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*1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.
*1536 Publication of John Calvin's "Institutes of the Christian religion".
*1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia. The ; formal founding of the "[[w:Society of Jesus" (The [[Jesuits|Jesuits]]) by Ignatius Loyola in 1536 was formally established by the Pope in 1540.
*1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives in Ethiopia.
*1542 Ethiopians and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.
*1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijing, China by the [[Church of Russia]].
*1715 Metropolitan Arsenios of Thebaid sent to England by Pope [[Samuel of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-Juror]] Anglican bishops.
*1721 In Russia, Czar Peter the Great established I abolishes replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[List_of_primates_of_Russia#1721-1917_Holy_Synod|'The Most Holy Synod'holy synod]], A.D.1721–1917.
*1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schism, many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s.
*1767 A community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida.
*1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland.
*1779 Repose Death of St. [[Kosmas Aitolos|St Kosmas of Aitolia]], "Equal-to-the-Apostles" (1714 -1779) .
*1782 First publication of the ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1794 Missionaries, including St. [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of St. Repose of [[Paisius Velichkovsky|St. Paisius Velichkovsky]] (1722-1794), a leader of the renaissance in Orthodox monasticism.
*1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]].
*1829 The Treaty of Adrianople ends the Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek state.
*1832 [[Church of Serbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].
*1833 [[Church of Greece]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Constantinople]]; death of St. Repose of [[Seraphim of Sarov|St. Seraphim, the Wonderworker of Sarov]] (1754-1833).
*1848 ''[[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Filioque]] as heresy, declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]."
*1850 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Greece]].
*1871 [[Nicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in Japan.
*1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[phyletism]] to be a [[heresy]]; [[Church of Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]] by a decree of the Sultan.
*1879 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Serbia]]; death of St. Repose of [[Innocent of Alaska|St. Innocent of Alaska]], "Equal-to-the-Apostles," (1797-1879), Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to America.
*1881 Wave of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migrations of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine).
*1885 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Romania]].
*1908 Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by the Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans.
*1908 Death of St. [[John of Kronstadt]].
*1912 Repose Death of St. [[Nicholas of Japan|St. Nicholas of Japan]], "Equal to the Apostles" (1836-1912).
==Communist era (1917-1991)==
*1917 British forces capture Jerusalem from Ottoman Empire; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; [[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws the [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Orthodox mission in America; St. [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov]], Tsar of Russia is martyred together with his wife St. [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children.
*1919-1922 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier.
*1920 Repose Death of St. [[Nectarios Nektarios of Aegina|St Nektarios the Wonderworker]], Metropolitan of Pentapolis (1846-1920).
*1921 [[Church of Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, and the Patriarch of Alexandria is henceforth known as the Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and all Africa]]; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] is formed.
*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] begins.
*1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by the [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Poland]]; Bp.*1924 Bishop Daniel William Alexander convenes a meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire.*1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]].*1925 First ; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas.
*1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to America to be consecrated a bishop of the African Orthodox Church. Orthodox Archbishopric of Johannesburg established.
*1931 Reception of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]].
*1935 Critical edition of the [[Septuagint]], ''"Septuaginta,"'' is published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens Institute.
*1937 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Albania]].
*1938 [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)]] and [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] founded; death of St. Repose of [[Silouan the Athonite|St Silouan]], the Athonite (1866-1938).
*ca. 1941-45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists kill 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expelled 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]].
*1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna.