301 St. [[Gregory the IlluminatorEnlightener]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith. *302 The 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia . *303 Outbreak of the [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution]] (303-311) (10th); martyrdom of [[George the Trophy-bearer]]. *ca. 305-311 [[Lactantius]] writes ''[[Divinae Institutiones]]''. *ca. 306 [[w:Synod of Elvira|Synod of Elvira]] requires clerical celibacy and sets severe disciplinary penalties for apostasy and adultery, becoming the pattern in the West.*308 Pope [[December 28w:Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus]])opposes leniency for Christians who lapsed under persecution.*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379). *311 Rebellion Galerius issues Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; [[Donatism|DonatistsDonatist]] rebellion in Carthage. *312 Conversion [[Labarum|Vision]] and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]], who defeats ; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] and becomes , making Constantine Emperor of the West; martyrdom of [[Lucian of Antioch]].*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by St. [[Constantine the Great]] and his co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire and specifically naming toleration for Christianity. *314 Condemnation [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]] as a heresy. *315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held.*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by St [[Athanasius, influencing the condemnation Great]]; beginnings of [[Arianism|Arian Controversy]]. *318 St. [[Pachomius the Great]], disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]]. *320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by St. [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. *320-21 Licinius' measures against Christians in the East enforced.*321 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] declares [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] a holiday in honor of the [[Resurrection]].*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds a church on the site of the martyrdom of St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome. *324 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] defeats Licinius and becomes sole emperor. ==Nicene era (325-451)== : ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))]]''
==Byzantine era (451-843)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))]]'' *451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and invisible indivisible but separate distinct natures of in Christ (see miracle of St Evphemia of Chalcedon, Nov 11); this eventually led to a [[schismand recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]], with the as patriarchate.*452 [[Church Proterios of Alexandria]] being divided into Chalcedonian convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonian factions, with a similar schism occurring in Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[Church of AntiochJohn the Forerunner]] along with it; . *457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Church of Jerusalem|Church of JerusalemPaschalion]] is recognized as a patriarchate ; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by the patriarch of Constantinople. *459 Death of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Council of ChalcedonSymeon the Stylite]]. *452 461 Death of [[Proterios of AlexandriaLeo the Great]] (replacement of and [[Dioscorus Patrick of Alexandria|DioscorusIreland]]), convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian groups. *459 Death of 462 [[Symeon the StyliteIndiction]]. *466 moved to [[Church of AntiochSeptember 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]] founded. *466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates the bishop of Mtskheta to the rank of [[Catholicos ]] of Kartli, thus rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].*476 Fall ; death of the Western Roman Empire when [[w:Romulus AugustusShenouda the Archimandrite|Romulus AugustusShenouda the Great]], the last Emperor abbott of the West was deposed by Germanic chieftain Odoacer; White Monastery in an unstable political environmentEgypt, considered the founder of [[Church of RomeAlexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]] slowly developed a centralized structure, concentrating religious as well as secular authority in the office of the . *ca. 471 Patr. [[PopeAcacius of Constantinople]], the bishop of Romefirst called ''Oikoumenikos'' ("Ecumenical"). *477 473 Death of [[Timothy AelurusEuthymius the Great]] of Alexandria, exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt. *482 Byzantine emperor 475 Emperor [[Zenow:Basiliscus|Zeno IBasiliscus]] issues the ''letter to bishops of empire, supporting [[w:Henotikon|HenotikonMonophysitism]]'' edict (''Act of Union''), in an attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of . *477 [[OrthodoxyTimothy II Aelurus of Alexandria|Timothy Aelurus]] and of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt. *482 Byzantine emperor [[MonophysitismZeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] issues ''[[Henoticon]]''. *484 [[Acacian Schism: [[w:Pope Felix III|Pope Felix III]] excommunicates . *484 Founding of [[w:Pope Peter III Holy Lavra of AlexandriaSt. Savas (Jerusalem)|Peter MongusMar Sabbas Monastery]], patriarch by [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]; [[Synod of Alexandria, and Beth Lapat]] in Persia declares [[w:Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople|AcaciusNestorianism]], patriarch as official theology of Constantinople[[Assyrian Church of the East]], causing a schism between eastern and western Christianity that lasted 35 years (to 519)effectively separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church. *484 Founding of the 489 Emperor [[Monastery of St. SabbasZeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] in the Judean wilderness; Synod of Beth Papat in Persia declares the closes [[Nestorianismw:School of Nisibis|Nestorian doctrineacademy in Edessa]] as , which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the official theology spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], centered in Edessa. *488 Death 490 [[Brigid of Peter the Fuller, the non-Chalcedonian Patriarch Kildaire]] founds monastery of AntiochKildare in Ireland. *489 Emperor 494 Pope [[Zeno|Zeno Gelasius Iof Rome]] closed the Nestorian academy delineates relationship between Church and state in Edessa, which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to NisibisEmperor [[Anastasius I]]. *490 St. 496 [[Brigid Remigius of Kildaire|BrigidRheims]] founds the monastery of Kildare in Irelandbaptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity. *494 ca. 500 [[w:Pope Gelasius I|Pope Gelasius IPseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] delineated the relationship between church and state in his letter writes ''The Mystical Theology''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor . *506 [[Anastasius I|AnastasiusChurch of Armenia]]; during the Acacian schism he asserted the primacy of Rome over the entire Church, setting the model for subsequent popes’ claims of papal supremacy.separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. *496 507 Clovis I defeats the Arian Visigoths at [[w:Pope Gelasius IBattle of Vouillé|Pope Gelasius IBattle of Vouillé]] dedicated [near Poitiers, ending their power in Gaul. *518 [[February 14|February 14Severus of Antioch]] as deposed by Emperor [[w:Valentine's Day|Saint Valentine's DayJustin I]], banning the pre-Christian Roman festival for Monophysitism; Patr. [[John II of Lupercalia ([[July 30|July 30Constantinople]] in the Eastern Orthodox Churchis addressed as ''Oikoumenikos Patriarches'' ("Ecumenical Patriarch"). *ca. 500 519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of [[Pseudo-Dionysius the AreopagiteAcacian Schism]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''. *502 Start 521 Birth of [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid wars]] lasting until 562.Columba of Iona]]. *518 527 [[w:Severus Dionysius Exiguus]] calculates the date of Antioch|Severus Patriarch birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of Antioch]] (512-518) appointed by Emperor [[Anastasius ISt. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|AnastasiusSt. Catherine's Monastery]], is deposed on the Sinai peninsula by Emperor [[Justin IJustinian the Great]] for his Monophysitism.. *519 The Eastern 529 Pagan University of Athens closed and Western churches are reconciled with the end replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of the Acacian schism.*521 St. [[Columba of IonaMonte Cassino]] is born. *527 Dionysius Exiguus working on the and codifies Western [[Gregorian Calendarmonasticism]] calculated the date ; [[Council of birth Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; death of Jesus incorrectly[[Theodosius the Great]]. *529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; St. [[Benedict of Nursia-534 [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]] founds monastery of Monte Cassino and codifies Western 's ''[[monasticismw:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]]; '' issued. *530 [[Council of OrangeBrendan the Navigator]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks. *532 [[Justinian the Great]] orders building of [[Church of the Nativity Hagia Sophia (BethlehemConstantinople)|Church Hagia Sophia]]; death of [[Sabbas the NativitySanctified]] is burnt down in . *533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the Samaritan revolt name of 529. *529 [[JustinianJohn II of Rome|Justinian'sJohn II]] '', first pope to change name upon election. *534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of Vandals. *536 [[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris CivilisMennas of Constantinople]] summons a synod anathematizing [[Severus of Antioch]] . *537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (Body of Civil LawConstantinople)'' is issued from 529 to 534, a collection of fundamental works |Hagia Sophia]] in jurisprudence in four parts: ''Constantinople completed.*538 Emperor [[Justinian the Codex Justinianus, Digesta (Pandects), InstitutionesGreat]], via deportations and Novellae''force, serving manages to revive Roman law; ultimately this became the foundation of get [[Pentarchy|all civil law, also influencing ecclesiastical lawfive patriarchates]] offcially into communion.