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→Byzantine era (451-843): simplifying
*450 First monasteries established in Wales; death of [[Peter Chrysologus]].
==Byzantine era (451-843)]]==: '''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History: (Byzantine Era (451-843)|Byzantine era (451-843)]]'''== *451 '''[[Fourth Ecumenical Council]]''' meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and indivisible but distinct natures in Christ, and recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]] as patriarchate.
*452 [[Proterios of Alexandria]] convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[John the Forerunner]].
*455 [[w:Vandals|Vandals]] under Gaiseric sack Rome.
*457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Paschalion]]; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by patriarch of Constantinople.
*459 Death of [[Symeon the Stylite]].
*461 Death of [[Leo the Great]]; death of and [[Patrick of Ireland]].
*462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[September 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]] founded.
*466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of [[Catholicos]] of Kartli, rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].
*ca.471 Patriarch Patr. [[Acacius of Constantinople]] was first called ''"Oikoumenikos"'' ("Ecumenical").
*473 Death of [[Euthymius the Great]].
*475 Emperor [[w:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] issues circular letter to the bishops of his empire, supporting [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]] [[Christology|Christological]] position.
*477 [[Timothy Aelurus]] of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt.
*482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno|Zeno I]] issues ''[[Henotikon]]'' in an attempt to reconcile the differences over the Christology of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]]. *484 '''[[Acacian Schism]]'''.
*484 Founding of [[Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar Sabbas Monastery]] by [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]; [[Synod of Beth Lapat]] in Persia declares [[Nestorianism]] as official theology of [[Assyrian Church of the East]], effectively separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church.
*489 Emperor [[Zeno I]] closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].
*490 [[Brigid of Kildaire]] founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland.
*494 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] delineates relationship between church Church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I]]. *496 Bp. [[Remigius of Rheims]] baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity.
*ca. 500 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''.
*506 [[Church of Armenia]] separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy.
*507 Clovis I defeats the Arian Visigoths at [[w:Battle of Vouillé|Battle of Vouillé]] near Poitiers, ending their power in Gaul.
*518 [[Severus of Antioch]] deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for Monophysitism; Patriarch Patr. [[John II of Constantinople]] is addressed as ''"Oikoumenikos Patriarches"'' ("Ecumenical Patriarch").
*519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of [[Acacian Schism]].
*521 Birth of [[Columba of Iona]].
*527 [[Dionysius Exiguus]] calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] on the Sinai peninsula by [[Justinian the Great]].
*529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Monte Cassino]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; death of [[Theodosius the Great]].
*529-534 [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]]'s ''' ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' ''' issued.
*530 [[Brendan the Navigator]] lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks.
*532 [[Justinian the Great]] orders building of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]]; death of [[Sabbas the Sanctified]].
*533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election.
*534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of Vandals; Malta becomes Byzantine province.
*536 [[Mennas of Constantinople]] summons a synod anathematizing [[Severus of Antioch]].
*537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople completed.
*539 [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] becomes exarchate of the [[Byzantine Empire]].
*541 [[Jacob Baradeus]] organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt.
*543 Doctrine of [[apokatastasis]] condemned by Synod of Constantinople.
*544 [[Jacob Baradeus]] consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Chalcedonian [[Church of Antioch]]; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]].
*545 Saint [[David of Wales]] moved the Primatial See moves primatial see of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's).
*546 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland.
*547 Saint [[David of Wales]] does obeisance to the Patriarch of Jerusalem. *553 '''[[Fifth Ecumenical Council]]''' held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their [[Nestorianism]], and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned. *553 Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters'', causing [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] in those areas, leading to independence of [[Patriarch of Venice]] from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]]. *554 [[Church of Armenia]] officially [[schism|breaks]] with the West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] was rejected.
*556 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Roman the Melodist]].
*557 [[Brendan the Navigator]] founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland.
*563 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes [[monastery]] there, founding mission to the Picts.
*569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; [[David of Wales]] holds [[Synod of Victoria]] to re-assert the anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi.
*579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily.
*580 [[Monte Cassino]] sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece.
*596 [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans.
*597 Death of [[Columba of Iona]].
*598 [[Glastonbury Abbey ]] founded - the Church in the British Isles numbers 120 bishops, hundreds of monasteries and parishes organized under a Primate with his See at Menevia.
*ca. 600 ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' written by [[John Climacus]]; [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspires development of [[Gregorian Chant]] through his liturgical reforms.
*601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] converts King [[Ethelbert of Kent]] and establishes see of Canterbury.
*615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy.
*617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege.
*626 '''[[Akathist|Akathist Hymn]]''' to the Virgin Mary written, after Constantinople liberated from a [[w:Siege of Constantinople (626)|siege]] of 80,000 Avars, Slavs and the Persian fleet. *627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] decisively defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], recovering [[True Cross]] and breaking Sassanid power of the Sassanid dynasty.
*630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]].
*633 Death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem]].
*635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity.
*636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].
*640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]].
*641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.
*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt.
*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] civilization in Egypt.
*648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]].
*649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus.
*650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox ChristianityOrthodoxy.
*653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]].
*654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs.
*657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England.
*662 Death of [[Maximus the Confessor]].
*663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative.
*664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Northumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York.
*669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe.
*670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by [[Caedmon]] of [[Whitby Abbey|Whitby]].
*672 The First Synod of Hertford called by [[Theodore of Tarsus]], adoption adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. *673 The Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]]. *680-681 '''[[Sixth Ecumenical Council]]''' held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism.
*682 Foundation of [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in England.
*685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of [[Anastasius of Sinai]].
*685 [[John Maron]] elected first Maronite Patriarchpatriarch, becoming the founder of what is known today as founding the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]]. *687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raidersVikings; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]].
*688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus.
*690cca. The 690 Witenagamot of England forbade forbids church appeals from the Local Church to the Patriarch of Rome.
*691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem.
*692 '''[[Quinisext Council]]''' (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]]. *694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] defeated by [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent afterwards.
*697 [[Council of Birr]] accepts Roman [[Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of Iona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomnáin]].
*698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome.
*719 [[w:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian church]] to [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic church]].
*723 [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar.
*726 '''[[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]]''' Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]]. *730 Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period.
*731 [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''.
*732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by Franks at [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]].
*733 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope [[Gregory III of Rome]]'s support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.
*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning.
*735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status.
*742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
*746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from the Arabs.
*747 The Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Patriarch Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of St. Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.
*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]].
*750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims.
*751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.
*752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]].
*754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries.
*754 Death of [[Boniface]].
*756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]].
*772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity.
*781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe.
*785 The Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield. *787 '''[[Seventh Ecumenical Council]]''' held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. *792 The Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism.
*793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England.
*794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]].
*800 '''[[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor''' by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilisation civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland.
*800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem.
*801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]].
*803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples.
*810 Pope Leo III refused permission for the bans use of [[Filioque]] to be inserted in the Creed. *814 Conflict erupts between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of over iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.
*824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960.
*826 [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity.