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*1052 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] founds Westminster Abbey, near London.*==Post-Roman Schism (1054 Cardinal -1453)==:''Main article: [[Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael CerulariusTimeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))|Timeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))]], Patriarch ''*1054 Cardinal [[Humbert of Silva Candida|Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]], patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of the [[Great Schism]] between East and West.*1059 Errors of Berengar ; First Letter of [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]] to Peter of Antioch. *1059 Errors of Berengar of Tours condemned in Rome; the term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter Damian]]. *1066 Normans invade England 1064 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] storm Anatolia taking Caesarea and Ani, conquering Armenia. *1066 Normans invade England flying the banner of the Pope of Rome, defeating King [[Harold of England]] at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the . *1066-1171 Beginning reformation of the English church and society there to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics. *1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] capture Jerusalem and defeat Byzantines defeat Byzantines at the [[w:Battle of Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]], beginning Islamification of Asia Minor.*1071 ; Norman princes led by [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert Guiscard]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of [[w:Catapanate of Italy|Byzantine rule in the south]]. *1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Grgeory Gregory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the [[w:Gregorian Reform|Gregorian reforms ]] (celibacy of the clergy, primacy of the papacy over the empire, right of the Pope to depose emperors); Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. *1074 Death of [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]]. *1075 ''[[w:Dictatus papae|Dictatus Papae]]'' document advances Papal supremacy. *ca1077 The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem and kill 3,000 citizens; Seljuks capture Nicea.1075-1125 Byzantine epic poem [http://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/digenes-akrites Digenes Akrites] is written, inspired *1084 Antioch is captured by the almost continuous state Seljuk Turks. *1088 Founding of warfare with the Arabs in eastern Asia Minor, presenting a comprehensive picture monastery of [[Apostle John|John the intense frontier life Theologian]] on Patmos; election of the Pope [[w:Acritic songsPope Urban II|AkritesUrban II]], the border guards a prominent member of the Byzantine Empire[[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] . *1088 Founding of monastery of St. [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] on Patmos.*1095 Launching 1095 Launching of the [[w:First Crusade|First Crusade]].*1096 Persecution of Jews by Crusaders. *1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes his ''Cur Deus homo'', marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East. *1098 Crusaders capture Antioch. *1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the [[w:Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and other crusader states known collectively as ''"[[w:Outremer|Outremer]]''." *1119 Order 1108 Death of Nicetas of [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Caves]], Bishop of Knights Templar foundedNovgorod. *ca.1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria [[w:Pope Gabriel II of Alexandria|Gabriel II]] (1131-1145) initiates the acceptance addition of Arabic as a liturgical language (in addition to the Coptic), with his Arabic with his Arabic translation of the [[Divine Liturgy|Liturgy]]. *1144 Bernard of Clairvaux calls for a [[w:Second Crusade|Second Crusade]] to rescue the besieged Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, and Louis VII of France and Konrad III of Germany join the Crusaders, but are defeated by Muslims; Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessa. *1147 Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki, a ruler 1149 Crusaders begin to renovate [[Church of the northeastern Rus, who built Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the first fortress, or KremlinHoly Sepulchre]] in Romanesque style, along the Moscow Riveradding a bell tower. *1149 Building on the work of Byzantine Emperor 1159 [[Constantine IXw:John of Salisbury|John of Salisbury]] in 1048, the crusaders began to renovate authors ''[[w:Policraticus|Policraticus]]'', a treatise on government drawing from the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Scripture|Church of the Holy SepulchreBible]] in a Romanesque style, adding a bell tower.*1177 King the [[w:Baldwin IV of JerusalemCorpus Juris Civilis|Baldwin of JerusalemCodex Justinianus]] , and his knights, with the arguing for [[w:Knights TemplarDivine Right of Kings|TemplarsDivine Right of Kings]], defeated . *1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of the Muslim army [[Theotokos]] "of Saladin the Sign" at Novgorod; Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland; city of Dublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans. *1176 [[w:Battle Seljuk Sultanate of MontgisardRûm|Battle Sultanate of MontgisardRum]].*1179 Death of defeats Byzantine Empire in the [[w:Hildegard Battle of BingenMyriokephalon|Hildegard von BingenBattle of Myriokephalon]] (1098, marking end of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau; Al-1179)Adil I, Benedictine AbbessMuslim ruler of Egypt, and medieval mystic.*1180 Last formalsuppresses a revolt by Christian Copts in city of Qift, hanging nearly 3, canonical acceptance 000 of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antiochthem. *1187 1179 Pope Alexander III convened the [[w:SaladinThird Council of the Lateran|SaladinThird Lateran Council]] retakes Jerusalem and destroys crusader army at , which was attended by a certain Nectarios of the important [[w:Battle of Hattin (1187)Basilian monks|Battle of HattinBasilian]]Monastery of St.*1189 Nicholas of Kasoulon near [[w:Third CrusadeOtranto|Third CrusadeOtranto]] led by King Richard , under Norman patronage, who made himself the Lion-Hearted champion of England, King Philip Augustus II of Francethe Greek Church, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.*ca.1189 In response to the capture of old Jerusalem by Muslims in 1187, Ethiopian Emperor [[w:Gebre Mesqel Lalibelavigorously supported their [[Byzantine Rite|Gebre Mesqel Lalibelacustoms and doctrines]] (1189.<ref>K. Lake. ''"The Greek Monasteries in South Italy III."'' '''J Theol Studies''' (1903) os-1229V(17) ordered the construction of a holy city hewn from rock as a New Jerusalem, thus building the twelve monolithic rock-cut churches : 22-41. p. 35.</ref>*1180 Last formal acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch. *1182 [[w:LalibelaMaronite Catholic Church|LalibelaMaronites]], one who assisted the Crusaders during the Crusades, reaffirm their affiliation with Rome in 1182; dedication of Ethiopia's holiest cities, second only to [[w:AxumMonreale#The_Cathedral|AxumMonreale Cathedral]]in Sicily, and a center containing the largest cycle of pilgrimageByzantine mosaics extant in Italy. *1191 Cyprus taken from the Byzantines by English King Richard I "Lion Heart1186 Byzantine Empire recognizes independence of Bulgaria and Serbia." *1198 Cyprus sold by England to Frankish crusaders.*1204 Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade 1187 [[Sacking w:Saladin|Saladin]] retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at [[w:Battle of ConstantinopleHattin (1187)|sack ConstantinopleBattle of Hattin]], laying waste and returns Christian holy places to the city and stealing many holy [[relicsChurch of Jerusalem|Orthodox Church]] and other items; . *1189 [[Great Schismw:Third Crusade|Third Crusade]] generally regarded as having been completed by this actled by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. *1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted by the Ottoman Turks in 1669.*1235 Death of St. ca. 1189 Ethiopian Emperor [[Sava of Serbiaw:Gebre Mesqel Lalibela|Sava of SerbiaGebre Mesqel Lalibela]].*1237 Golden Horde (Mongols) begin orders construction of [[Church of_Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)w:Lalibela|subjugation of RussiaLalibela]]. *1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince 1204 [[Alexander NevskyFourth Crusade]] defeats Swedish army at Battle of the Neva.*1242 [[Alexander NevskySacking of Constantinople|sacks Constantinople]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in , laying waste to the Battle of Lake Peipus, a major defeat for the Catholic crusaders.*1258 city and stealing many [[Michael VIII Palaiologosrelics]] seizes and other items; [[Great Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act; [[w:Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I Lascaris]] establishes the throne [[w:Empire of the Nicaean Nicaea|Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of the Greek peninsula from LatinsNicaea]]. *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin Principality of Achaea at the [ca.1207 [[w:Battle of PelagoniaStephen Langton|Battle of PelagoniaStephen Langton]], marking divides the beginning of Bible into the Byzantine recovery of Greecedefined modern chapters in use today. *1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchsca.1220 English Bp.*1261 Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore ] makes [[w:Mystrasis said to have been responsible for the final form of the "[[Sarum Use|MystrasUse of Sarum]] seat ", which had the sterling reputation of being the best liturgy anywhere in the new West. *1228 [[w:Despotate of MoreaSixth Crusade|Despotate of MoreaSixth Crusade]]results in 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem ceded to Franks, where along with a Byzantine renaissance occurrednarrow corridor to the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem.*1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch1231 [[w:Medieval Inquisition|Papal Inquisition]] initiated by Pope Gregory IX, charged with suppressing heresy.*1274 1235 Death of [[Council Sava of LyonsSerbia]] held, proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East.*1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople . *1237 Golden Horde begin [[John XI Beccus Church of ConstantinopleRussia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)|John XI Beccussubjugation of Russia]] elected to replace Patriarch . *1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinople|Joseph I GalesiotesAlexander Nevsky]], who opposed defeats Swedish army at Battle of the [[Council of Lyons]]Neva. *ca. 1280 ''1242 [[w:Kebra Nagast|Kebra NagastAlexander Nevsky]]'' ("Book s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in [[w:Battle of the Glory Ice|Battle of Kings") compiledLake Peipus]], a repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelingsmajor defeat for the Catholic crusaders. *1291 Fall of Acre; end of crusading in Holy Land1244 Jerusalem conquered and razed by [[w:Khwarezm|Khwarezmian]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering Seventh Crusade. *1302 Papal Bull ''1247 [[w:Unam sanctumAyyubid dynasty|Unam SanctumAyyubids]]'' issued by Pope conquer Jerusalem, driving out the Khwarezmian Turks. *1258 [[Boniface VIII of Rome|Boniface Michael VIIIPalaiologos]] proclaims Papal supremacy.*1326 Moscow became seizes the seat throne of the Russian Orthodox MetropolitanateNicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, as beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from Latins. *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[Peter w:Principality of MoscowAchaea|Metropolitan PeterPrincipality of Achaea]] moved his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow. *1309 The island of Rhodes falls to at the [[w:Knights HospitallerBattle of Pelagonia|Knights Battle of St. JohnPelagonia]], who establish their headquarters there, renaming themselves marking the beginning of the Knights Byzantine recovery of Rhodes (1309-1522)Greece. *1336 ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of [[MeteoraIviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]] in Greece is established as a center .*1260 Subjugation of Orthodox [[monasticismChurch of Cyprus]].*1338 to the [[Gregory PalamasRoman Catholic Church]] (1296-1359) writes ''Triads in Defense . *1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of patriarchs; Emperor [[hesychasm|hesychast spiritualityMichael VIII Palaiologos]] makes [[Mystras]] and the use seat of the new [[Jesus Prayerw:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of Morea]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurred. *13411268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch. *1269 Orthodox patriarch returns to Antioch after a 171-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) year exile and John V Palaeologus (1341–91)usurpation by Latin patriarch.*1341-51 Three sessions 1274 Second [[Councils of the [[Ninth Ecumenical Lyons|Councilof Lyons]] held in Constantinople, affirming [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East.*1275 Unionist Patriarch of St. Constantinople [[Gregory PalamasJohn XI Bekkos of Constantinople|John XI Bekkos]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [elected to replace Patriarch [[Barlaam Joseph I Galesiotes of CalabriaConstantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]].*1344 Death of Amda Syon, Emperor of Ethiopia.*1349 Prince who opposed [[Stephen DushanCouncils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]] ; 26 martyrs of Serbia assumes Zographou monastery on [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]], martyred by the title of Latins. *ca. 1280 ''Tsar[[w:Kebra Nagast|Kebra Nagast]]'' (Caesar"Book of the Glory of Kings")compiled, a repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelings. *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe, at Gallipoli.*1359 Death of St. 1281 [[[Gregory Palamasw:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]]. *1360 Death of St John Koukouzelis, authorizes a Crusade against the Hymnographer of the Great Lavra on Mount Athos, maistor (master of music), theorist and composer, who codified the second major form of newly re-established [[Byzantine ChantEmpire]] known as ''kalophonic''in Constantinople, being highly melismatic, protracted, embellished excommunicating Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and the Greeks and grandiose.