*532 539 [[JustinianRavenna]] orders the building of a new cathedral, beginning of the construction becomes exarchate of the [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia SophiaByzantine Empire]]] (532-537). *533 Mercurius is elected Pope of Rome and takes 541 [[Jacob Baradeus]] organizes the name of [[John II of RomeOriental Orthodox|John IINon-Chalcedonian Church]]in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), the first pope which spreads to change his name upon electionArmenia and Egypt. *533 Foundation 543 Doctrine of the Diocese [[apokatastasis]] condemned by Synod of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor JustinianConstantinople. *534 Final edition of the ''544 [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis#Codex_Justinianus Codex JustinianusJacob Baradeus]] (Code consecrates Sergius of Justinian)'' is publishedTella as bishop of Antioch, including numerous provisions securing opening the lasting schism between the status [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Christianity as Church]] and the state religion of the empire.*534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of the Vandals; Malta becomes a Byzantine province (534-870).*536 Patriarch Chalcedonian [[Mennas Church of ConstantinopleAntioch]] (536-552) summoned a synod ; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in May-June 536 where Ireland by [[w:Severus Ciaran of AntiochClonmacnoise|SeverusCiaran]] was anathematized; the sentence was ratified by . *545 [[JustinianDavid of Wales]]moves primatial see of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's). *537 Construction of 546 [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)Columba of Iona|Hagia SophiaColumba]] founds monastery of Derry in Constantinople is completed by Emperor StIreland. *547 [[Justinian|Justinian the GreatDavid of Wales]]does obeisance to the Patriarch of Jerusalem. *539 553 [[Ravenna (Italy)|RavennaFifth Ecumenical Council]] becomes held in Constantinople in an exarchate of the Byzantine Empire (539attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-751).*541 Chalcedonians— ''[[Jacob BaradeusThree Chapters]], bishop '' of [[Theodore of EdessaMopsuestia]], organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian ChurchTheodoret of Cyrrhus]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia , and Egypt.*543 The doctrine of [[apocatastasisIbas of Edessa]] is are condemned by the Synod of Constantinople. *544 for their [[Nestorianism]], and [[Jacob BaradeusOrigen]] consecrated Sergius and his writings are also condemned. *553 Bishops of Tella as bishop of AntiochAquileia, Milan, opening Venetia and the lasting schism between Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters'', causing [[Church Schism of Antioch (Syriac)|Syrian Orthodox Churchthe Three Chapters]] and in those areas, leading to independence of [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox ChurchPatriarch of Venice]]; Founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by St. from [[Ciaran Patriarch of Clonmacnoise|CiaranAquileia]].*545 The ; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Synod Battle of BrefiMons Lactarius|Synod Battle of BrefiMons Lactarius]] is held at Llandewi Brefi in Wales to condemn the Pelagian heresy. *546 St. 554 [[Columba Church of IonaArmenia]] officially [[schism|Columbabreaks]] founds monastery with West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of Derry in Ireland.*553 [[Fifth Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''Three Chapters'' of was rejected. *556 [[Theodore Columba of MopsuestiaIona|Columba]], founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Theodoret of CyrrhusRoman the Melodist]], and . *557 [[Ibas of EdessaBrendan the Navigator]] are condemned for their pro-founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland. *563 [[NestorianismColumba of Iona|NestorianColumba]] arrives on [[Iona]] nature, and establishes [[Origenmonastery]] and his writings are also condemnedthere, founding mission to the Picts. *553 The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the 569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; [[w:Battle David of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons LactariusWales]] and the Italian peninsula was, for a short time, reintegrated into the empire.*556 St. holds [[Columba Synod of Iona|ColumbaVictoria]] founds monastery to re-assert anti-Pelagian decrees of Durrow in IrelandBrefi.*563 Re-consecration of 576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, [[Hagia Sophia Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian (ConstantinopleGreek)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; St. and [[Columba Church of IonaAlexandria (Coptic)|ColumbaMonophysite (Coptic)]] arrives on .*577 Patr. [[IonaJohn Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] and establishes his is responible for the first collection of Canon Law, the ''[[monasteryNomocanon]] there'', founding his mission to of the Picts.*564 Death of [[w:Saint Petroc|St. PetrocOrthodox Church]]. *569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians 579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Egypt; StSicily. *580 [[David of Wales|DavidMonte Cassino]] holds the Synod of Victoria sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to re-assert Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the anti-pelagian decrees agreed at BrefiBalkans and Greece. *570 Death of St. 587 Visigoth King [[w:GildasReccared I|GildasReccared]]; Birth of Muhammad, founder renounces [[Arianism]] in favor of [[IslamOrthodoxy]]. *580 Monte Cassino sacked by the Lombards, sending its monks fleeing 589 [[Council of Toledo]] adds [[Filioque]] to Rome; the Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece.*589 At [[Council of ToledoNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in Spain, the an attempt to combat [[FilioqueArianism]] is added to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]].. *590 Irish missionary St. [[Columbanus]] founds monasteries in France (Luxeuil in Burgundy). *593 [[Anastasius I of Antioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]] is restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. *596 St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends St. [[[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert the pagans. *597 Death of [[Columba of Iona]]. *598 [[Glastonbury Abbey]] founded. *ca. 600 ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' written by St. [[John Climacus]]; St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspired the inspires development of [[Gregorian chant Chant]] through his liturgical reforms. *601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] converts King St. [[Ethelbert of Kent]] and establishes the see of Canterbury. *602 Final series of climactic wars between the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the Sassanid Empire (602-627); St. [[Augustine of Canterbury]] meets with the Welsh Bishops, stating that they have been acting contrary to Church teachings, failing to keep Easter at the prescribed Roman time and not administering baptism according to the Roman rite; he also insists that they help in the conversion of the Saxons, and look bishops to bring them under Canterbury as their spiritual centre. *604 [[w:Mellitus|Mellitus]] becomes the first Bishop bishop of London and founds the first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the Dialogist]]. *605 Death of [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]], the first Archbishop of Canterbury, buried in St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury. *609 The 610 [[w:Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon in Rome]] is made a church, consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (Santa Maria dei Martiri).*610 [[Heraclius]Heraclius]] changes the official language of the Empire from Latin to [[w:Medieval Greek|Greek]], already the ''lingua franca '' of the vast majority of the population. *612 The [[w:Holy Sponge|Holy Sponge]] and the [[w:Holy Lance|Holy Lance]] are brought to Constantinople from Palestine. *614 Persian [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/antiochus_strategos_capture.htm Persians sack of Jerusalem] under Chosroes II of Persia; the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] is damaged by fire, the [[True Cross]] is captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem are massacred. *615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy. *617 Persian Army conquered conquers Chalcedon after a long siege. *618 Death of St 626 [[Kevin of GlendaloughAkathist|KevinAkathist Hymn]], Abbot of Glendalough, Ireland.*620 The Slavs attack Thessaloniki.*622 Year one of to the Islamic calendar begins, during which the hejira occurs, Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to MedinaVirgin Mary written. *626 627 Emperor [[Akathist|Akathist HymnHeraclius]] to the Virgin Mary written, after Constantinople was liberated from a siege of 80,000 defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Siege Battle of Constantinople Nineveh (626627)|Avars and SlavsBattle of Nineveh]], recovering [[True Cross]] with the Persian fleetand breaking Sassanid power. *627 Pope St. 630 Second [[Gregory Elevation of the DialogistHoly Cross]] sends Paulinus to found the see . *633 Death of York and convert King [[Edwin Modestus of NorthumbriaJerusalem]]. *627 Emperor 635 Founding of [[HeracliusLindisfarne]] decisively defeats the Sassanid Persians At The Monastery by [[w:Battle Aidan of Nineveh (627)|Battle of NinevehLindisfarne|Aidan]]; Cynegils, surrounding their capital Ctesiphonking of Wessex, recovering the converts to Christianity. *636 Capture of [[True CrossJerusalem]], and breaking the power by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of the Sassanid dynastyYarmuk]]. *630 Second 640 [[Elevation w:Muslim conquest of the Holy Cross]]: Emperor [[HeracliusSyria|Muslim conquest of Syria]] entered Jerusalem on 21 March amidst great rejoicing, transferring the ; [[True Crossw:Battle of Heliopolis|Cross Battle of ChristHeliopolis]] with great solemnity into the between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[Church w:Exarchate of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Africa|temple Exarchate of the ResurrectionAfrica]] together with Patriarch Zacharios (609-633). *635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by St. [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity.*636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by the Muslim Arabs after the pivotal [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].*638 Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem.*640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; in Egypt the [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opened the door for the Muslim conquest of the Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]].*641 Capture 641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.
