In [[Russia]], it is purported that after the gradual development of the [[East-West Schism]], a tiny group of Russian families maintained themselves as “Old Catholics,” (rus: старокатолики (starokatoliki)), a name which should not be confused with the [[Döllinger]]ite [[Old Catholic Church]]es of Europe and the U.S., who formally split with the Roman Catholic Church in the wake of the reforms of the [[First Vatican Council]]. The status of this group of Russian "Old Catholics", families and groups of individuals to whom the union with [[Holy See|Rome]] remains dear and essential, or its relation to the current Russian (Rite) Catholic Church is unclear.

The modern Russian Catholic church owes much to the inspiration of visionary poet and philosopher [[Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)|Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov]] ([[1853]]-[[1900]]), who urged, following [[Dante]], that, just as the world needed the Tsar as a universal monarch, the Church needed the Pope of Rome as a universal ecclesial hierarch. Following Solovyov's teachings a Russian Orthodox priest, Nicholas Tolstoy, entered into full communion with the See of Rome under the [[Greek Melkite Catholic Church|Melkite Greek-Catholic, Byzantine Rite]] [[Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch|Patriarchate of Antioch]]. Solovyov received sacramental last holy communion from Father Tolstoy believing that in doing so he remained also a faithful member of the Russian Orthodox Church. Orthodox authorities refer to Tolstoy as an apostate and “ex-priest,” but tend to imply that Solovyov still died an Orthodox Christian. Nevertheless, Solovyov has never retracted his sentiments in favor of union with the Catholic Church and the See of Rome, and to this day, many Russian Catholics refer to themselves as members of the 'Russian ''Orthodox'' Church in communion with Rome'.

The Russian Catholic Church formally united with [[Rome]] in 1905. [[Old Believers]] were very prominent in the early years of the movement. Despite enduring persecutions of Russian Catholics, even though [[Nicholas II]] and especially the [[February Revolution]] relieved a bit of the persecution, the first [[Apostolic Exarchate]] for Russian Catholics was formed in [[1917]] with Most Reverend [[Leonid Feodorov]], formerly a [[Russian Orthodox]] [[seminarian]], as [[Exarch]], but the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] soon followed, dispersing Russian Rite Catholics into the [[Siberian]] [[GULAG]] and the centers of the [[Russian diaspora]] throughout the world. [[Exarch]] [[Leonid Feodorov]] was deported to the communist [[concentration camp]] at [[Solovki]]. Released in 1932, he died three years later. He was [[beatified]] in [[2001]] by [[Pope John Paul II]]. In 1928, a second Apostolic Exarchate was set up for the Russian Catholics in [[China]], based in [[Harbin]].

In the aftermath of the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]], some Russian Catholics have cautiously begun to appear in the open. In a 2005 ariticle, Russian Catholic [[priest]] [[Sergei Golovanov]] stated that three Russian Catholic priests serve on [[Russia]]n Russian soil celebrating the Russian Byzantine Divine Liturgy. Two of them use the [[recension]] of the Russian [[Liturgy]] as used after Patriarch [[Patriarch Nikon]] of [[Moscow]] in the 1600s, and the other [[priest]] uses the medieval rite of the [[Old Believers]], that is to say, as the Russian liturgical [[recension]] existed before [[Patriarch Nikon]]. All Russian Catholics strictly maintain the use of [[Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic]]. As of 2006, the two Exarchates are still at least officially extant but have not yet been reconstituted, neither have new Russian Rite bishops been appointed to head them.

There are also Russian Catholic parishes and faith communities in [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[San Francisco]], [[New York]], [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]], [[Melbourne]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Dublin]], [[Meudon]], [[Paris]], [[Monastery of Chevetogne|Chevetogne]], [[Lyon]], [[Berlin]], [[Munich]], [[Rome]], [[Milan]], and [[Singapore]].

[[Moscow]]:

[[St. Petersburg]]:

[[Omsk]]:

[[Nizhnevartovsk]]:

[[New York]]:

[[San Francisco]]:

*[[Our Lady of Fatima Byzantine Catholic Church]]

[[Denver]]:

[[El Segundo]]:

[[Paris]]:

[[Lyon]]:

[[Berlin]]:

[[Munich]]:

[[Rome]]:

[[Milan]]:

[[Dublin]]:

*[[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]*[[Florentine Union]]