*1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Romerenouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year due to the [[w:Sicilian Vespers|Sicilian Vespers]]. *1383 St1291 Fall of Acre; end of crusading in Holy Land. *1298 [[Stephen Ambrose of PermMilan|Ambrose]], missionary to the Zyrians[[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], consecrated bishop. *1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad [[Jerome]], and [[Gregory the Dialogist|Pope Gregory I at ]] are named collectively as the battle first Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of Kosovo Polje.*1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first timeWestern Church. *1396 First English Bible translated by John Wyclif.*1410 Iconographer 1302 Papal Bull ''[[Andrei Rublevw:Unam sanctum|Unam Sanctum]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type '' issued by Pope [[Boniface VIII of the Holy TrinityRome|Boniface VIII]] proclaims Papal supremacy. *1417 End of Western Great Schism at the 1326 Metr. [[Council Peter of ConstanceMoscow|Peter]]moves his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow. *1422 1332 [[w:Siege Amda Seyon I of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siegeEthiopia|Amda Syon]] , Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces, allowing for the spread of ConstantinopleChristianity to frontier areas. *1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with the West attempted at the [[Council of Florence]], where only St. [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to the demands of the delegates from Rome.1336 [[Meteora]] in Greece established as a center of Orthodox [[monasticism]]. *1338 [[Gregory Palamas]] writes ''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[hesychasm|hesychast spirituality]] and the use of the [[Jesus Prayer]]. *1340 [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra]] founded by [[Sergius of Radonezh]]. *1341-51 Three sessions of the [[Ninth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, affirming [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology of [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabria]]. *1342 Patriarchate of Antioch transferred to Damascus under [[Ignatius II of Antioch|Ignatius II]]. *1349 Prince [[Stephen Dushan]] of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar); principality of [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] (Halitsh) comes under Polish control. *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli. *1359 Death of [[Gregory Palamas]]. *1360 Death of [[John Koukouzelis]] the Hymnographer. *1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome. *ca. 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in the East, "among the Greeks." *1382-95 [[w:Wyclif's Bible|First English Bible]] translated by John Wyclif. *1383 [[Stephen of Perm]], [[missionary]] to Zyrians, consecrated bishop; appearance of [[Theotokos of Tikhvin]] icon. *1385 [[w:Union of Krewo|Kreva Agreement]] provides for conversion of Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland through a dynastic union. *1387 [[w:Christianization of Lithuania|Lithuania converts to Roman Catholicism]], while most [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] lands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox. *1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar]], prince of Serbia. *1390 Ottomans take [[w:Alaşehir|Philadelphia]], last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time. *1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinity|Holy Trinity]]. *1414-18 Council of Constance in Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over authority of pope. *1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of Constance]]. *1418 Latin monk [[w:Thomas à Kempis|Thomas à Kempis]] authors ''[[w:The Imitation of Christ (book)|The Imitation of Christ]]''. *1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople. *1423-24 [[w:Council of Siena|Council of Siena]] in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[w:Conciliarism|conciliarism]], emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council, but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy. *1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with West attempted at [[Council of Florence]], where only [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to demands of delegates from Rome. *1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[Mark of Ephesus]]. *1444 ''[[Donation of Constantine]] '' proved forgery.
*1991 Soviet Union collapses, ending :''Main article: [[w:Cold War|Cold WarTimeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))]]; representatives ''*1991 Representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches. *1992 Civil war begins in former Yugoslavia; synaxis Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople; [[Diodoros I (Karivalis) of Jerusalem|Patriarch Diodoros I of Jerusalem]] presented a list of [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/diodoros.aspx firm declarations] of Orthodox convictions of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]], which was entered into the minutes of the assembly of Orthodox leaders at the [[Phanar]] on the Sunday of Orthodoxy.*1993 Seventh Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission session meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document on ''"Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion"''(the "[[Balamand document]]"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Ecumenical Councils."'' *1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemns [[Freemasonry]] as a religion incompatible with Christianity; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible|Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms]]'' published; [[Church of Eritrea|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] becomes autocephalous; [[Optina Monastery|Optina]] [http://handmaidleah.wordpress.com/new-martyrs-of-the-optina-pustyn/ Pustyn New Martyrs] Hieromonk Vasily (Roslyakov), Monk Ferapont (Pushkarev), and Monk Trophim (Tatarinov) are martyred in a satanic ritualistic manner.*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]"."*1995 Ecumenical Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"''; Pope John Paul II issues encyclical ''[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html Orientale Lumen]'', encouraging reunion between East and West. *1996 The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America was reorganized by the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], dividing the administration of the two continents into four parts, the new jurisdictions being the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Archdiocese of America]], the [[Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)|Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)]], the Metropolis of Mexico (Central America), and the Metropolis of Buenos Aires (South America). *1997 Visit by Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] to US; establishment of dioceses of Bukoba, Madagascar, Ghana and Nigeria; Russian [[w:Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations|Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations]] enshrined [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] as the country's predominant religion.*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] held to discuss Orthodox participation in [[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."''
==Notes==*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.*The division {{Template:Timeline of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.}}
Added link to History of Orthodox Missions
<!--- This is a large page that blanks out when edited as a full page, please edit one section at a time. ---> {{Template:Timeline of Church History}}
{{Orthodoxchristianity}}
The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]]. ==New Testament era==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era)]] *ca. 27 BC - AD 180 [[Pax Romana]].*ca. 4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]]. *ca. 28 [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] begins ministry.*ca. 28-30 Three year ministry of [[Jesus Christ]].*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]] the deacon, first Christian martyr. *30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]].
==Apostolic era (33-100)== : Main article: ''[[Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (33-100))]]'' *ca. 30-33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high. *34 St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] founds the [[Church of Antioch|See of Antioch]]. *35 Name ''Christian'' first used in Antioch. *37 St. [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in [[Glastonbury]]. *40 [[Apostle Barnabas]] sent from Jerusalem to Antioch.*ca. 42 [[Apostle Paul]]'s ecstasy to the third heaven (2 Cor.12:2-4).*ca. 46-48 [[Apostle Paul]]'s first [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Barnabas]].*49 [[Apostolic Council of Jerusalem ]] rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians. *ca. 49-52 [[Apostle Paul]]'s second [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Silas]].*50 The [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic. *52 [[Apostle Thomas]] arrives in Kerala, introducing [[Church of India|Christianity to India]].*ca. 53-57 [[Apostle Paul]]'s third [[missionary]] journey (Acts 18:23 - 21:16).*ca. 59-62 [[Apostle Paul]]'s fourth [[missionary]] journey, voyage to Rome.*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]], the Lord's brother and bishop ; crucifixion of Jerusalem[[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras. *63 St. [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first Bishop bishop of Britain. *64-67 Persecution 68 First of ten major persecutions of Christians by the early Church, [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Nero.2C_64-68_A.D.|under Emperor Nero]].*64 Martyrdom 66 Flight of the Christian community in Jerusalem to [[Apostle Paulw:Pella, Jordan|Pella]] and other places in Romethe [[w:Decapolis|Decapolis]], and Antioch.*67 Martyrdom of the Apostles [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero. *69 St. [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated to the [[bishop|episcopacy]] in of Antioch. *70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes his [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; the [[w:Herod's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem ]] is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues; Johanan Ben Zacchai founds a college at Jamnia that became the seat of the Sanhedrin and the religious centre of Judaism from A.D. 70-135, enabling the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism. *71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans. *80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) Titus dedicates [[Josephusw:Colosseum|Colosseum]] writes , site of the martyrdom of many early Christians. *ca. 80-90 ''Antiquities[[Didache]]''written. *85 [[Acts of the Apostles]] is composed written by the [[Apostle Luke]]. *90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks the final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] or [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] Old Testament widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora. *95 [[Apostle John]] writes the [[Book of Revelation]]. *ca. 90-96-98 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Domitian|Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian]] (2nd). *96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John|that apostle]] as a supplement and further theological illumination .*ca. 100 Emergence of the [[Synoptic Gospelsw:Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs_2|Christian Catacombs]]. *100 Death of the [[Apostle John]] the Theologian.
==Ante-Nicene era (100-325)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))]]'' *107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]]. *108-124 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emperor Hadrian (3rd).*120 Beginning of time of the Apologists: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]], [[Tatian]], [[Athenagoras of Athens]], [[Theophilus]], [[Minucius Felix]], [[Tertullian]] and [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]].*124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]] present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens. *128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]]. *132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome. *135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day|holy day]] in Rome. *136 Emperor Hadrian crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering returning Jerusalem, and changes the city name of the city to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of the title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]]. *144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]]. *150 St. [[Justin Martyr]] describes the [[Divine Liturgy]]. *155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]]. *156 Beginning of [[Montanism]]. *165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]]. *166 Pope [[Soter of Rome|Soter]] inaugurates in Rome a separate annual feast for [[Pascha]], in addition to the weekly [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] celebrations of the [[Resurrection]], which is also held on a Sunday, in contrast to the [[Quartodeciman|Quartodecimans]]. *ca. 175 Tatian's [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the four canonical gospels into single narrative.*177-180 St[[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Persection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]] (161-180) (4th). *180 [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''; [[Dyfan]] first martyr in British Isles.*190 180-192 [[Pantaenusw:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] founds Greek translation of the [[Alexandrian schoolOld Testament]].*193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Catechetical School at AlexandriaSymmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]]. *197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy. *200 Martyrdom of St. [[Irenaeus of Lyons]]. *203 202 Emperor Septimus Severus issues an edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]]. *202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimius Severus]] (193-211) (5th).*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity. *ca.209 StMartyrdom of [[Alban]] in Britain. *210 [[AlbanHippolytus of Rome]], protomartyr bishop and martyr and last of BritainGreek-speaking fathers in Rome, was killed for his faith by Roman authorities in one writes ''[[w:Refutation of the few persecutions all Heresies|Refutation of Christians to take place on the islandAll Heresies]]'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].
*225 Death of [[Tertullian]].