*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt.
*646 Alexandria is recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] Civilization civilization in Egypt. *648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]]. *647 649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus. *650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox ChristianityOrthodoxy. *657 Founding 653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Whitby AbbeyConstans II]] in Yorkshire, England. *662 Death 654 Invasion of StRhodes by Arabs. *655 Martyrdom of [[Maximus Martin the Confessor]]. *663 Emperor Constans II is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome.*664 657 Founding of [[Synod of WhitbyAbbey]] held in northern Yorkshire, England, harmonizing Celtic and Roman liturgical practices in England; . *662 Death of [[Iona|IonianMaximus the Confessor]] monk . *663 Emperor [[Wilfrid of York|WilfridConstans II]] appointed as Archbishop of York.*668 St. is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Theodore of TarsusConstans II]] is appointed as archbishop declares Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of Canterburythe exarch, his immediate representative. *669-78 664 [[w:Siege Synod of Constantinople (674)Whitby]] held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Northumbria; [[Iona|First Arab siege of ConstantinopleIonian]].*670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by St. monk [[CaedmonWilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of WhitbyYork. *680669-681 78 [[Sixth Ecumenical Councilw:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]] held in Constantinople, condemning ; at [[Monothelitism]] and affirming the [[Christologyw:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of St. [[Maximus the Confessorw:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], affirming that Christ has both a natural (human) will and a divine will; Patriarch [[Sergius ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe. *670 Composition of Constantinople]] and Pope ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by [[Honorius of RomeCaedmon]] are both explicitly of [[anathemaWhitby Abbey|Whitby]]tized for their support . *672 First Synod of the Monothelite Hertford called by [[heresyTheodore of Tarsus]], adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. *685 First monastics come to 673 Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Mount AthosMonothelitism]]. *687 Destruction of 680-681 [[Whitby AbbeySixth Ecumenical Council]] by Danish raiders.*688 Emperor held in Constantinople, condemning [[Justinian IIMonothelitism]] and Caliph affirming [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-MalikChristology]] sign a treaty neutralizing Cyprus.*692 of [[Quinisext CouncilMaximus the Confessor]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or the ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [canon[Sergius I of Constantinople]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth Pope [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church Honorius I of JerusalemRome]] to be a are both explicitly [[patriarchateanathema]].*698 Muslim conquest tized for their support of CarthageMonothelitism. *706 Use 682 Foundation of Greek as the ''administrative language'' was abolished [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in Egypt, as government edicts were redacted in Arabic starting in 706; the primary ''spoken language'' remained Coptic until the tenth century when Arabic had replaced it, and Coptic became relegated England. *685 First monastics come to a [[Divine Liturgy|liturgicalMount Athos]] language.*710 Pope ; death of [[Constantine Anastasius of Rome|ConstantineSinai]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967. *ca. 715 685 [[Lindisfarne GospelsJohn Maron]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England).*715 The elected first Maronite patriarch, founding the [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of DamascusMaronite Catholic Church]], is built over which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the Cathedral teaching of St. John the Baptist.*716 Monastery at [[IonaFifth Ecumenical Council]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage.*716 St. , and separated from the [[[BonifaceOrthodox Church]]'s first missionary journey to Frisia. *717 The Pictish king Nechtan expels the monks from the island 687 Destruction of [[IonaWhitby Abbey]]. *717-18 by Danish Vikings; death of [[w:Siege Cuthbert of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of ConstantinopleLindisfarne]]. *719 The 688 Emperor [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia Church of NubiaJustinian II]] transferred its allegiance from the and Caliph [[Church of Alexandria|Greek Orthodox Churchw:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. *ca. 690 Witenagamot of England forbids church appeals to the Rome. *691 [[Church w:Dome of Alexandria (Coptic)the Rock|Coptic ChurchDome of the Rock]], according to an entry completed in the chronicle of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Eutychius (932-940)Jerusalem. *726 692 [[Iconoclasm|IconoclastQuinisext Council]] Emperor (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[Leo the Isauriancanon]] starts campaign against s completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[iconography|iconsEcumenical Councils]].*731 Venerable , and declaring the [[BedeChurch of Jerusalem]] completes ''to be a [[Ecclesiastical History of the English Peoplepatriarchate]]''. *732 Muslim invasion 694 Byzantine army of Europe is stopped [[Justinian II]] defeated by the Franks at the [[w:Battle of ToursMaronite Catholic Church|Battle of ToursMaronites]], who became fully independent. *733 Byzantine Emperor 697 [[Leo III the IsaurianCouncil of Birr]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to accepts Roman [[w:Pope Gregory III|Gregory III'sPaschalion]] support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasmfor northern Ireland; the break between the papacy and the empire is almost complete.*734 at this synod, [[w:Ecgbert, Archbishop Adomnán of YorkIona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|EgbertCáin Adomnáin]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning. *735 Death 698 Muslim conquest of the Venerable Carthage; at [[BedeSynod of Aquileia]]; , bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the See [[Schism of York achieves archepiscopal statusthe Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome. *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ca. 700 Death of [[http://enIsaac of Syria]].wikipedia *707 Death of [[John Maron]].org/wiki/Byzantine_law#Ecloga ''Ecloga''] Law Code, designed to introduce Christian principle into law; *710 Pope [[w:Battle Constantine of AkroinonRome|Battle of AkroinonConstantine]] where Byzantine forces defeat an makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967. *712 Death of [[w:Umayyad|UmayyadAndrew of Crete]] invasion of Asia Minor; death of . *ca. 715 [[Saint Willibrord (Clement)|WillibrordLindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (658-739Northern England), Archbishop of Utrecht and Enlightener of the Netherlands. *740 The 715 [[w:KhazarsUmayyad Mosque|KhazarsGrand Mosque of Damascus]], a nation built over the Cathedral of the Black Sea steppe, though not ethnically Jewish, voluntarily convert to JudaismSt.*746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from John the Arabs.*749 Death Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque constructed over site of [[John Church of Damascus]]St.*750 [[Donation Mary of Constantine]] accepted as a legitimate documentJustinian (Temple Mount, used by Pope [[Stephen II Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Rome|Stephen IIJustinian]] ; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites Northumbrian clergy to prove territorial and jurisdictional claimsestablish Christianity amongst the Picts. *754 716 Monastery at [[Iconoclastic CouncilIona]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor conforms to Roman liturgical usage; [[Constantine V CopronymusBoniface]]'s first [[missionary], condemning icons and declaring itself ] journey to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins the dissolution of the monasteriesFrisia. *754 Death of St. 717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[BonifaceIona]], Apostle of Germany. *781 King 717-18 [[Charlemagnew:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]] of the Franks summons the monk and scholar . *719 [[Alcuinw:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from [[Church of York Alexandria|Chalcedonian church]] to head the palace school at Aachen [[Church of Alexandria (Aix-la-ChapelleCoptic)|Coptic church]]. *787 723 [[Seventh Ecumenical CouncilBoniface]] is held in Nicea, condemning fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. *726 [[iconoclasmIconoclasm|Iconoclast]] and affirming the Emperor [[venerationLeo the Isaurian]] of starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]], declaring that worship is due to God alone, and that the honor paid to icons passes to its prototype.. *793 Sack of 730 [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne PrioryLeo the Isaurian]]orders destruction of all icons, beginning Viking attacks on Englandthe First Iconoclastic Period. *796 The Yorkist Scholar, 731 [[AlcuinBede]], is made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by King completes ''[[Charlemagne]] Ecclesiastical History of the FranksEnglish People]]''. *800 732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by Franks at [[Charlemagnew:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]] is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by , establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Leo III of RomeByzantine Empire]] on . *733 Byzantine Emperor [[ChristmasLeo the Isaurian]] day; withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope [[Book Gregory III of KellsRome]] produced 's support of a revolt in IrelandItaly against iconoclasm. *800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the 734 [[Church Egbert of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy SepulchreYork|Egbert]] to the Frankish king Charlemagnebecomes bishop of York, acknowledging some Frankish control over founding a library and making the interests city a renowned centre of Christians in Jerusalemlearning. *824 Byzantine 735 Death of [[w:Crete|CreteBede]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir ; See of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960York achieves archepiscopal status. *826 St. 739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ''[[Ansgarw:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; King Harald Klak death of Denmark converts to Christianity[[Willibrord]]. *ca. 829-842 Icon of the Virgin Mary-[[Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[*742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. *747 Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. *750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims. *751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. *752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. *754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of monasteries. *754 Death of [[Boniface]]. *756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. *768 Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of Elfoddw of Gwynedd. *769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons. *772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. *781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. *785 Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield. *787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. *792 Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. *793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. *794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]. *800 [[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland.*800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. *801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. *803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. *810 Pope Leo III bans use of [[Filioque]]. *814 Conflict between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] over iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo. *826 [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. *828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. *ca. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]]. *836 Death of St. [[Theodore the Studite]].*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches.