*232 Heraclas becomes Pope ca. 225-250 ''[[w:Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia Apostolorum]]'' written.*227 [[Origen]] begins ''Commentary on Genesis'', completes work on ''First Principles''.*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]] (6th); martyrdom of St. [[Hippolytus of Rome]].*238 During reigns of Gordian and Patriarch of Alexandria on [[w:Philip the Arab|Philip the death of DemetriusArab]] Church preaches openly and increasingly attracts well-educated converts.*ca. 240 [[Origen]] produces [[Hexapla]].*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome in opposition to Church.*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes the in Egypt first Christian hermit. *247 Rome celebrates thousandth anniversary, witnessing a period of increased persecution of Christians.*248 [[Origen]] writes ''Against Celsus'' that the [[Pax Romana|Roman Empire was ordained by God]]. *249-251 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under the Emperor Decius]] (7th). *251257-253 260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor GaiusValerian]] (253-260) (8th). *253-260 Persecution under Emperor Valerian258 Martyrdom of [[Cyprian of Carthage]].*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ; Synod in Rome condemns Sabellianism and Subordinationism. *264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].*265 ''[[Homoousios]]'' used for first time by Modalist Monarchians of Cyrene.*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]] (9th). *270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]]; [[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Tyre]] writes ''Against the Christians''. *284 [[Diocletian]] becomes Roman emperor, persecutes Church and martyrs an estimated one million Christians; martyrdom of [[Cosmas and Damian (Rome)|Cosmas and Damian]], Andrew Stratelates ("the General") and 2,593 soldiers with him in Cilicia.*285 St. [[Anthony the Great]] flees to desert. *300 Christian population reaches about 6,200,000, or 10.5% of the desert to pursue a life population of prayerthe Roman Empire.*301 St. [[Gregory the IlluminatorEnlightener]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith. *302 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia. *303 Outbreak of the [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution]] (303-311) (10th); martyrdom of [[George the Trophy-bearer]]. *ca. 305-311 [[Lactantius]] writes ''[[Divinae Institutiones]]''. *ca. 306 [[w:Synod of Elvira|Synod of Elvira]] requires clerical celibacy and sets severe disciplinary penalties for apostasy and adultery, becoming the pattern in the West.*308 Pope [[w:Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus]] opposes leniency for Christians who lapsed under persecution.*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379). *311 Rebellion Galerius issues Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; [[Donatism|DonatistsDonatist]] rebellion in Carthage. *312 Conversion [[Labarum|Vision]] and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]], who defeats ; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] and becomes , making Constantine Emperor of the West; martyrdom of [[Lucian of Antioch]].*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by St. [[Constantine the Great]] and his co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire and specifically naming toleration for Christianity. *314 Condemnation [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]] as a heresy. *315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held.*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by St [[Athanasius, influencing the condemnation Great]]; beginnings of [[Arianism|Arian Controversy]]. *318 St. [[Pachomius the Great]], disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]]. *320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by St. [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. *320-21 Licinius' measures against Christians in the East enforced.*321 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] declares [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] a holiday in honor of the [[Resurrection]].*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds a church on the site of the martyrdom of St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome. *324 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] defeats Licinius and becomes sole emperor.
==Nicene era (325-451)== : ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))]]'' *325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]]., also establishing the supremacy of honor of the Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. *326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress St. [[Helen]]a.*326 ; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian. *328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria. *329 St. [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains St. [[Frumentius of Axum|Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to the [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia. *330 Byzantium refounded as ''Constantinople is founded as the / New Rome'', Christian capital of the Roman Empire; Amoun , and is dedicated to the [[Macarius the GreatTheotokos]] found by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert. *336-338 [[Athanasius the Great]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of St. [[Pachomius the Great]], awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in Europe. *340 Conversion 337 Death of [[WulfilaConstantine the Great|Constantine]] to . *340 Conversion of [[ArianismWulfila]], subsequently missionizing the Goths with his to [[heresy|hereticalArianism]] doctrine. *348 Death of St. 341 [[Pachomius the GreatCouncil of Antioch]]held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. *350 St345 Death of [[Nicholas of Myra]]. *348 Death of [[NinianPachomius the Great]] establishes the church and [[Spyridon of Trimythous]]. *350 [[Ninian]] establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the [[missionary ]] effort to the Picts. *356 Death 351 Apparition of St. the [[Anthony the GreatCross]]over Jerusalem. *358 St355 Death of [[Nino of Cappadocia]]. *356 Death of [[Basil Anthony the Great]] founds the . *357 [[Council of Sirmium]] issues ''Blasphemy of Sirmium''. *358 [[Basil the Great]] founds monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]]. *360 St359 Councils of [[Council of Seleucia|Seleucia]] and [[Council of Rimini|Rimini]]. *360 [[Martin of Tours]] founds first French monastery at Liguge.*361 ; first church of [[Julian the ApostateHagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] becomes Roman emperor.*367 St. inaugurated by Emperor [[Athanasius of Alexandriaw:Constantius II|Constantius II]] writes his . *362 Antiochian schism (362-414). *361-63 [[Pascha]]l letter, listing for Julian the first time the [[canonApostate]] of the becomes Roman emperor and attempts to restore paganism. *363 Emperor [[New Testamentw:Jovian|Jovian]] reestablishes Christianity as the official religion of the Empire. *364 [[Holy ScripturesCouncil of Laodicea]]held. *373 Death of St. 367 [[Athanasius the Greatof Alexandria]].*374 Election of writes [[Ambrose of Milan|AmbrosePascha]] as bishop of Milan.*375 St. l letter, listing for the first time the [[Basil the Greatcanon]] writes ''of the [[On the Holy SpiritNew Testament]]'', confirming the divinity ; death of the [[Holy SpiritHilary of Poitiers]]. *376 Visigoths convert to 373 Death of [[Arianism|ArianAthanasius the Great]] Christianity.*380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor St. and [[[Theodosius Ephrem the GreatSyrian]]. *381 374 Election of [[Second Ecumenical CouncilAmbrose of Milan|Ambrose]] held in Constantinople, condemning as bishop of Milan. *375 [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/PneumatomachianismBasil the Great]] and writes ''[[Appollinarianism]], declaring the divinity of On the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical Council]], and completing the ''. *376 Visigoths convert to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedArianism|Arian]]Christianity. *386 379 Death of [[Panagia Soumela MonasteryBasil the Great]] founded in Trebizond, Pontus, Asia Minor, after the wonderworking icon ; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of the Virgin Mary Bishop of Soumela, believed to have been painted Rome by the [[Apostle Luke]], appears at Mt. Melasallowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *395 St. 380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor [[Theodosius the Great]]; [[Augustine Council of Hippo|AugustineSaragossa]] condemns [[Priscillianism]] becomes bishop of Hippo. *398 St. 381 [[John ChrysostomSecond Ecumenical Council]] becomes held in Constantinople, condemning [[ArchbishopPneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] of Constantinople.*400 Translation of the and [[Holy ScripturesApollinarianism]] into Latin as , declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[VulgateEcumenical Council]] by St. , and completing the [[JeromeNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]].*401 St. ; [[Augustine Council of HippoAquileia]] writes ''Confessions''led by [[Ambrose of Milan]] deposes Arian bishops. *403 Abduction of 382 Pope [[Patrick Siricius of Ireland|PatrickRome]] first to Ireland to serve as a slave; bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''. *383 Death of [[w:Victricius|VictriciusFrumentius of Axum]], Bishop bishop of Rouen Axum and missionary, visited Britain for the purpose of bringing peace Apostle to the island's clergy, who were in the midst of a dispute.Ethiopia.*406 A combined barbarian force 384 Council of Suevi, Alans, Vandals & Burgundians swept into central Gaul, severing contact between Rome and BritainBordeaux condemns [[Priscillian]]. *407 385 Death of [[John ChrysostomGregory of Nyssa]] in exile. *410 Fall 386 Death of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape [[Cyril of StJerusalem]]. *387 [[Patrick Augustine of IrelandHippo|PatrickAugustine]] back to Britain; Emperor baptized by [[w:Honorius (emperor)|HonoriusAmbrose of Milan]] . *391 Death of Rome tells Britain to attend to its own affairs; [[w:Zosimus|Zosmius[[Gregory the Theologian]] reports Roman officials were expelled from Britain and the native government established independence. *411 [[Pelagius391-92 Closing of all non-Christian temples in the Empire; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] condemned ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at a council in CarthageAlexandria and Rome to cease. *412 St. 392 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria|CyrilMacarius the Great]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria. *415 393 [[PelagiusCouncil of Hippo]] cleared at publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival. *394 [[synodEpiphanius of Salamis]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); St. attacks teachings of [[John CassianOrigen]] founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn as heretical; Council of Constantinople held; [[PelagiusDonatism|Donatist]] and convince Pope Innocent I [[Council of Rome to excommunicate himBagai]] in Africa held. *418 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing 395 [[Augustine of Hippo|AugustinianAugustine]] anthropology.*426 St. becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; placing of the cincture of the [[Augustine of HippoTheotokos]] writes ''The City in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople. *395 Re-division of Empire with death of God''Emperor Theodosius the Great. *428 397 [[NestoriusCouncils of Carthage|Council of Carthage]] becomes patriarch publishes Biblical canon; death of Constantinople.*429 Pope [[Celestine Martin of Rome|Celestine ITours]] dispatches Bishops and [[Germanus Ambrose of Auxerre|Germanus of AuxerreMilan]] to Britain and St. *398 [[PalladiusJohn Chrysostom]] to Ireland as missionary bishops and to combat the becomes [[Pelagianism|PelagianArchbishop]] heresy; while in Britainof Constantinople. *ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10, 000 Fathers of the Scetis by Patriarch [[Germanus Theophilus of Auxerre|GermanusAlexandria]], a former military man, having baptised his troops, led them to the "Alleluia" victory on the Welsh border against a Pictish and Saxon army. . *431 399 [[Third Ecumenical CouncilAnastasius I of Rome]] held in Ephesus, condemning and other bishops condemn doctrine of [[NestorianismOrigen]] and . *401 [[PelagianismAugustine of Hippo]], confirming the use of the term writes ''Confessions'[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary; the council also grants Pope [[autocephalyInnocent I of Rome]] to the supports [[Church of CyprusJohn Chrysostom]]; and condemns [[pelagianism]]. *402 [[Porphyry of Gaza]] obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in Gaza. *432 Return 403 Abduction of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin missionary work.*433 The Irelande; visit of [[Formulary Victricius of PeaceRouen]] completes the work to Britain; [[Synod of the Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[Third Ecumenical CouncilJohn Chrysostom]] by reconciling [[Cyril . *404 Martyrdom of Alexandria]] with [[John of AntiochTelemachus]], resulting in Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights. *444 Death 405 Translation of St. [[Cyril of AlexandriaHoly Scriptures]].*445 Founding of into Latin as the monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland.*449 [[Robber Synod of EphesusVulgate]], presided over by by [[Dioscorus Jerome]]. *407 Death of Alexandria[[John Chrysostom]]in exile. *410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] back to Britain; Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)|Eutyches]].effectively removing the Roman presence. *410 [[Council of Seleucia]] declares Mesopotamian [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent of Orthodox bishops. *411 [[Pelagius]] condemned at council in Carthage; [[Rabbula of Edessa|Rabbula]] becomes bishop of Edessa. *412 [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws [[Donatism]]; Bishops Lazarus of Aix-en-Provence and Herod of Arles expelled from sees on a charge of [[Manichaeism]]; ''[[Byzantine Creation Era#Alexandrian Era|Alexandrian Creation Era]]'' date finalized at 25 March, 5493 BC. *414 Resolution of Antiochian division. *415 [[Pelagius]] cleared at [[synod]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); [[John Cassian]] founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Pelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate him. *418 Foundation of the Arian [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]], as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle. *418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] [[anthropology]]. *426 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''. *428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as [[missionary]] bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; death of [[Sisoes the Great]]. *430 [[Peter the Iberian]] founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. *431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends [[Palladius]] to Ireland. *432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin [[missionary]] work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Picts. *433 [[Formulary of Peace]] completes work of [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]]. *435 Death of [[John Cassian]] and [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis. *438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published. *439 Carthage falls to Vandals. *444 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; Pope [[Leo the Great]] abolishes Gallican vicariate. *445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of the bishop of Rome. *447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]]. *449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches]] the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]]. *450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britian, the ''[http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/adventus1.html Adventus Saxonum]''; death of [[w:Peter Chrysologus|Peter Chrysologus]], Archbishop of Ravenna (433-450), famed for his eloquence in preaching.
==Byzantine era (451-843)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))]]'' *451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming that Christ has doctrine of two perfect and indivisible but distinct natures; this eventually led to a in Christ, and recognizing [[schismChurch of Jerusalem]], with the as patriarchate.*452 [[Church Proterios of Alexandria]] being divided into Chalcedonian convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonian factions, with a similar schism occurring in Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[Church of AntiochJohn the Forerunner]] along with it; . *457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Church of Jerusalem|Church of JerusalemPaschalion]] is recognized as a patriarchate ; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by the [patriarch of Constantinople. *459 Death of [Fourth Ecumenical Council|Council of Chalcedon[Symeon the Stylite]]. *452 461 Death of [[Proterios of AlexandriaLeo the Great]] (replacement of and [[Dioscorus Patrick of Alexandria|DioscorusIreland]]), convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian groups. *459 Death of 462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[September 1]]; [[Symeon the StyliteStudion Monastery]]founded. *466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates the bishop of Mtskheta to the rank of [[Catholicos ]] of Kartli, thus rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].*476 Fall ; death of the Western Roman Empire when [[w:Romulus AugustusShenouda the Archimandrite|Romulus AugustusShenouda the Great]], the last Emperor abbott of the West was deposed by Germanic chieftain Odoacer; White Monastery in an unstable political environmentEgypt, considered the founder of [[Church of RomeAlexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]] slowly developed a centralized structure, concentrating religious as well as secular authority in the office of the [[Pope]], the bishop of . Rome.*477 ca. 471 Patr. [[Timothy AelurusAcacius of Constantinople]] of Alexandria, exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egyptfirst called ''Oikoumenikos'' ("Ecumenical"). *482 Byzantine emperor 473 Death of [[Zeno|Zeno IEuthymius the Great]] issues the ''. *475 Emperor [[w:HenotikonBasiliscus|HenotikonBasiliscus]]'' edict (''Act issues letter to bishops of Union'')empire, in an attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of supporting [[OrthodoxyMonophysitism]] and [[Monophysitism]].. *484 Acacian Schism: 477 [[w:Pope Felix III|Pope Felix III]] excommunicates [[w:Pope Peter III Timothy II Aelurus of Alexandria|Peter MongusTimothy Aelurus]], patriarch of Alexandria, and exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt. *482 Byzantine emperor [[w:Patriarch Acacius of ConstantinopleZeno (emperor)|AcaciusZeno I]], patriarch of Constantinople, causing a schism between eastern and western Christianity that lasted 35 years (to 519)issues ''[[Henoticon]]''. *484 Founding of the [[Monastery of St. SabbasAcacian Schism]] in . *484 Founding of [[Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar Sabbas Monastery]] by [[Sabbas the Judean wildernessSanctified]]; [[Synod of Beth Papat Lapat]] in Persia declares the [[Nestorianism|Nestorian doctrine]] as the official theology of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], centered in Edessa.*488 Death of Peter effectively separating the Fuller, Assyrian church from the non-Chalcedonian Patriarch of AntiochByzantine church. *489 Emperor [[Zeno(emperor)|Zeno I]] closed the closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]. *490 St. [[Brigid of Kildaire|Brigid]] founds the monastery of Kildare in Ireland. *494 Pope [[w:Pope Gelasius I|Pope Gelasius Iof Rome]] delineated the delineates relationship between church Church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I|Anastasius]]; during the Acacian schism he asserted the primacy of Rome over the entire Church, setting the model for subsequent popes’ claims of papal supremacy. *496 [[w:Pope Gelasius I|Pope Gelasius IRemigius of Rheims]] dedicated [baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity. *ca. 500 [February 14|February 14[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] as [[w:Valentinewrites ''The Mystical Theology's Day|Saint Valentine's Day. *506 [[Church of Armenia]], banning separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. *507 Clovis I defeats the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia (Arian Visigoths at [[July 30w:Battle of Vouillé|July 30Battle of Vouillé]] near Poitiers, ending their power in the Eastern Orthodox Church)Gaul. *ca. 500 518 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the AreopagiteSeverus of Antioch]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''.*502 Start of deposed by Emperor [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid warsJustin I]] lasting until 562for Monophysitism; Patr.*518 [[w:Severus John II of Antioch|Severus Patriarch of AntiochConstantinople]] is addressed as ''Oikoumenikos Patriarches'' (512-518"Ecumenical Patriarch") appointed by Emperor [[Anastasius I|Anastasius]], is deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for his Monophysitism. *519 The Eastern and Western churches are reconciled with the end of the [[Acacian schismSchism]]. *521 St. Birth of [[Columba of Iona]] is born. *527 [[Dionysius Exiguus working on the [[Gregorian Calendar]] calculated calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of [[St.*529 Pagan University Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] on the Sinai peninsula by [[Justinian the Great]]. *529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; St. [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Monte Cassino ]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; the death of [[Church of Theodosius the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the NativityGreat]] is burnt down in the Samaritan revolt of 529. *529 -534 [[Justinianthe Great|Justinian]]'s]] ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]] (Body of Civil Law)'' is issued from 529 to 534. *530 [[Brendan the Navigator]] lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a collection short-lived community of fundamental works in jurisprudence in four parts: ''Irish monks. *532 [[Justinian the Codex Justinianus, Digesta (Pandects), Institutiones, and Novellae'', serving to revive Roman law; ultimately this became the foundation of all civil law, also influencing ecclesiastical law.*532 [[JustinianGreat]] orders the building of a new cathedral, beginning of the construction of the [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] (532-537); death of [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]. *533 Mercurius is elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election. *533 Foundation of 534 Roman Empire destroys the Diocese Arian kingdom of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor JustinianVandals. *534 Final edition 536 [[Mennas of the ''Constantinople]] summons a synod anathematizing [[http://enSeverus of Antioch]].wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis#Codex_Justinianus Codex Justinianus] (Code *537 Construction of Justinian)'' is published, including numerous provisions securing the status of Orthodox Christianity as the state religion of the empire[[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople completed.*534 Roman Empire destroys 538 Emperor [[Justinian the Arian kingdom of the Vandals; Malta becomes a Byzantine province (534-870)Great]], via deportations and force, manages to get [[Pentarchy|all five patriarchates]] offcially into communion.*536 Patriarch 539 [[Mennas Ravenna]] becomes exarchate of Constantinople[[Byzantine Empire]] (536-552) summoned a synod in May-June 536 where . *541 [[w:Severus of Antioch|SeverusJacob Baradeus]] was anathematized; organizes the sentence was ratified by [[JustinianOriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]]in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt. *537 Construction 543 Doctrine of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophiaapokatastasis]]] in condemned by Synod of Constantinople is completed by Emperor St. *544 [[Justinian|Justinian the GreatJacob Baradeus]].*539 consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Ravenna Church of Antioch (ItalySyriac)|RavennaSyriac Orthodox Church]] becomes an exarchate of and the Byzantine Empire (539-751).*541 [[Jacob BaradeusChalcedonian [[Church of Antioch]], bishop ; founding of Edessa, organizes the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Oriental OrthodoxCiaran of Clonmacnoise|Non-Chalcedonian ChurchCiaran]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt. *543 The doctrine of 545 [[apocatastasisDavid of Wales]] is condemned by the Synod moves primatial see of ConstantinopleBritain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's). *544 546 [[Jacob BaradeusColumba of Iona|Columba]] consecrated Sergius founds monastery of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the Derry in Ireland. *547 [[Church David of Antioch (Syriac)|Syrian Orthodox ChurchWales]] and [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Church]]; Founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by Stdoes obeisance to the Patriarch of Jerusalem. *553 [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|CiaranFifth Ecumenical Council]].*545 The held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians— ''[[w:Synod of Brefi|Synod of BrefiThree Chapters]] is held at Llandewi Brefi in Wales to condemn the Pelagian heresy.*546 St. '' of [[Columba Theodore of Iona|ColumbaMopsuestia]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland.*553 , [[Fifth Ecumenical CouncilTheodoret of Cyrrhus]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''Three Chapters'' of , and [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their pro-[[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] nature, and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned. *553 The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Byzantines after Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters'', causing [[w:Battle Schism of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactariusthe Three Chapters]] and the Italian peninsula was, for a short time, reintegrated into the empire.*556 St. in those areas, leading to independence of [[Columba Patriarch of Iona|ColumbaVenice]] founds monastery from [[Patriarch of Durrow in IrelandAquileia]]; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]]. *563 Re-consecration of 554 [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia SophiaChurch of Armenia]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; St. officially [[Columba of Ionaschism|Columbabreaks]] arrives on with West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of [[IonaFourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] and establishes his [[monastery]] there, founding his mission to the Pictswas rejected. *564 Death of 556 [[w:Saint PetrocColumba of Iona|St. PetrocColumba]].*569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians founds monastery of Durrow in EgyptIreland; St. death of [[David of Wales|DavidRoman the Melodist]] holds . *557 [[Brendan the Synod of Victoria to re-assert the anti-pelagian decrees agreed Navigator]] founds monastery at BrefiClonfert, Ireland. *570 Death of St. 563 [[w:GildasColumba of Iona|GildasColumba]]; Birth of Muhammad, founder of arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes [[Islammonastery]]there, founding mission to the Picts. *580 Monte Cassino sacked by the Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to Rome569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; the Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece.*589 At [[Council David of ToledoWales]] in Spain, the holds [[FilioqueSynod of Victoria]] is added to the re-assert anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi.*576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian (Greek)]] in an attempt to combat and [[ArianismChurch of Alexandria (Coptic)|Monophysite (Coptic)]].*590 Irish missionary St577 Patr. [[ColumbanusJohn Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] founds monasteries in France (Luxeuil in Burgundy).*593 is responible for the first collection of Canon Law, the ''[[Anastasius the Sinaite|Anastasius the SinaiteNomocanon]] is restored as '', of the [[Orthodox Patriarch of AntiochChurch]]. *596 St579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily. *580 [[Gregory the DialogistMonte Cassino]] sends St. [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to southern Britain Rome; Slavs begin to convert migrate into the pagansBalkans and Greece. *ca. 600 ''587 Visigoth King [[w:Reccared I|Reccared]] renounces [[The Ladder of Divine AscentArianism]]'' written by St. in favor of [[John ClimacusOrthodoxy]]; St. *589 [[Gregory the DialogistCouncil of Toledo]] inspired the development of Gregorian chant through his liturgical reforms.*601 adds [[Augustine of CanterburyFilioque]] converts King St. to [[Ethelbert of KentNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]] and establishes the see of Canterbury. *602 Final series of climactic wars between the 590 [[Byzantine EmpireColumbanus]] and the Sassanid Empire (602-627); Stfounds monasteries in France. *593 [[Augustine Anastasius I of CanterburyAntioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]] meets with the Welsh Bishops, stating that they have been acting contrary to Church teachings, failing to keep Easter at the prescribed Roman time and not administering baptism according to the Roman rite; he also insists that they help in the conversion of the Saxons, and look to Canterbury as their spiritual centre.restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. *604 596 [[w:Mellitus|MellitusGregory the Dialogist]] becomes the first Bishop of London and founds the first sends [[w:St Paul's CathedralAugustine of Canterbury|St. Paul's CathedralAugustine]]. along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. *605 597 Death of [[Augustine Columba of Canterbury|AugustineIona]], the first Archbishop of Canterbury, buried in St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury. *609 The 598 [[w:Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon in RomeGlastonbury Abbey]] is made a church, consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (Santa Maria dei Martiri)founded. *610 ca. 600 ''[[Heraclius]The Ladder of Divine Ascent] changes the official language of the Empire from Latin to ]'' written by [[w:Medieval Greek|GreekJohn Climacus]], already ; [[Gregory the lingua franca Dialogist]] inspires development of the vast majority of the population[[Gregorian Chant]] through his liturgical reforms. *612 The 601 [[w:Holy Sponge|Holy SpongeAugustine of Canterbury]] and the converts King [[w:Holy Lance|Holy LanceEthelbert of Kent]] are brought to Constantinople from Palestineand establishes see of Canterbury. *614 Persian 602 [[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/antiochus_strategos_capture.htm sack Augustine of JerusalemCanterbury]] meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Chosroes II of Persia; the Canterbury. *604 [[Church Mellitus]] becomes first bishop of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)London and founds first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|Church St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the Holy SepulchreDialogist]] is damaged by fire, the [[True Cross]] is captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem are massacred.. *615 605 Death of [[ColumbanusAugustine of Canterbury]] in Italy. *617 Persian Army conquered Chalcedon after a long siege.*618 Death of St 610 [[Kevin of Glendalough|KevinHeraclius]], Abbot changes official language of Glendalough, Ireland.*620 The Slavs attack Thessaloniki.*622 Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the hejira occurs, Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca the Empire from Latin to Medina.*626 [[Akathistw:Medieval Greek|Akathist HymnGreek]] to , already the Virgin Mary written, after Constantinople was liberated from a siege ''lingua franca'' of the vast majority of 80,000 the population. *612 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (626)|Avars Holy Sponge]] and Slavs[[Holy Lance]] with the Persian fleetbrought to Constantinople from Palestine. *627 Pope St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends Paulinus to found the see 614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of York and convert King Persia; [[Edwin Church of Northumbriathe Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]].*627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] decisively defeats the Sassanid Persians At The [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], surrounding their capital Ctesiphondamaged by fire, recovering the [[True Cross]]captured, and breaking the power of the Sassanid dynastyover 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred. *630 Second [[Elevation 615 Death of the Holy Cross]]: Emperor [[HeracliusColumbanus]] entered Jerusalem on 21 March amidst great rejoicing, transferring the in Italy. *617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege. *626 [[True CrossAkathist|Cross of ChristAkathist Hymn]] with great solemnity into to the Virgin Mary written. *627 Emperor [[Church Heraclius]] defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of the Holy Sepulchre Nineveh (Jerusalem627)|temple Battle of the ResurrectionNineveh]] together with Patriarch Zacharios (609-633).*635 Founding of [, recovering [[True Cross]] and breaking Sassanid power. *630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]]. *633 Death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem]]. *635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by St. [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity. *636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by the Muslim Arabs after the pivotal [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].*638 Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem. *640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; in Egypt the [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opened the opens door for the Muslim conquest of the Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]]. *641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.