==Late Byzantine era (843-14531054)==*846 Muslim raid :''Main article: [[Timeline of Rome.Church History (Late Byzantine Era (843-1054))]]''*852 St. 843 [[AnsgarTriumph of Orthodoxy]] founds the occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 St. 850 [[Photius Third Finding of the GreatHead of St. John the Forerunner|Third Finding]] becomes patriarch of Constantinoplethe head of [[John the Forerunner]]. *861 Ss. 852 [[Cyril and MethodiusAnsgar]] depart from Constantinople to founds churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 [[Church_of_Russia#Conversion_of_the_Slavs|missionize Photius the SlavsGreat]]; council presided over by papal legates held in Constantinople which confirms Stbecomes patriarch of Constantinople. *ca. 860 [[Photius w:Christianization of the Great]] as patriarch.*862 Ratislav Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of Moravia converts to Christianitythe Rus' Khaganate]]. *863 First translations of 861 [[Holy Scripture|BiblicalCyril and Methodius]] and liturgical texts into depart from Constantinople to [[Church Slavonicof Russia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]] ; Council of Constantinople attended by Ss. [[Cyril 318 fathers and Methodiuspresided over by papal legates confirms [[Photius the Great]]as patriarch and passes 17 canons. *863 The Venetians steal relics 862 [[Rastislav of St Mark from AlexandriaMoravia]] converts to Christianity. *864 Prince [[Boris 863 First translations of Bulgaria]] is [[baptismHoly Scripture|baptizedBiblical]].*867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by and liturgical texts into [[Photius the Great|PhotiusChurch Slavonic]], which anathematizes Pope by [[Nicholas I Cyril and Methodius]]. *863 Venetians steal relics of Rome[[Apostle Mark]] for his attacks on the work of Greek missionaries in from Alexandria. *864 Baptism of Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria and the use by papal missionaries ]]; [[Synaxis]] of the heretical [[FilioqueTheotokos]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing in Miasena in memory of the news return of his excommunication; her icon. *865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Basil the MacedonianBoris of Bulgaria|Boris I]] has Emperor converts to [[Michael IIIOrthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] murdered and usurps the Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople. *869-870 The [[Robber 866 Vikings raid and capture York in England. *867 Council of 869-870]] is in Constantinople held, deposing St. presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council."*870 Conversion which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Serbia.*877 Death Rome]] for his attacks on work of St. Greek [[Ignatius I of Constantinoplemissionaries]], who appoints St. in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of [[Photius the Great|PhotiusFilioque]] to succeed him.*877 Arab Muslims conquer all ; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital.*879-880 excommunication; [[Eighth Ecumenical CouncilBasil the Macedonian]] held in Constantinople, confirming has Emperor [[Photius Michael III the GreatAmorian|PhotiusMichael III]] murdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as Patriarch patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizing additions to the . *867 Death of [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedKassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and declaring that hymnographer, who composed the prerogatives and jurisdiction ''[[Hymn of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope Kassiani]]'', chanted during [[John VIII of RomeHoly Week]]on Holy Wednesday. *883 Muslims burn the monastery of Monte Cassino.*885 869-870 [[Mount AthosRobber Council of 869-870]] gains political autonomy.*885 Death of St. Methodius, apostle to the Slavs. *899 Death of King and Saint held, deposing [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred Photius the Great]] of Wessex & All England*911 Vision of ] from the [[Theotokos]] to St. [[Andrew Constantinopolitan see and putting the Fool-for-Christ]] [[Protection of rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the Mother of God|protecting]] Constantinople from an invasion of Slavs"Eighth Ecumenical Council." *911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince 870 Conversion of Serbia; death of Rus'. *912 Normans become Christian.*944 City of Edessa recovered by the Byzantine army, including [[Icon Not Made By HandsRastislav of Moravia]].*945 St. [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes Abbot ; martyrdom of [[w:Glastonbury AbbeyEdmund the Martyr|GlastonburyEdmund]], King of East Anglia. *ca. 950 877 Death of [[Monastery Ignatius of Hosios LoukasConstantinople]] founded near Stiris in Greece.*957 St. , who appoints [[Olga of KievPhotius the Great|OlgaPhotius]] baptized in Constantinopleto succeed him. *960 Emperor [[Nicephorus II]] Phocas re-captures 878 King [[w:CreteAlfred the Great|CreteAlfred the Great]] for of Wessex defeats Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the Byzantines, who held it until 1204 when it fell to Venetian crusaders[[w:Danelaw|Danelaw]]). *962 Denmark becomes a Christian nation with the 879-880 [[baptismEighth Ecumenical Council]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth").*963 St. held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[[Athanasius of AthosPhotius the Great|Photius]] establishes as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the first major monastery on [[Mount AthosNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], and declares that the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavraprerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]]. *965 Emperor 885 [[Nicephorus IIMount Athos]] Phocas gained Cyprus completely for the Byzantinesgains political autonomy. *968 885 Death of [[Rila MonasteryCyril and Methodius|Methodius]] founded. *972 Emperor 886 [[John I Tzimiskesw:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]] , (969-976) granted now called [[Mount Athosw:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]] its first charter () adopted in Bulgarian Empire; St [[Typikonw:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]]), King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes. *973 Moravia assigned to the Diocese 910 [[Benedict of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction Nursia|Benedictine]] [[w:Cluny Abbey|Abbey of German churchCluny]] founded in France.*978 899 Death of King [[Edward Alfred the MartyrGreat]]. *988 911 [[Baptism Protection of Rus']] begins with the conversion Mother of St. [[Vladimir God|Holy Protection of Kievthe Virgin Mary]]. *995 St912 Normans become Christian; [[w:Nicholas Mystikos|Nicholas I Mysticus]] becomes Patriarch of Constantinople. *927 [[Olaf Church of NorwayBulgaria]] recognized as [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] by [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom. *1000 Christianization 931 Abbott [[w:Odo of Greenland and Iceland.*1008 Conversion Cluny|Odo of Sweden.*1009 Patriarch [[Sergius II of ConstantinopleCluny]] removes reforms monasteries in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, starting the name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Romew:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] from within the [[diptychs]] Benedict of the [[Church of ConstantinopleNursia|Benedictine order]], because focused on restoring the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor. *935 Martyrdom of [[FilioqueWenceslas]], prince of the Czechs. *1009 [[Church 944 City of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, including [[Image Not-made-by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druzehands|Druze]Icon Not Made By Hands]].