*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt.
*646 Alexandria is recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] Civilization civilization in Egypt. *648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]]. *649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus. *650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox ChristianityOrthodoxy. *657 Founding 653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Whitby AbbeyConstans II]] in Yorkshire, England. *662 Death 654 Invasion of StRhodes by Arabs. *655 Martyrdom of [[Maximus Martin the Confessor]]. *663 Emperor Constans II is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome.*664 657 Founding of [[Synod of WhitbyAbbey]] held in northern EnglandYorkshire, harmonizing Celtic and Roman liturgical practices in England; . *662 Death of [[Iona|IonianMaximus the Confessor]] monk [. *663 Emperor [Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York.*668 St. [[Theodore of TarsusConstans II]] is appointed as archbishop of Canterbury.*669-78 last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[w:Siege Constans II]] declares Pope of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege Rome to have no jurisdiction over Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of Constantinople]]the exarch, his immediate representative. *670 Composition 664 [[Synod of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by St. [[CaedmonWhitby]] of Whitby.*680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Constantinople, condemning Northumbria; [[MonothelitismIona|Ionian]] and affirming the monk [[ChristologyWilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of StYork. *669-78 [[Maximus the Confessorw:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]], affirming that Christ has both a natural (human) will and a divine will; Patriarch at [[Sergius w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of ConstantinopleSyllaeum]] and Pope [[Honorius Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathemaw:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]]tized for their support of the Monothelite , ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe. *670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by [[Caedmon]] of [[heresyWhitby Abbey|Whitby]]. *685 672 First monastics come to Synod of Hertford called by [[Mount AthosTheodore of Tarsus]], adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. *687 Destruction 673 Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Whitby AbbeyMonothelitism]] by Danish raiders. *692 680-681 [[Quinisext Sixth Ecumenical Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or the ''Council in Trullo'') held held in Constantinople, issuing condemning [[canonMonothelitism]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth affirming [[Ecumenical CouncilsChristology]], and declaring the of [[Church of JerusalemMaximus the Confessor]] to be , affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[patriarchateSergius I of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius I of Rome]]are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism. *698 Muslim conquest of Carthage682 Foundation of [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in England. *706 Use 685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of Greek as [[Anastasius of Sinai]]. *685 [[John Maron]] elected first Maronite patriarch, founding the ''administrative language'' was abolished in Egypt[[Maronite Catholic Church]], as government edicts were redacted in Arabic starting in 706; the primary ''spoken language'' remained Coptic until the tenth century when Arabic had replaced it, and Coptic became relegated to a which embraced [[Divine Liturgy|liturgicalMonothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]] language. *710 Pope 687 Destruction of [[Constantine of Rome|ConstantineWhitby Abbey]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.*ca. 715 by Danish Vikings; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England).*716 Monastery at . *688 Emperor [[IonaJustinian II]] conforms to Roman liturgical usageand Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. *716 Stca. [[Boniface]]'s first missionary journey 690 Witenagamot of England forbids church appeals to FrisiaRome. *717 The Pictish king Nechtan expels 691 [[w:Dome of the monks from Rock|Dome of the island of [[IonaRock]]completed in Jerusalem. *717-18 692 [[w:Siege of Constantinople Quinisext Council]] (718also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'')|Second Arab siege of Constantinopleheld in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]].*719 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia Church s completing the work of Nubia] transferred its allegiance from the Fifth and Sixth [[Church of Alexandria|Greek Orthodox ChurchEcumenical Councils]] to , and declaring the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic ChurchJerusalem]], according to an entry in the chronicle of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Eutychius (932-940)be a [[patriarchate]]. *726 694 Byzantine army of [[Iconoclasm|IconoclastJustinian II]] Emperor defeated by [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against the [[iconographyMaronite Catholic Church|iconsMaronites]], who became fully independent. *731 Venerable 697 [[BedeCouncil of Birr]] completes ''accepts Roman [[Ecclesiastical History Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of the English PeopleIona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomnáin]]''. *732 698 Muslim invasion conquest of Europe is stopped by the Franks Carthage; at the [[w:Battle Synod of Tours|Battle of ToursAquileia]].*734 , bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[w:Ecgbert, Archbishop Schism of York|Egbertthe Three Chapters]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learningreturn to communion with Rome. *735 ca. 700 Death of the Venerable [[BedeIsaac of Syria]]; the See . *707 Death of York achieves archepiscopal status[[John Maron]]. *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his 710 Pope [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_law#Ecloga ''Ecloga''Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] Law Code, designed makes last papal visit to introduce Christian principle into law; death Constantinople before 1967. *712 Death of [[Saint Willibrord (Clement)|WillibrordAndrew of Crete]] (658-739. *ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England), Archbishop of Utrecht and Enlightener of the Netherlands. *749 Death of 715 [[John w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]]built over the Cathedral of St.*750 John the Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque constructed over site of [[Donation Church of St. Mary of Constantine]] accepted as a legitimate documentJustinian (Temple Mount, used by Pope [[Stephen II Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Rome|Stephen IIJustinian]] ; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites Northumbrian clergy to prove territorial and jurisdictional claimsestablish Christianity amongst the Picts. *754 716 Monastery at [[Iconoclastic CouncilIona]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor conforms to Roman liturgical usage; [[Constantine V CopronymusBoniface]], condemning icons and declaring itself 's first [[missionary]] journey to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins the dissolution of the monasteriesFrisia. *754 Death of St. 717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[BonifaceIona]], Apostle of Germany. *781 King 717-18 [[Charlemagne]] w:Siege of the Franks summons the monk and scholar [[AlcuinConstantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]] of York to head the palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle). *787 719 [[Seventh Ecumenical Councilw:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] is held in Nicea, condemning transfer allegiance from [[iconoclasmChurch of Alexandria|Chalcedonian church]] and affirming the to [[venerationChurch of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic church]] of . *723 [[iconography|iconsBoniface]], declaring that worship is due to God alone, and that the honor paid to icons passes to its prototype.fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. *793 Sack of 726 [[LindisfarneIconoclasm|Lindisfarne PrioryIconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]], beginning Viking attacks on England. *796 The Yorkist Scholar, 730 [[AlcuinLeo the Isaurian]]orders destruction of all icons, is made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by King [[Charlemagne]] of beginning the FranksFirst Iconoclastic Period. *800 731 [[CharlemagneBede]] is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by completes ''[[[Leo III Ecclesiastical History of Romethe English People]] on ''. *732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by Franks at [[Christmasw:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]] day; , establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Book of KellsByzantine Empire]] produced in Ireland. *800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the 733 Byzantine Emperor [[Church of Leo the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy SepulchreIsaurian]] to withdraws the Frankish king Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the interests jurisdiction of Christians the Pope in Jerusalem.*826 St. response to Pope [[AnsgarGregory III of Rome]] arrives 's support of a revolt in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to ChristianityItaly against iconoclasm.*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning. *735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status. *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; death of [[Willibrord]]. *742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. *747 Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. *750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims. *751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. *752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. *754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of monasteries. *754 Death of [[Boniface]]. *756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. *768 Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of Elfoddw of Gwynedd. *769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons. *772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. *781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. *785 Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield. *787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. *792 Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. *793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. *794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]. *800 [[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland.*800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. *801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. *803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. *810 Pope Leo III bans use of [[Filioque]]. *814 Conflict between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] over iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo. *826 [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. *828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. *ca. 829-842 Icon of the Virgin Mary-[[Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]]. *836 Death of St. [[Theodore the Studite]].*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches.
==Late Byzantine era (843-14531054)==*846 Muslim raid :''Main article: [[Timeline of Rome.Church History (Late Byzantine Era (843-1054))]]''*852 St. 843 [[AnsgarTriumph of Orthodoxy]] founds the occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 St. 850 [[Photius Third Finding of the GreatHead of St. John the Forerunner|Third Finding]] becomes patriarch of Constantinoplethe head of [[John the Forerunner]]. *861 Ss. 852 [[Cyril and MethodiusAnsgar]] depart from Constantinople to founds churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 [[Church_of_Russia#Conversion_of_the_Slavs|missionize Photius the SlavsGreat]]; council presided over by papal legates held in Constantinople which confirms Stbecomes patriarch of Constantinople. *ca. 860 [[Photius w:Christianization of the Great]] as patriarch.*862 Ratislav Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of Moravia converts to Christianitythe Rus' Khaganate]]. *863 First translations of 861 [[Holy Scripture|BiblicalCyril and Methodius]] and liturgical texts into depart from Constantinople to [[Church Slavonicof Russia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]] ; Council of Constantinople attended by Ss. [[Cyril 318 fathers and Methodiuspresided over by papal legates confirms [[Photius the Great]]as patriarch and passes 17 canons. *863 The Venetians steal relics 862 [[Rastislav of St Mark from AlexandriaMoravia]] converts to Christianity. *864 Prince [[Boris 863 First translations of Bulgaria]] is [[baptismHoly Scripture|baptizedBiblical]].*867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by and liturgical texts into [[Photius the Great|PhotiusChurch Slavonic]], which anathematizes Pope by [[Nicholas I Cyril and Methodius]]. *863 Venetians steal relics of Rome[[Apostle Mark]] for his attacks on the work of Greek missionaries in from Alexandria. *864 Baptism of Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria and the use by papal missionaries ]]; [[Synaxis]] of the heretical [[FilioqueTheotokos]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing in Miasena in memory of the news return of his excommunication; her icon. *865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Basil the MacedonianBoris of Bulgaria|Boris I]] has Emperor converts to [[Michael IIIOrthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] murdered and usurps the Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople. *869-870 The [[Robber 866 Vikings raid and capture York in England. *867 Council of 869-870]] is in Constantinople held, deposing St. presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council."*870 Conversion which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Serbia.*877 Death Rome]] for his attacks on work of St. Greek [[Ignatius I of Constantinoplemissionaries]], who appoints St. in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of [[Photius the Great|PhotiusFilioque]] to succeed him.*877 Arab Muslims conquer all ; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital.*879-880 excommunication; [[Eighth Ecumenical CouncilBasil the Macedonian]] held in Constantinople, confirming has Emperor [[Photius Michael III the GreatAmorian|PhotiusMichael III]] murdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as Patriarch patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizing additions to the . *867 Death of [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedKassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and declaring that hymnographer, who composed the prerogatives and jurisdiction ''[[Hymn of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope Kassiani]]'', chanted during [[John VIII of RomeHoly Week]]on Holy Wednesday. *883 Muslims burn the monastery of Monte Cassino.*885 869-870 [[Mount AthosRobber Council of 869-870]] gains political autonomy.*885 Death of St. Methodius, apostle to the Slavs. *899 Death of King and Saint held, deposing [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred Photius the Great]] of Wessex & All England*911 Vision of ] from the [[Theotokos]] to St. [[Andrew Constantinopolitan see and putting the Fool-for-Christ]] [[Protection of rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the Mother of God|protecting]] Constantinople from an invasion of Slavs"Eighth Ecumenical Council." *911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince 870 Conversion of Serbia; death of Rus'. *912 Normans become Christian.*944 City of Edessa recovered by the Byzantine army, including [[Icon Not Made By HandsRastislav of Moravia]].*945 St. ; martyrdom of [[Dunstan of Canterburyw:Edmund the Martyr|DunstanEdmund]] becomes Abbot , King of GlastonburyEast Anglia. *ca. 950 877 Death of [[Monastery Ignatius of Hosios LoukasConstantinople]] founded near Stiris in Greece.*957 St. , who appoints [[Olga of KievPhotius the Great|OlgaPhotius]] baptized in Constantinople. to succeed him. *962 Denmark becomes a Christian nation with the 878 King [[baptismw:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] of King Harald Blaatand Wessex defeats Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes ("Bluetooth"the [[w:Danelaw|Danelaw]]). *963 St. 879-880 [[Athanasius of AthosEighth Ecumenical Council]] establishes the first major monastery on held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[Mount AthosPhotius the Great|Photius]], the as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great LavraNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]].*968 , and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[Rila Monastery]John VIII of Rome]] founded. *972 Byzantine Emperor [[John I Tzimiskes]] (969-976) granted 885 [[Mount Athos]] its first charter (gains political autonomy. *885 Death of [[TypikonCyril and Methodius|Methodius]]). *973 Moravia assigned to the Diocese of Prague886 [[w:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]], putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church.*978 Death of King (now called [[Edward the Martyr]w:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic].*988 [[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of ) adopted in Bulgarian Empire; St. [[Vladimir of Kievw:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]], King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes. *995 St. 910 [[Olaf Benedict of NorwayNursia|Benedictine]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom[[w:Cluny Abbey|Abbey of Cluny]] founded in France.*1000 Christianization 899 Death of Greenland and Iceland[[Alfred the Great]]. *1008 Conversion 911 [[Protection of the Mother of God|Holy Protection of Swedenthe Virgin Mary]]. *1009 Patriarch 912 Normans become Christian; [[Sergius II of Constantinoplew:Nicholas Mystikos|Nicholas I Mysticus]] removes the name becomes Patriarch of Pope Constantinople. *927 [[Sergius IV Church of RomeBulgaria]] from the recognized as [[diptychsautocephaly|autocephalous]] of the by [[Church of Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque|Constantinople]]. *1009 931 Abbott [[Church w:Odo of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Cluny|Church Odo of the Holy SepulchreCluny]] reforms monasteries in Jerusalem destroyed by Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, starting the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] within the [[w:DruzeBenedict of Nursia|DruzeBenedictine order]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor. *1014 935 Martyrdom of [[FilioqueWenceslas]] used for , prince of the first time in Rome Czechs. *944 City of Edessa recovered by Pope Byzantine army, including [[Benedict VIII of RomeImage Not-made-by-hands|Benedict VIIIIcon Not Made By Hands]] at the coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.*1015 Death 945 [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes Abbot of St[[w:Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury]]. *957 [[Vladimir Olga of Kiev]]baptized in Constantinople. *1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.*1022 Death of St. 960 Emperor [[Simeon the New TheologianNicephorus II Phocas]].*1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of re-captures [[w:Crete|Crete]] for Byzantines; [[Church Dunstan of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Canterbury|Holy SepulchreDunstan]].*1036 Byzantine becomes [[w:Michael IV the PaphlagonianArchbishop of Canterbury]], reforming monasteries and enforcing rule of [[Benedict of Nursia|Emperor Michael IVBenedict]] makes a truce . *962 Denmark becomes Christian nation with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church baptism]] of the Holy Sepulchre King Harald Blaatand (Jerusalem"Bluetooth"); [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Church of Holy Roman Empire]] formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy SepulchreRoman Emperor. *963 [[Athanasius of Athos]] by establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]]. *965 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] gains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines. *969 Death of [[Olga of Kiev]]; Emperor [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II Phokas]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs. *972 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] grants [[Mount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]). *973 [[w:Great Moravia|Moravia]] assigned to the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church. *975 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] in a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem. *978 Death of King [[Edward the Martyr]]. *980 Revelation of the ''[[Axion Estin]]'' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the [[Archangel Gabriel]] to a monk on [[Mount Athos]]. *980-5 The [[Western Rite|Western Rite]] Monastery of Amalfion is founded on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]]. *987 Sixth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor (Eastern Vikings/Rus) sent to protect pilgrimsWar (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine War]], where [[Vladimir of Kiev]] dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:Basil II|Basil II]] with an internal revolt, agreeing to accept [[Orthodox Christianity]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *988 '[[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of [[Vladimir of Kiev]] who is baptized at [[w:Chersonesos|Chersonesos]], the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II. *992 Death of [[Michael of Kiev|Michael]], first Metropolitan of Kiev. *995 [[Olaf of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom.*1000 Conversion of Greenland and Iceland. *1008 Conversion of Sweden. *1009 Patr. [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychs]] of [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]]. *1009 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze]]. *1012 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship. *1014 [[Filioque]] used for first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. *1015 Death of [[Vladimir of Kiev]]. *1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity. *1022 Death of [[Simeon the New Theologian]]. *1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]]. *1034 Patriarch [[Alexius I Studites of Constantinople|Alexius I Studites]] writes the first complete ''Studite [[Typikon]],'' for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[Typikon]] introduced into the Rus' lands by [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]]. *1036 Byzantine [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IV]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor sent to protect pilgrims. *1043 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral. *1045-50 The [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] is built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminicent reminiscent of the [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. *1048 Re-consecration of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].
*1051 [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves]] founded.
*1448 [[Church of Russia]] unilaterally declares its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia ]] on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allowed allows the union to be proclaimed. *1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending the Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Renaissance|Renaissance]].[[Media:Example.ogg]]
==Post-Imperial era (1453-1821)==
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))]]''*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]]. *1480 Spanish Inquisition1455-56 ''Confession of Faith'' by Patr.Gennadius of Constantinople. *1456-1587 Byzantine [[w:Pammakaristos Church|Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos]] became the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar(year 7,000, according to the [[Byzantine Creation Era|Byzantine Date of Creation]]). *1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]]. *1516 Desiderius Erasmus publishes "[[w:Textus Receptus|Textus Receptus]]" of New Testament on the basis of six late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. *1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Martin Luther nails his ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to the door at Wittenburg, sparking Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria.*1522 Martin Luther's translates [[New Testament]] in German and principle of ''[[w:Sola scriptura|Sola Scriptura]]'' becomes formal principle of Protestant Reformation. *1526 [[Non-Possessors]] attack Tsar Vassily (Basil) III for divorcing his wife, and are driven underground. *1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.*1536 Publication of John Calvin's ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''. *1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia; formal founding of the 1529 First Ottoman [[w:Society Siege of JesusVienna|JesuitsSiege of Vienna]]. *1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives in Ethiopia.*1542 Ethiopians , marking Ottoman Empire's apex and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran end of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.*1547 Council of Trent held to answer the Protestant ReformationOttoman expansion in central Europe.
*1551 [[Council of the Hundred Chapters]] in Russia.
*1552 1555 Abp. Gurian begins mission to Kazan. *1557 Death of St[[Basil the Blessed]]. *1568 Pope Pius V recognizes four Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Eastern Church, [[John Chrysostom]], [[Basil the BlessedGreat]], [[Gregory the Theologian|Gregory of Nazianzus]], and [[Fool for ChristAthanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]]. *1555 Archbishop Gurian missionary in Kazan (until 1564)1569 [[w:Union of Lublin|Union of Lublin]] unites Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the [[w:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], placing the [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Orthodox lands of Belarus, and modern Ukraine under direct Roman Catholic rule. *1564 Jesuits arrive in Poland1571 Restoration of [[Church of Cyprus]] to Orthodox rule. *1569 Martyrdom 1573-81 Correspondence of StPatr. [[Philip Jeremias II (Tranos) of MoscowConstantinople|Philip, Metropolitan Jeremias II of MoscowConstantinople]], at the hands of Ivan IV Groznywith Lutherans. *1575 [[Church of Constantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]].*1581 Ostrozhsky Bible printed by Prince Kurbsky and Ivan Fedorov.
*1582 Institution of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Pope Gregory XIII.