*1014 945 [[FilioqueDunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] used for the first time in Rome by Pope becomes Abbot of [[Benedict VIII of Romew:Glastonbury Abbey|Benedict VIIIGlastonbury]] at the coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. *1015 Death of St. 957 [[Vladimir Olga of Kiev]]baptized in Constantinople. *1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.*1022 Death of St. 960 Emperor [[Simeon the New TheologianNicephorus II Phocas]].*1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of re-captures [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)w:Crete|Holy SepulchreCrete]].*1036 Byzantine for Byzantines; [[w:Michael IV the PaphlagonianDunstan of Canterbury|Emperor Michael IVDunstan]] makes a truce with the Caliph becomes [[Archbishop of Egypt to allow rebuilding Canterbury]], reforming monasteries and enforcing rule of the [[Church Benedict of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy SepulchreNursia|Benedict]]. *962 Denmark becomes Christian nation with [[baptism]] by of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. *963 [[Athanasius of Athos]] establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]]. *965 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] gains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines. *969 Death of [[Olga of Kiev]]; Emperor [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II Phokas]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs. *972 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] grants [[Mount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]). *973 [[w:Great Moravia|Moravia]] assigned to the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church. *975 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] in a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem. *978 Death of King [[Edward the Martyr]]. *980 Revelation of the ''[[Axion Estin]]'' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the [[Archangel Gabriel]] to a monk on [[Mount Athos]]. *980-5 The [[Western Rite|Western Rite]] Monastery of Amalfion is founded on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]]. *987 Sixth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor (Eastern Vikings/Rus) sent to protect pilgrimsWar (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine War]], where [[Vladimir of Kiev]] dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:Basil II|Basil II]] with an internal revolt, agreeing to accept [[Orthodox Christianity]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *988 '[[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of [[Vladimir of Kiev]] who is baptized at [[w:Chersonesos|Chersonesos]], the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II. *992 Death of [[Michael of Kiev|Michael]], first Metropolitan of Kiev. *995 [[Olaf of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom.*1000 Conversion of Greenland and Iceland. *1008 Conversion of Sweden. *1009 Patr. [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychs]] of [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]]. *1009 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze]]. *1012 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship. *1014 [[Filioque]] used for first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. *1015 Death of [[Vladimir of Kiev]]. *1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity. *1022 Death of [[Simeon the New Theologian]]. *1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]]. *1034 Patriarch [[Alexius I Studites of Constantinople|Alexius I Studites]] writes the first complete ''Studite [[Typikon]],'' for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[Typikon]] introduced into the Rus' lands by [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]]. *1036 Byzantine [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IV]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor sent to protect pilgrims. *1043 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral. *1045-50 The [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] is built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminicent reminiscent of the [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. *1048 Re-consecration of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].
*1051 [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves]] founded.
*1448 [[Church of Russia]] unilaterally declares its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia ]] on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allowed allows the union to be proclaimed. *1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending the Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Renaissance|Renaissance]].[[Media:Example.ogg]]
==Post-Imperial era (1453-1821)==
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))]]''*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]]. *1480 Spanish Inquisition1455-56 ''Confession of Faith'' by Patr.Gennadius of Constantinople. *1456-1587 Byzantine [[w:Pammakaristos Church|Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos]] became the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar(year 7,000, according to the [[Byzantine Creation Era|Byzantine Date of Creation]]). *1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]]. *1516 Desiderius Erasmus publishes "[[w:Textus Receptus|Textus Receptus]]" of New Testament on the basis of six late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. *1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Martin Luther nails his ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to the door at Wittenburg, sparking Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria.*1522 Martin Luther's translates [[New Testament]] in German and principle of ''[[w:Sola scriptura|Sola Scriptura]]'' becomes formal principle of Protestant Reformation. *1526 [[Non-Possessors]] attack Tsar Vassily (Basil) III for divorcing his wife, and are driven underground. *1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.*1536 Publication of John Calvin's ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''. *1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia; formal founding of the 1529 First Ottoman [[w:Society Siege of JesusVienna|JesuitsSiege of Vienna]]. *1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives in Ethiopia.*1542 Ethiopians , marking Ottoman Empire's apex and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran end of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.*1547 Council of Trent held to answer the Protestant ReformationOttoman expansion in central Europe.
*1551 [[Council of the Hundred Chapters]] in Russia.
*1552 1555 Abp. Gurian begins mission to Kazan. *1557 Death of St[[Basil the Blessed]]. *1568 Pope Pius V recognizes four Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Eastern Church, [[John Chrysostom]], [[Basil the BlessedGreat]], [[Gregory the Theologian|Gregory of Nazianzus]], and [[Fool for ChristAthanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]]. *1555 Archbishop Gurian missionary in Kazan (until 1564)1569 [[w:Union of Lublin|Union of Lublin]] unites Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the [[w:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], placing the [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Orthodox lands of Belarus, and modern Ukraine under direct Roman Catholic rule. *1564 Jesuits arrive in Poland1571 Restoration of [[Church of Cyprus]] to Orthodox rule. *1569 Martyrdom 1573-81 Correspondence of StPatr. [[Philip Jeremias II (Tranos) of MoscowConstantinople|Philip, Metropolitan Jeremias II of MoscowConstantinople]], at the hands of Ivan IV Groznywith Lutherans. *1575 [[Church of Constantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]].*1581 Ostrozhsky Bible printed by Prince Kurbsky and Ivan Fedorov.
*1582 Institution of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Pope Gregory XIII.