*1589 1583 [[Sigillion of 1583]] issued against [[Gregorian Calendar]] by council convened in Constantinople. *1587-Present. The relatively modest [[Autocephalyw:Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the [[Church of RussiaConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1589 [[Autocephaly]] recognized; and [[primatecanonical territory]] of the [[Church of Russia]] styled recognized, as ''Patr. Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of [[patriarchPatriarch]]''of Moscow and of All Russia. *1596 [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Constantinople]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church. *ca. 1600-1700 Conversion of Albania to Islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, the ''Djize''. *1625 ''Confession of Faith'' by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written. *1627 Pope [[Cyril LukarisLucaris]] of Alexandria presents the famous [[Codex Alexandrinus]] to King Charles I of England for "safe keeping." *1633 Ethiopian emperor [[w:Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]] expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic missionaries from Ethiopia. *1642 [[Council of Jassy]] (Iaşi) revises [[Peter Mogila]]'s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain [[Deuterocanon|deuterocanonical ]] books. *1647 1646 [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] joins 63 Ruthenian Orthodox church erected in Tunisia.*1652 School and hospital established in Old Cairo by Patriarch Joannikiospriests from the Carpathian Mountains to Roman Catholic Church on terms similar to [[Union of Brest]]. *1652-1658 Patriarch [[Nikon of Moscow]] revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as the [[Old Believers]]. *1656 The 1672 [[w:New Synod of Jerusalem Monastery|New Synod of Jerusalem]] convened by Patr. [[Dositheos II of Jerusalem Monastery|Dositheos Notaras]], refuting article by article the Calvinistic confession of [[Cyril Lucaris]], also known as defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining the Voskresensky Monastery is founded Orthodox Biblical canon; acts of this council are later signed by Patriarch all five patriarchates (including Russia). *1682 The ''Sabaite [[Typikon]]'' was published in its final form in Russia; from 1682 to 1888 the Greek and Russian Churches shared a common [[Typikon]]. *1685-87 The [[Nikon of Moscoww:Slavic Greek Latin Academy|NikonSlavic Greek Latin Academy]] at Istra near is organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, intended to represent under the guidance of two Greek brothers, [[Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud]], on the premises of the Heavenly Jerusalem[[w:Zaikonospassky monastery|Zaikonospassky Monastery]] with over 70 students. *1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijingby [[Church of Russia]]. *1698 Consecration of the first Orthodox [[Church of China|Church in China]], in the name of Sophia (Divine Wisdom), when Emperor Kangxi ordered a Buddhist temple to be cleared for Russian inhabitants in Beijing.*1700 The ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' calendar in Russia, in use since AD 988 was changed to the [[Julian Calendar]] by Peter the Great; Peter the Great published an ''Ukase'' on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China by .*1700-02 Submission of the dioceses of Lemberg (Lviv) and Luzk (Lutsk) in the [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galician]] area of Ukraine to Roman Catholic Church completes [[Union of RussiaBrest-Litovsk]], so that two-thirds of the Orthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic. *1715 Metropolitan Metr. [[Arsenios of Thebaid]] sent to England by Pope [[Samuel of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-Juror]] Anglican bishops.*1715-1956 [[Russian Orthodox Mission in China|Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China]].*1716-25 Correspondence of Ecumenical Patriarch and Russian Czar with English Non-Jurors. *1721 Czar [[Peter I of Russia]] replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]]. *1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schism, in which many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s.*1760 1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Holy Trinity StByzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar with the ''[[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]]'' (AD).*1731 Death of [[Innocent of Irkutsk]]. *1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]]. *1755 Synod of Constantinople declares Roman Catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from Roman Catholicism. *1756 ''[[Sigillion of 1756]]'' issued against the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Patr. Seraphim-Diveyevo Convent[[Cyril V of Constantinople]] founded in Russia. *1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida; Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] among claimants. *1767-1815 [[w:Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the Jesuits]] in Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, particularly in Russia. *1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland. *ca. 1770 About 1,200 Kiev region Uniate churches return to Orthodoxy under political pressure from Russia. *1774 Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the sign [[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]], bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians. *1779 Death of St. [[Kosmas Aitolos]]. *1782 First publication of the ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1793-95 Over 2,300 Uniate churches became Orthodox under Tsarina Catherine the Great. *1794 [[Missionaries]], including St. [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of St. [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos. *1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] publishes ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice. *1798 Patriarch [[Anthimus of Jerusalem]] contended that the [[w:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] was part of the [[w:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] granted by [[God]] to protect [[Orthodoxy]] from the taint of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and of Western [[w:Secularism|secularism]] and [[w:Irreligion by country|irreligion]].*1800 ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens. *1809-10 Rotunda and edicule exterior 1805 Death of [[Church Macarius Notaras of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Corinth|Church Makarius of Corinth]], a central figure in the Holy Sepulchre[[Kollyvades Movement|Kollyvades]] rebuilt after fire in Ottoman Baroque stylemovement. *1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]]. *1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.
==Modern era (1821-1917)==
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))]]''*1821 Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence declared on the Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; execution martyrdom of Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation. *1823 Miracle-working icon of Panagia Evangelistria is excavated on the Greek island of Tinos, according to a vision from Stca. Pelagia, becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at 1830 [[Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)Slavophile movement]].*1825 begins in Russia and Britain established the Alaska/Canada boundary. *1829 Treaty of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek state. *ca.1830 Drawing on the works 1831 Return of Greek patristics3, Russian poets and literary critics000, 000 [[Uniate]]s with the [[w:Slavophile|Slavophile movementOrthodox Church]] began at Vilnius in Russia attempting to reinforce Orthodox Christian values and Slavic cultural traditions, denouncing "westernizations" by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, and preferring Russian mysticism to Western rationalism1831. *1832 [[Church of Serbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]. *1833 [[Church of Greece]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; death of St. [[Seraphim of Sarov]]. *1847 Restoration 1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes [[w:Latin Patriarch Union of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate of JerusalemBrest-Litovsk]] by Pope Pius IXin all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-enter the Orthodox Church. *1848 ''[[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Filioque]] as [[heresy]], declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]." *1850 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Greece]]. *1851 Translation into English of [[Septuagint]] by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the keys to the [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]]. *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] permanent. *1853-56 [[w:Crimean War|Crimean War]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, begins beginning over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy Land. *1854 [[Immaculate Conception]] declared [[dogma ]] by [[Roman Catholic Church]]. *1859 [[w:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von Tischendorf]] discovers [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] at [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]].*1860 Death of [[Alexei Stepanovich Khomiakov|Alexei Khomiakov]], co-founder of the [[Slavophile movement]]. *1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks; death of [[Jacob Netsvetov]].*1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1867 Sale 1869 Russian synod authorizes corrected text of Alaska to United States[[Western Rite]] liturgy and Benedictine offices. *1870 [[Papal Infallibility]] declared [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] dogma necessary for salvation by the First Vatican Council. *1871 [[Nicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in Japan. *1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[phyletism]] to be [[heresy]]; [[Church of Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]] by a decree of the Sultan. *1875 Uniate diocese of [[w:Chełm|Chelm]] in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy. *1876 [[Theophan the Recluse]] begins issuing a translation of the ''[[Philokalia]]'' in Russian. *1879 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Serbia]]; death of St. [[Innocent of Alaska]]. *1881 Wave 1882 Synod of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migration Constantinople gives conditional approval to use of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices; [[Mitrophan Ji]] becomes the first Chinese ordained a priest in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)[[Church of China]]. *1885 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Romania]]; [[w:Revised Version|English Revised Version]] published; [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] officially removes all of [[Apocrypha]] from [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]].*1888 ''[[Typikon]] of the Great Church of Christ'' is published with revised church services, prepared by Protopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch, while the ''Sabaite (monastic) [[Typikon]]'' continues to be used in Russia.*1889 Federation of [[w:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic Churches]], not in communion with Rome, at the [[w:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]]. *ca. 1890 ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' further revised by [[Theophan the Recluse]]. *1891 Death of [[Ambrose of Optina]]. *1895 Reply of Synod of Constantinople to Pope Leo XIII. *1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] deposed; [[Western Rite]] diocese organized in Czechoslovakia by [[Church of Russia]]. *1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]]. *1900 [[Chinese Martyrs of the Boxer RebellionChina|Martyrdom of Orthodox Christians]] in Chinese Boxer Rebellion(Yihetuan Movement). *1901 [[Evangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|"Evangelakia" riots]] in Athens Greece in November, over translations of [[New Testament]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (Modern) Greek]], resulting in fall of both government and Metropolitan of Athens. *1904 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp.[[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]], Bp. [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]], and Fr. [[John Kochurov]] to permit adaption of services taken from Anglican Book of Common Prayer for use by Orthodox people. *1905 Seat Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]; Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]] decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]] returning to [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America.*1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]. *1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]]; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of Russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from Book of Common Prayer and sets out criteria. *1908 Fr. [[Nikodemos Sarikas ]] sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans. *1908 Death of St. [[John of Kronstadt]]. *1912 Death of St. [[Nicholas of Japan]].*1915-18 [[w:Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide]] in Turkey.
==Communist era (1917-1991)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))]]''*1917 British forces capture Jerusalem from Ottoman Empire[[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; .*1917-40 [[w:Bolshevik RevolutionPersecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws Persecution of the [[Orthodox Church of in Russia]] into chaosbegins, with 130,000 priests arrested, 95, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America000 of whom were executed by firing squad. *1918 St. Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov]], Tsar of Russia murdered together with his wife St. [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children. *1919-1922 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Pontic Greek Genocide|Pontic Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond. *1920 Death of St. [[Nektarios of Aegina]]; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement. *1921 [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, and Patriarch of Alexandria with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as the ''Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and All Africa]]''; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] formed ; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow; [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague|Gorazd (Pavlik)]] consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia; an all-Ukrainian Synod is called in Kyiv and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is formeddeclared independent from the Moscow Patriarchate (MP).*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares [[autocephaly]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[Solovetsky Monastery]] converted by Lenin's decree to the [[w:British Mandate of PalestineSolovki|British Mandate of Palestine"Solovki Special Purpose Camp"]] begins, one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the Gulag where 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of laity; Vladimir Lenin proclaimed the establishment predominatly Christian city of the [[w:Soviet UnionGreat Fire of Smyrna|Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsSmyrna is destroyed]] (USSR), a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from from Dec.30 1922 to Dec.31 1991ending 1900 years of Christian civilization. *1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection.*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Poland]]; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire. *1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas; death of [[Tikhon of Moscow]]. *1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to America to be consecrated 1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a bishop [[Western Rite]] diocese in Poland of the African Orthodox [[Churchof Russia]] under Bp. Alexis of Grodno; Orthodox Archbishopric [[John Maximovitch]] tonsured by [[ROCOR]] Metr. [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Johannesburg establishedKiev]]. *1928 The 1927 Bishops of Russian church in America authorize formation of [[Fellowship American Orthodox Catholic Church]], including a [[Western Rite]] [[missionary]] outreach. *1929 Kingdom of St. Alban Italy and St. SergiusPapacy ratify [[w:Lateran Treaty|Lateran Treaty]], recognizing sovereignty of Papacy within the new state of the [[w:Vatican City|Vatican City]] is founded to pray and work for Christian Unity. *1931 Reception of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]]; the USSR banned the sale or importation of [[Holy Scripture|Bibles]]. *1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to [[Uganda ]] to meet [[Christopher Reuben Spartas|Reuben Spartas]], establishing African Orthodox Church there. *1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]]. *1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; Clergy who opposed the Nazi regime in Germany had their homes raided by secret policeepiscopal consecration of [[John Maximovitch]]. *1935 Critical edition of [[Septuagint]] published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute); [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendar]] schism when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[Church of Greece]] stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act. *1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Church of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]. *1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using [[Western Rite]]. *1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[w:Great Purge|Great Purge]].
*1937 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Albania]].
*1938 Death of [[Silouan the Athonite]]; [[St. Vladimir's American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)Diocese]] and founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary Orestes (South Canaan, PennsylvaniaChornock)of Agathonikeia|Orestes Chornock]] founded; death , were received into the jurisdiction of Stthe Ecumenical Patriarchate. *1941 Martyrdom of [[Silouan the AthoniteGorazd (Pavlik) of Prague]]by Nazis. *1941-45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Genocide kill] 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. *1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the election of [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] as Patriarch patriarch of Moscow. *1943-44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] eliminated, tortured and drowned by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - [[w:Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian Rebel Army]], aided by [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of Nazi military units that were later condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal, and who was imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA. *1944 Fr. [[Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) of Saint-Denis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky)]] completes restoration of [[Divine Liturgy according to St. Germanus of Paris|Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris]]. *1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]. *1945-90 Persecution of the [[Church of Albania|Orthodox Church in Albania]]. *1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda.*1947 ; state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolves the [[Dead Sea ScrollsUnion of Brest-Litovsk]] are discovered near Qumran in Egyptand integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church into the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia. *1948 Establishment 1947 Death of [[w:State Alexis (Kabaliuk) of IsraelCarpathia|State of IsraelAlexei Kabalyiuk]] and end of , who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in [[w:British Mandate of PalestineZakarpattia Oblast|British Mandate of PalestineTranscarpathia]]; in the early 20th century. *1948 [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II); [[w:World Council of Churches|World Council of Churches]] is founded; Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Church]] from [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches. *1949 Soviet authorities revoke the [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] of 1646, creating the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow.*1950 [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a dogma. *1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]. *1952 New Monastery of Panagia Soumela built in -60 With the village of Kastania, [[w:Mau Mau Uprising|Mau-Mau Movement]] in MacedoniaKenya (''British East Africa Protectorate''), Greece, housing the wonderworking icon [[Orthodox Church]] is banished by the Colonial Government.*1953 Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of Panagia Soumela, becoming a center of religious pilgrimageNew York|Antony (Bashir)]] accepts three [[Western Rite]] parishes into Syrian Metropolitanate in America. *1957 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of China]]. *1958 Creation Patriarch of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and 1907 for use by [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the America; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North AmericaJohn Maximovitch]] with , who authorizes the reception use of multiple [[Western Rite]] parishes into Orthodoxythe restored Gallican rite. *1959 Archbishop Abp. [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; Autocephaly autocephaly granted for to the [[Church of Ethiopia]] as by Coptic Pope [[Cyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria|Pope Cyril VI ]]. *1961 Creation of Alexandria[[Western Rite Vicariate]] crowned Abune Baslios as in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]]; death of [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Simferopol and Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Patriarch of EthiopiaPan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes.*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Roman Catholic Church]], including restriction of ancient [[Tridentine Mass]] and introduction of the Novus Ordo. *1961 Death of St. [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first 1963 Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes. *1963 1900th ; 1000th anniversary celebration of martyrdom founding of [[Apostle MarkMount Athos]]; second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes. *1964 Meeting of Pope [[Paul VI of Rome]] and Patriarch Patr. [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] in Jerusalem; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov]] established by resolution of His Holiness Patriarch [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis I]] and the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]]. *1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the excommunications [[excommunication]]s of 1054.*1966 The [[w:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]] almost totally destroyed the young [[Church of China|Chinese Orthodox Church]].*1967 [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]] unilaterally declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Serbia]] (as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state, closing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1968-71 Millions of Christians, Muslims, Jews and others witnessed apparitions of the [[Theotokos|Virgin Mary]] many times over a three year period over the Coptic Orthodox Church of St Mary at [[Zeitun|Zeitoun]], Cairo, recognized as authentic by the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Orthodox Church]] and other churches. *1970 [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian-American Metropolia]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]], renamed as the Orthodox Church in America, returning control of [[Church of Japan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]]; glorification of [[Herman of Alaska|Herman of Alaska]] in separate services by the ROCOR and the OCA; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus]] baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya. *1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]] Greek Orthodox Theology Patriarchal School on Heybeliada Island near Istanbul closed by Turkish authorities.*1974 1600th anniversary of death of [[Athanasius the Great]]. *1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]]; Joint Commission of Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is established.*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland.
*1979 Pope [[John Paul II]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate.
*1979 Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]]. *1980 First plenary session of the International 1981 Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission meets for the Theological Dialogue first time in Patmos and RhodesEspoo, Finland. *1982 Second Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue publishes in Munich first official common document, ''"The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1984 Third Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue meets in Khania, Crete. *1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Divine Revelation."'' *1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1987 Fourth Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission issues common document ''"Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church"'' in Bari, Italy; Visit visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to the Vatican. *1987 A group Group of twenty parishes of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former Campus Crusade for Christ leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and [[Jon Braun]], are received into the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]]in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission (AEOM); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues the statement ''"Scripture and Tradition. "'' *1988 Millennial 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia.*1988 Fifth Joint Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the ; Orthodox Church and the -Roman Catholic Church meets in Valamo, Finland and Joint Commission publishes common document ''"The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"''; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. [[Daniel (Bambang Dwi) Byantoro|Daniel Byantoro]] begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there." *1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America.*1989 Glorification ; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''; glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon of Moscow]]; Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946. *1990 Sixth Joint Theological Commission session meets in Freising, Germany; the first Russian Orthodox service in seventy years was held in [[St. Basil's Cathedral Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kiev Patriarchate]] (MoscowUOC-KP)self-proclaims its independance from the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|St. Basil's CathedralUAOC]] in October(both groups unrecognized).
==Post-Communist era (1991-Present)==
*1999 Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia destroyed and desecrated during NATO peacekeeping presence.
*2000 Eighth Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission session meets in Baltimore, discusses text on ''"The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism,"'', but is suspended; the [[Church of Russia|Russian Lutheran-Orthodox Church]] announced the [[Glorification|canonization]] of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] Joint Commission issues statement ''"Word and his immediate family, executed Sacraments (Mysteria) in 1918; in spite the Life of very stiff opposition from the Church"''. *2001 [[Church of GreeceArmenia]] and the majority celebrates 1700th Anniversary of the publicChristianity in Armenia (in 301 AD, the government of Greece ordered the removal of religious affiliation from King Tiridates III declared Christianity as Armenia’s state identity cards.*2001 religion); Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for the Fourth Crusade; the [[Church of Alexandria|Greek OrthodoxChalcedonian]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic OrthodoxNon-Chalcedonian]] Patriarchates of Alexandria agreed agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches, making rebaptisms unnecessary, and to recognize the sacrament of marriage as celebrated by the other. *2002 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation. "'' *2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by [[Church of Antioch]]; Coptic priest Fr. [[Zakaria Botros]] begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions. *2004 Pope [[John Paul II]] returns [[relics]] of Ss. [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to the [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] consecrates church in Havana, Cuba; consecration of first Lutheran-Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church Joint Commission statement ''"Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Russia]]; Wonderworking [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in Initiation into the United StatesChurch."'' *2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title and formally dismisses doctrine of Limbo; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; Ninth Joint Theological Commission of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches meets in Belgrade, Serbia; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from [[Mount Athos]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church."'' *2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; 1600th anniversary celebration synod of over 50 bishops of the repose of [[John Chrysostom|St. John ChrysostomChurch of Ukraine]]; announce that the [http://zenit.org/articleUOC-20743?l=english 10th plenary assembly] MP is ''"an autonomous, historical part of the International Russian Orthodox Church"''; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue met meets in Ravenna, Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents [[w:Walter Kasper|Cardinal Walter Kasper]] and Metr. [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon|Metropolitan Ioannis Zizioulas of Pergamon]], agreeing upon a joint document based on the text consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]). *2008 ''[[Orthodox Study Bible]] (with [[Septuagint]]''"The Ecclesiological and Canonical Consequences ) published; [http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=995&tla=en Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople] in October of the Sacramental Nature Primates of the Church: Ecclesial Communionfourteen Orthodox Churches, Conciliarity signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and Authority in the Church,"''; the delegation from the [[Church continuation of Russia|Patriarchate of Moscow ]] withdrew from preparations for the joint session over the presence Holy and Great Council''".*2009 The 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13; Death of delegates from the popular Elder [[Church Joseph of Estonia|Church of EstoniaVatopedi]] despite a compromise offered by the , [[Ecumenical PatriarchateJuly 1]].
==Notes==
*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
*The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.
*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.
==See also==
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations]]
*[[History of Orthodox Missions]]
==Published works== The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history: '''From an Orthodox perspective''' * Angold, Michael (Ed.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&printsec=frontcover Eastern Christianity]''. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 722 pp. ISBN 9780521811132* [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] (Ecumenical Patriarch). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=citwDOTiWV8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today].'' Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130* [[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich]]. ''[http://www.svspress.com/product_info.php?products_id=203&osCsid=b1daf845e88be28003d36749c5127b7a The Orthodox Church].'' Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518 * Clark, Katherine. ''The Orthodox Church.'' '''Simple Guides: Religion (series)'''. Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (''Concise, accessible introduction'')* [[Olivier Clement|Clément, Olivier]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MhJGJbPKpz4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I].'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782* [[Georges Florovsky|Florovsky, Georges]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=UO1rAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Christianity and Culture].'' 2nd ed. Nordland Pub. Co., 1974. 245 pp. (ISBN 0913124044; ISBN 9780913124048)* Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ufw_AAAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time].'' Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)* Maloney, George A. (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976. * Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=khL2qJ7gLPwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition].'' InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''. * Tsai, Kathryn (Dr.). ''A Timeline of Eastern Church History.'' [[St. John of San Francisco Monastery (Manton, California)|Divine Ascent Press]], CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924 * [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)* [[Meletios (Webber)|Webber, Meletios]] (Archimandrite). ''[http://www.conciliarpress.com/bread-water-wine-oil.html Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God].'' Conciliar Press. 2007.<br>* Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vc0wBCU70NwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200]''. '''The Church in History Vol. I: Part I'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199* [[John Meyendorff|Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John]]. ''Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD''. '''The Church in History Vol. II'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563* Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205* Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587
'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective''' * Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399) * Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122) * Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994) * Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057) * Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166) * Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295) * Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_MH-_ZQuZrgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity].'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins].'' Cambridge 2006.* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church.''. (ISBN 0198264569) * Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105) * Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X) * [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803) * Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X) * Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)
* Walton, Robert C. ''Chronological and Background Charts of Church History''. (ISBN 0310362814)
==External links== *[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church] *History of Orthodox Christianity ''(QuickTime movies)'' ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] - Journey begins with the founding of the Church, the spread of Christianity to "nations" by the Apostles, the Gospel and the institution of Sacraments ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] - After the stabilization of the Church, the journey continues through the period of the Nicene Creed, Patristic Scriptures, Divine Liturgy and Icons. During this same period, however, the official division of East and West is witnessed and concludes with a gradual rift in matters of faith, dogma, church customs, politics and culture ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] - The Church becomes the only institution perceived by Greeks as the preserver *[http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/ Timeline of their national identity during 400 years Patriarchal History]. Order of Turkish ruleSt. By Andrew the end Apostle. Archons of the 19th centuryEcumenical Patriarchate. ''(Pop-up Video Presentation, a worldwide Orthodox community is born and the Church expands its influence to major social and philanthropic concernsin Sections)'' *[[Categoryw:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]][[Category:Featured Articles]]
[[Category:Church History]] [[Category:Featured Articles]] [[Category:Timelines|Church History]] [[ar:ملخص تاريخ الكنيسة]] [[bg:Времева линия на църковната история]] [[el:Ιστορικό χρονολόγιο της Εκκλησίας]] [[ro:Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe (cronologie)]]