*1589 1583 [[Sigillion of 1583]] issued against [[Gregorian Calendar]] by council convened in Constantinople. *1587-Present. The relatively modest [[Autocephalyw:Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the [[Church of RussiaConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1589 [[Autocephaly]] recognized; and [[primatecanonical territory]] of the [[Church of Russia]] styled recognized, as ''Patr. Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of [[patriarchPatriarch]]''of Moscow and of All Russia. *1596 [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Constantinople]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church. *1609 The [[w:Douayca. 1600-Rheims Bible|Douay-Rheims Bible]] is printed1700 Conversion of Albania to Islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, the first complete English Roman Catholic Bible, translated from the Latin [[Vulgate]]''Djize''. *1611 The [[w:Authorized King James Version|Authorized King James Version]] 1625 ''Confession of the Bible (KJV-AV) is printed, including all of the [[The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books|Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books]] (present in the [[Septuagint]] and [[Vulgate]] OT), until they were officially removed Faith'' by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1885 leaving only 66 books (39OT + 27NT)Metrophanes Kritopoulos written. *1627 Pope [[Cyril LukarisLucaris]] of Alexandria presents the famous [[Codex Alexandrinus]] to King Charles I of England for "safe keeping." *1633 Ethiopian emperor [[w:Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]] expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic missionaries from Ethiopia. *1642 [[Council of Jassy]] (Iaşi) revises [[Peter Mogila]]'s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain [[Deuterocanon|deuterocanonical ]] books. *1647 1646 [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] joins 63 Ruthenian Orthodox church erected in Tunisia.*1652 School and hospital established in Old Cairo by Patriarch Joannikiospriests from the Carpathian Mountains to Roman Catholic Church on terms similar to [[Union of Brest]]. *1652-1658 Patriarch [[Nikon of Moscow]] revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as the [[Old Believers]]. *1656 The 1672 [[w:New Synod of Jerusalem Monastery|New Synod of Jerusalem Monastery]]convened by Patr. [[Dositheos II of Jerusalem|Dositheos Notaras]], refuting article by article the Calvinistic confession of [[Cyril Lucaris]], defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, also known as and defining the Voskresensky Monastery is founded Orthodox Biblical canon; acts of this council are later signed by Patriarch all five patriarchates (including Russia). *1682 The ''Sabaite [[Typikon]]'' was published in its final form in Russia; from 1682 to 1888 the Greek and Russian Churches shared a common [[Typikon]]. *1685-87 The [[Nikon of Moscoww:Slavic Greek Latin Academy|NikonSlavic Greek Latin Academy]] at Istra near is organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, intended to represent under the guidance of two Greek brothers, [[Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud]], on the premises of the Heavenly Jerusalem[[w:Zaikonospassky monastery|Zaikonospassky Monastery]] with over 70 students. *1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijingby [[Church of Russia]]. *1698 Consecration of the first Orthodox [[Church of China|Church in China]], in the name of Sophia (Divine Wisdom), when Emperor Kangxi ordered a Buddhist temple to be cleared for Russian inhabitants in Beijing.*1700 The ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' calendar in Russia, in use since AD 988 was changed to the [[Julian Calendar]] by Peter the Great; Peter the Great published an ''Ukase'' on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China by .*1700-02 Submission of the dioceses of Lemberg (Lviv) and Luzk (Lutsk) in the [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galician]] area of Ukraine to Roman Catholic Church completes [[Union of RussiaBrest-Litovsk]], so that two-thirds of the Orthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic. *1715 Metropolitan Metr. [[Arsenios of Thebaid]] sent to England by Pope [[Samuel of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-Juror]] Anglican bishops.*1715-1956 [[Russian Orthodox Mission in China|Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China]].*1716-25 Correspondence of Ecumenical Patriarch and Russian Czar with English Non-Jurors. *1721 Czar [[Peter I of Russia]] replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]]. *1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schism, in which many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s.*1760 1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar with the ''[[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]]'' (AD).*1731 Death of [[Innocent of Irkutsk]]. *1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]]. *1755 Synod of Constantinople declares Roman Catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from Roman Catholicism. *1756 ''[[Sigillion of 1756]]'' issued against the [[Holy Trinity StGregorian Calendar]] by Patr. Seraphim-Diveyevo Convent[[Cyril V of Constantinople]] founded in Russia. *1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida; Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] among claimants. *1767-1815 [[w:Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the Jesuits]] in Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, particularly in Russia. *1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland. *ca. 1770 About 1,200 Kiev region Uniate churches return to Orthodoxy under political pressure from Russia. *1774 Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the sign [[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]], bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians. *1779 Death of St. [[Kosmas Aitolos]]. *1782 First publication of the ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1793-95 Over 2,300 Uniate churches became Orthodox under Tsarina Catherine the Great. *1794 [[Missionaries]], including St. [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of St. [[Paisius Velichkovsky]]of Moldova and Mt. Athos. *1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] published the publishes ''“Unseen Warfare”[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice, revising Venetian priest . *1798 Patriarch [[Anthimus of Jerusalem]] contended that the [[w:Lorenzo ScupoliOttoman Empire|Lorenzo Scupoli'sOttoman Empire]] was part of the ''“Spiritual Combat” (1599 ed.)'' and his ''“Path [[w:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] granted by [[God]] to Paradise” (1600),'' to remove Latinisms protect [[Orthodoxy]] from the taint of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and give a fuller expression to the Patristic doctrine of pure prayerWestern [[w:Secularism|secularism]] and [[w:Irreligion by country|irreligion]]. *1800 ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens. *1809-10 Rotunda and edicule exterior 1805 Death of [[Church Macarius Notaras of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Corinth|Church Makarius of Corinth]], a central figure in the Holy Sepulchre[[Kollyvades Movement|Kollyvades]] rebuilt after fire in Ottoman Baroque stylemovement. *1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]]. *1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.
==Modern era (1821-1917)==
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))]]''*1821 Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence declared on the Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; execution martyrdom of Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation. *1823 Miracle-working icon of Panagia Evangelistria is excavated on the Greek island of Tinos, according to a vision from Stca. Pelagia, becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at 1830 [[Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)Slavophile movement]].*1825 begins in Russia and Britain established the Alaska/Canada boundary. *1829 Treaty 1831 Return of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence3, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek state.*ca.1830 Drawing on the works of Greek patristics, Russian poets and literary critics000, 000 [[Uniate]]s with the [[w:Slavophile|Slavophile movementOrthodox Church]] began at Vilnius in Russia attempting to reinforce Orthodox Christian values and Slavic cultural traditions, denouncing "westernizations" by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, and preferring Russian mysticism to Western rationalism1831. *1832 [[Church of Serbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]. *1833 [[Church of Greece]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; death of St. [[Seraphim of Sarov]]. *1847 Restoration 1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes [[w:Latin Patriarch Union of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate of JerusalemBrest-Litovsk]] by Pope Pius IXin all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-enter the Orthodox Church. *1848 ''[[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Filioque]] as [[heresy]], declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]." *1850 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Greece]]. *1851 Translation into English of [[Septuagint]] by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the keys to the [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]]. *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] permanent. *1853-56 [[w:Crimean War|Crimean War]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, begins beginning over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy Land. *1854 [[Immaculate Conception]] declared [[dogma]] by [[Roman Catholic Church]]. *1859 [[w:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von Tischendorf]] discovers [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] at [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]].*1860 Death of [[Alexei Stepanovich Khomiakov|Alexei Khomiakov]], co-founder of the [[Slavophile movement]]. *1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks; death of [[Jacob Netsvetov]].*1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1867 Sale 1869 Russian synod authorizes corrected text of Alaska to United States[[Western Rite]] liturgy and Benedictine offices. *1870 [[Papal Infallibility]] declared [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] dogma necessary for salvation by the First Vatican Council. *1871 [[Nicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in Japan. *1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[phyletism]] to be [[heresy]]; [[Church of Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]] by a decree of the Sultan. *1875 Uniate diocese of [[w:Chełm|Chelm]] in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy. *1876 [[Theophan the Recluse]] begins issuing a translation of the ''[[Philokalia]]'' in Russian. *1879 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Serbia]]; death of St. [[Innocent of Alaska]]. *1881 Wave 1882 Synod of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migration Constantinople gives conditional approval to use of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices; [[Mitrophan Ji]] becomes the first Chinese ordained a priest in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)[[Church of China]]. *1885 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Romania]]; the [[w:Revised Version|English Revised Version]] published; [[Archbishop of Canterbury ]] officially removed removes all of the [[The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books|Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books]] from the [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]]. *1888 ''[[Typikon]] of the Great Church of Christ'' is published with revised church services, leaving only 66 books prepared by Protopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch, while the ''Sabaite (39OT + 27NTmonastic)[[Typikon]]'' continues to be used in Russia.*1889 Federation of [[w:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic Churches]], not in communion with Rome, at the [[w:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]]. *ca.1890 The ''“Unseen Warfare”[[Unseen Warfare]]'' is further revised by Bishop [[Theophan the Recluse]], . *1891 Death of [[Ambrose of Optina]]. *1895 Reply of Synod of Constantinople to remove unnecessary Latinisms and give a fuller expression to the Patristic doctrine of pure prayerPope Leo XIII. *1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] deposed; [[Western Rite]] diocese organized in Czechoslovakia by [[Church of Russia]]. *1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]]. *1900 [[Chinese Martyrs of the Boxer RebellionChina|Martyrdom of Orthodox Christians]] in Chinese Boxer Rebellion(Yihetuan Movement). *1901 [[Evangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|"Evangelakia" riots]] in Athens Greece in November, over translations of [[New Testament]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (Modern) Greek]], resulting in fall of both government and Metropolitan of Athens. *1904 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp.[[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]], Bp. [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]], and Fr. [[John Kochurov]] to permit adaption of services taken from Anglican Book of Common Prayer for use by Orthodox people. *1905 Seat Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]; Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]] decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]] returning to [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America.*1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]. *1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]]; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of Russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from Book of Common Prayer and sets out criteria. *1908 Fr. [[Nikodemos Sarikas ]] sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans. *1908 Death of St. [[John of Kronstadt]]. *1912 Death of St. [[Nicholas of Japan]].*1915-18 [[w:Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide]] in Turkey.
==Communist era (1917-1991)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))]]''*1917 British forces capture Jerusalem from Ottoman Empire[[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; .*1917-40 [[w:Bolshevik RevolutionPersecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws Persecution of the [[Orthodox Church of in Russia]] into chaosbegins, with 130,000 priests arrested, 95, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America000 of whom were executed by firing squad. *1918 St. Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov]], Tsar of Russia murdered together with his wife St. [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children. *1919-1922 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Pontic Greek Genocide|Pontic Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond. *1920 Death of St. [[Nektarios of Aegina]]; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement. *1921 [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, and Patriarch of Alexandria with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as the ''Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and All Africa]]''; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] formed ; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow; [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague|Gorazd (Pavlik)]] consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia; an all-Ukrainian Synod is called in Kyiv and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is formeddeclared independent from the Moscow Patriarchate (MP).*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares [[autocephaly]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[Solovetsky Monastery]] converted by Lenin's decree to the [[w:British Mandate of PalestineSolovki|British Mandate of Palestine"Solovki Special Purpose Camp"]] begins, one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the Gulag where 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of laity; Vladimir Lenin proclaimed the establishment predominatly Christian city of the [[w:Soviet UnionGreat Fire of Smyrna|Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsSmyrna is destroyed]] (USSR), a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from from Dec.30 1922 to Dec.31 1991ending 1900 years of Christian civilization. *1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection.*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Poland]]; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire. *1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas; death of [[Tikhon of Moscow]]. *1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to America to be consecrated 1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a bishop [[Western Rite]] diocese in Poland of the African Orthodox [[Churchof Russia]] under Bp. Alexis of Grodno; Orthodox Archbishopric [[John Maximovitch]] tonsured by [[ROCOR]] Metr. [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Johannesburg establishedKiev]]. *1928 The 1927 Bishops of Russian church in America authorize formation of [[Fellowship American Orthodox Catholic Church]], including a [[Western Rite]] [[missionary]] outreach. *1929 Kingdom of St. Alban Italy and St. SergiusPapacy ratify [[w:Lateran Treaty|Lateran Treaty]], recognizing sovereignty of Papacy within the new state of the [[w:Vatican City|Vatican City]] is founded to pray and work for Christian Unity. *1931 Reception of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]]; the USSR banned the sale or importation of [[Holy Scripture|Bibles]]. *1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to [[Uganda ]] to meet [[Christopher Reuben Spartas|Reuben Spartas]], establishing African Orthodox Church there. *1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]]. *1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; Clergy who opposed the Nazi regime in Germany had their homes raided by secret policeepiscopal consecration of [[John Maximovitch]]. *1935 Critical edition of [[Septuagint]] published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute); [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendar]] schism when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[Church of Greece]] stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act. *1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Church of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]. *1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using [[Western Rite]]. *1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[w:Great Purge|Great Purge]].
*1937 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Albania]].
*1938 Death of [[St. Vladimir's Silouan the Athonite]]; [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)Diocese]] and founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary Orestes (South Canaan, PennsylvaniaChornock)of Agathonikeia|Orestes Chornock]] founded; death , were received into the jurisdiction of Stthe Ecumenical Patriarchate. *1941 Martyrdom of [[Silouan the AthoniteGorazd (Pavlik) of Prague]]by Nazis. *1941-45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Genocide kill] 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. *1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the election of [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] as Patriarch patriarch of Moscow. *1943-44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] eliminated, tortured and drowned by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - [[w:Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian Rebel Army]], aided by [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of Nazi military units that were later condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal, and who was imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA. *1944 Fr. [[Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) of Saint-Denis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky)]] completes restoration of [[Divine Liturgy according to St. Germanus of Paris|Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris]]. *1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]. *1945-90 Persecution of the [[Church of Albania|Orthodox Church in Albania]]. *1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda.*1947 ; state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolves the [[Dead Sea ScrollsUnion of Brest-Litovsk]] are discovered near Qumran in Egyptand integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church into the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia. *1948 Establishment 1947 Death of [[w:State Alexis (Kabaliuk) of IsraelCarpathia|State of IsraelAlexei Kabalyiuk]] and end of , who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in [[w:British Mandate of PalestineZakarpattia Oblast|British Mandate of PalestineTranscarpathia]]; in the early 20th century. *1948 [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II)*1948 The ; [[w:World Council of Churches|World Council of Churches]] is founded; Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Church]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]], with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches (. *1949 Soviet authorities revoke the [[w:World Council Union of ChurchesUzhhorod|WCCUnion of Uzhhorod]]) which had just been formedof 1646, creating the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow.*1950 [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a dogma. *1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]. *1952 New Monastery of Panagia Soumela built in -60 With the village of Kastania, [[w:Mau Mau Uprising|Mau-Mau Movement]] in MacedoniaKenya (''British East Africa Protectorate''), Greece, housing the wonderworking icon [[Orthodox Church]] is banished by the Colonial Government.*1953 Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of Panagia Soumela, becoming a center of religious pilgrimageNew York|Antony (Bashir)]] accepts three [[Western Rite]] parishes into Syrian Metropolitanate in America. *1957 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of China]]. *1958 Creation Patriarch of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and 1907 for use by [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the America; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North AmericaJohn Maximovitch]] with , who authorizes the reception use of multiple [[Western Rite]] parishes into Orthodoxythe restored Gallican rite. *1959 Archbishop Abp. [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; Autocephaly autocephaly granted for to the [[Church of Ethiopia]] as by Coptic Pope [[Cyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria|Pope Cyril VI ]]. *1961 Creation of Alexandria[[Western Rite Vicariate]] crowned Abune Baslios as in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]]; death of [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Simferopol and Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Patriarch of EthiopiaPan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes.*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Roman Catholic Church]], including restriction of ancient [[Tridentine Mass]] and introduction of the Novus Ordo. *1961 Death of St. [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first 1963 Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes. *1963 1900th ; 1000th anniversary celebration of martyrdom founding of [[Apostle MarkMount Athos]]; second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes. *1964 Meeting of Pope [[Paul VI of Rome]] and Patriarch Patr. [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] in Jerusalem; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov]] established by resolution of His Holiness Patriarch [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis I]] and the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]]. *1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the excommunications [[excommunication]]s of 1054.*1966 The [[w:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]] almost totally destroyed the young [[Church of China|Chinese Orthodox Church]].*1967 [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]] unilaterally declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Serbia]] (as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state, closing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1968-71 Millions of Christians, Muslims, Jews and others witnessed apparitions of the [[Theotokos|Virgin Mary]] many times over a three year period over the Coptic Orthodox Church of St Mary at [[Zeitun|Zeitoun]], Cairo, recognized as authentic by the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Orthodox Church]] and other churches. *1970 [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian-American Metropolia]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]], renamed as the Orthodox Church in America, returning control of [[Church of Japan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]]; glorification of [[Herman of Alaska|Herman of Alaska]] in separate services by the ROCOR and the OCA; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus]] baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya. *1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]] Greek Orthodox Theology Patriarchal School on Heybeliada Island near Istanbul closed by Turkish authorities.*1974 1600th anniversary of death of [[Athanasius the Great]]. *1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]]; Joint Commission of Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is established.*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland.
*1979 Pope [[John Paul II]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate.
*1979 Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]]. *1980 First plenary session of the International 1981 Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission meets for the Theological Dialogue first time in Patmos and RhodesEspoo, Finland. *1982 Second Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue publishes in Munich first official common document, ''"The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1984 Third Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue meets in Khania, Crete. *1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Divine Revelation."'' *1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1987 Fourth Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission issues common document ''"Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church"'' in Bari, Italy; Visit visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to the Vatican. *1987 A group Group of twenty parishes of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former Campus Crusade for Christ leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and [[Jon Braun]], are received into the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]]in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission (AEOM); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues the statement ''"Scripture and Tradition. "'' *1988 Millennial 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia.*1988 Fifth Joint Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the ; Orthodox Church and the -Roman Catholic Church meets in Valamo, Finland and Joint Commission publishes common document ''"The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"''; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. [[Daniel (Bambang Dwi) Byantoro|Daniel Byantoro]] begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there." *1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America.*1989 Glorification ; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''; glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon of Moscow]]; Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946. *1990 Sixth Joint Theological Commission session meets in Freising, Germany; the first Russian Orthodox service in seventy years was held in [[St. Basil's Cathedral Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kiev Patriarchate]] (MoscowUOC-KP)self-proclaims its independance from the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|St. Basil's CathedralUAOC]] in October(both groups unrecognized).
==Post-Communist era (1991-Present)==
*1999 Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia destroyed and desecrated during NATO peacekeeping presence.
*2000 Eighth Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission session meets in Baltimore, discusses text on ''"The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism,"'', but is suspended; the [[Church of Russia|Russian Lutheran-Orthodox Church]] announced the [[Glorification|canonization]] of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] Joint Commission issues statement ''"Word and his immediate family, executed Sacraments (Mysteria) in 1918; in spite the Life of very stiff opposition from the Church"''. *2001 [[Church of GreeceArmenia]] and the majority celebrates 1700th Anniversary of the publicChristianity in Armenia (in 301 AD, the government of Greece ordered the removal of religious affiliation from King Tiridates III declared Christianity as Armenia’s state identity cards.*2001 religion); Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for the Fourth Crusade; the [[Church of Alexandria|Greek OrthodoxChalcedonian]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic OrthodoxNon-Chalcedonian]] Patriarchates of Alexandria agreed agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches, making rebaptisms unnecessary, and to recognize the sacrament of marriage as celebrated by the other. *2002 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation. "'' *2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by [[Church of Antioch]]; Coptic priest Fr. [[Zakaria Botros]] begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions. *2004 Pope [[John Paul II]] returns [[relics]] of Ss. [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to the [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] consecrates church in Havana, Cuba; consecration of first Lutheran-Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; Wonderworking [[Theotokos Joint Commission statement ''"Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in Initiation into the United StatesChurch."'' *2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; Ninth Joint Theological Commission of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches meets in Belgrade, Serbia; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from [[Mount Athos]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church."'' *2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; 1600th anniversary celebration synod of over 50 bishops of the repose of [[John Chrysostom|St. John ChrysostomChurch of Ukraine]]; announce that the [http://zenit.org/articleUOC-20743?l=english 10th plenary assembly] MP is ''"an autonomous, historical part of the International Russian Orthodox Church"''; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue met meets in Ravenna, Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents [[w:Walter Kasper|Cardinal Walter Kasper]] and Metr. [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon|Metropolitan Ioannis Zizioulas of Pergamon]], agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiatical ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]).; the commission agreed that Rome occupied the " *2008 ''first place[[Orthodox Study Bible]] (with [[Septuagint]]''" ) published; [http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=995&tla=en Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople] in canonical order October of the ancient seats Primates of bishopsthe fourteen Orthodox Churches, but disagreed on signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "''the interpretation continuation of preparations for the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as "''protosHoly and Great Council''".*2009 The 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13; the delegation from the [[Church of Russia|Patriarchate of Moscow ]] withdrew from the joint session over the presence Death of delegates from the popular Elder [[Church Joseph of Estonia|Church of EstoniaVatopedi]] despite a compromise offered by the , [[Ecumenical PatriarchateJuly 1]].
==Notes==
*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
*The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.
*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.
==See also==
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations]]
*[[History of Orthodox Missions]]
==Published works== The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history: '''From an Orthodox perspective''' * Angold, Michael (Ed.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&printsec=frontcover Eastern Christianity]''. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 722 pp. ISBN 9780521811132* [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] (Ecumenical Patriarch). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=citwDOTiWV8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today].'' Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130* [[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich]]. ''[http://www.svspress.com/product_info.php?products_id=203&osCsid=b1daf845e88be28003d36749c5127b7a The Orthodox Church].'' Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518 * Clark, Katherine. ''The Orthodox Church.'' '''Simple Guides: Religion (series)'''. Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (''Concise, accessible introduction'')* [[Olivier Clement|Clément, Olivier]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MhJGJbPKpz4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I].'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782* [[Georges Florovsky|Florovsky, Georges]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=UO1rAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Christianity and Culture].'' 2nd ed. Nordland Pub. Co., 1974. 245 pp. (ISBN 0913124044; ISBN 9780913124048)* Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ufw_AAAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time].'' Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)* Maloney, George A. (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976. * Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=khL2qJ7gLPwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition].'' InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''. * Tsai, Kathryn (Dr.). ''A Timeline of Eastern Church History.'' [[St. John of San Francisco Monastery (Manton, California)|Divine Ascent Press]], CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924 * [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)* [[Meletios (Webber)|Webber, Meletios]] (Archimandrite). ''[http://www.conciliarpress.com/bread-water-wine-oil.html Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God].'' Conciliar Press. 2007.<br>* Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vc0wBCU70NwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200]''. '''The Church in History Vol. I: Part I'''From a . Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199* [[HeterodoxJohn Meyendorff|Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John]] perspective. ''Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD''. '''The Church in History Vol. II'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563* Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205* Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587
'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective''' * Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399) * Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122) * Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994) * Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057) * Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166) * Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295) * Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_MH-_ZQuZrgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity].'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675)* Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins].'' Cambridge 2006.* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church.''. (ISBN 0198264569) * Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105) * Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X) * [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803) * Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X) * Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)
* Walton, Robert C. ''Chronological and Background Charts of Church History''. (ISBN 0310362814)
==External links== *[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church] *History of Orthodox Christianity ''(QuickTime movies)'' ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] - Journey begins with the founding of the Church, the spread of Christianity to "nations" by the Apostles, the Gospel and the institution of Sacraments ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] - After the stabilization of the Church, the journey continues through the period of the Nicene Creed, Patristic Scriptures, Divine Liturgy and Icons. During this same period, however, the official division of East and West is witnessed and concludes with a gradual rift in matters of faith, dogma, church customs, politics and culture ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] - The Church becomes the only institution perceived by Greeks as the preserver *[http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/ Timeline of their national identity during 400 years Patriarchal History]. Order of Turkish ruleSt. By Andrew the end Apostle. Archons of the 19th centuryEcumenical Patriarchate. ''(Pop-up Video Presentation, a worldwide Orthodox community is born and the Church expands its influence to major social and philanthropic concernsin Sections)'' *[[Categoryw:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]][[Category:Featured Articles]]
[[Category:Church History]] [[Category:Featured Articles]] [[Category:Timelines|Church History]] [[ar:ملخص تاريخ الكنيسة]] [[bg:Времева линия на църковната история]] [[el:Ιστορικό χρονολόγιο της Εκκλησίας]] [[ro:Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe (cronologie)]]
