{{disputed}} {{westernrite}}The '''Sarum RiteUse''', also called was the '''Rite local use of Salisbury''', is a the [[Western RiteRoman rite]] liturgical tradition which coalesced in associated with the 11th century West and in the contemporary [[Orthodox Church]]diocese of Salisbury, England. It is more properly termed a '''also called the Use''' of Salisbury or, less correctly, as the [[Roman Sarum Rite. It was adopted by some Western Rite]]Orthodox beginning in the twentieth century.

===Early Rites - Gallican, Celtic, British, Roman===The origins of the rite are with the ancient local usages of the Insular Churches, ie those of Great Britain and Ireland. The earliest rites of those regions belonged to the family of rites called [[Gallican Rite]].  With the coming of St. [[Augustine of Canterbury]] to England in AD 597, a new rite was introduced into Britain: that of the [[Church of Rome]]. St. Augustine had been directed by Pope St. Gregory the Great (also called St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]]) to respect the Gallican customs that were already in place. Beginning with this period, and later with the rule of Charlemagne on the Continent, the Gallican and Roman rites were mixed. In England, the Second [[w:Councils of Clovesho|Council of Cloveshoe ]] in 747 under St. [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]] included the canon that the rite of those "speaking the English tongue" would be the Roman rite. During the period of the Celtic and Saxon churches, there developed several related local variants or Uses of the Roman Rite, called ''Gallo-Roman'' to distinguish from the old Roman rite. The rites used in France, northern Spain, Portugal, the Low Countries, Germany, and Scandinavia were similar. ===Rise of the Sarum Use===In 1066, the Normans invaded England. There were some abortive attempts at changing entirely to the related uses of northern France. However, monasteries particularly in the western parts of the island (especially Sherbourne Abbey and Glastonbury Abbey) proved intransigent. The Norman bishop of Sarum, [[w:Saint Osmund|Osmund]], arranged the services for his new [[cathedral]] according to the practices that he saw around him—both Norman and Saxon/Celtic.  The Sarum rite as known was probably arranged by [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore], who moved the See from [[w:Old Sarum|Old Sarum]] to [[w:Salisbury|New Sarum]] (Salisbury) in the 13th c. From this period, the Sarum enjoyed the sterling reputation as being the best liturgy anywhere in the West, and thus had influence on the liturgy of other local churches in the Isles and the Continent (notable among them being Rouen, Braga in Portugal and Nidaros/Trondheim in Norway). Other related local uses continued as well, such as York, Bangor, Hereford, and Durham. ===Reformation Era===The Sarum Use was one of the first to be published on the new printing presses in the early days of the Reformation. The complete service books for the whole rite survive. The rite was legislated as the sole use of the English Church by the Convocation of [[w:Province of Canterbury|Canterbury]] in 1544 and after the reversion to the papacy, it was commanded for the whole realm of England during the reign of [[w:Mary I of England|Queen Mary]]. It was also the primary source text for the first edition of [[w:Book of Common Prayer|''The Book of Common Prayer'']] (1549) of the [[Anglican Communion|Church of England]] . After [[w:Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] took the throne, the Recusant Roman Catholics continued using Sarum in their chapels until the restoration of the Roman hierarchy in the nineteenth century. ===19th Century Non-Orthodox Revival===The rite was revived particularly by the orthodox party of the Anglo-Catholic or [[w:Oxford Movement|Tractarian movement]] in the 19th c. Church of England. In the mid-19th c., the services were translated into English by such as G. H. Palmer, and became either the preferred liturgy or preferred liturgical model for the non-Romanizing part of the Anglo-Catholic movement (also called Orthodox Anglo-Catholic or Prayer Book Catholic). The ceremonial and customs of the rite were the major influence in the development of the English Use, partly through the efforts of Percy Dearmer, author of ''The Parson's Handbook''. The old English Catholic Clergy Brotherhood also maintained a tradition of Sarum Use through the period of Catholic persecution in England.  Attempts to revive the Sarum rite amongst non-Orthodox groups have resulted in Roman Catholic proponents such as [[w:Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin|A. W. N. Pugin]] and Bishop [[w:Robert William Willson|Willson of Hobart]]. The Sarum rite was suggested, but rejected, for use in the new [[w:Westminster Cathedral|Westminster Cathedral]] in 1903. It is used by the "Milan Synod" in some parishes and has been used on several occasions in RCC churches and cathedrals in England and Scotland in recent years. ===Modern Orthodox Usage===The St Petroc Monastery [[Western Rite]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] has published the ''Saint Colman Prayer Book'' which includes ''The Divine Liturgy (Sarum) Usus Cascadae''—the full Sarum Rite in English used in monasteries and missions in Australia, the Americas, and Europe. This Sarum use liturgy has also been translated into Spanish and French.

In 1066Among [[Old Calendarists]], the Normans invaded England. There were some abortive attempts at changing entirely to Sarum rite has been used in approximately a dozen American parishes of the related uses [[Holy Synod of northern France. HoweverMilan]], monasteries particularly which has published Sarum translations in the western parts English and Serbian since 1993. Two versions of the island (especially Sherbourne Abbey and Glastonbury Abbey) proved intransigentcomplete Sarum text were published. The Norman bishop of Sarumfirst, and still surviving, Osmundtranslation, arranged is the Sarum series published by St Gregory's Press under the auspices of the services for his new [[cathedralThe Abbey of the Holy Name (West Milford, New Jersey)]] according to , comprising approximately 30 volumes, including the practices that he saw around him—both Norman and Saxon/Celtic, inventing nothing''Medieval Monastic Psalter''. The second is the ''Orthodox Prayers of Old England'' series, which comprises about eight volumes, including the ''Old Sarum rite as known Rite Missal'', and was probably arranged originally published by Richard Le PooreSt Hilarion Press, who moved now St John Cassian press. The usage was also the See from Old Sarum to New Salisbury in official use for the 13th c. From this period, the Sarum enjoyed Western American diocese (the sterling reputation as first series being the best liturgy anywhere in the West, and thus had influence on the liturgy usage of other local churches in the Isles and the Continent (notable among them being Braga in Portugal and Nidaros/Trondheim in NorwayEastern)for a number of years. Other related local uses continued as well, such as York, Bangor, Hereford, and Durham.

The Sarum Use was one of the first to be published on the new printing presses in the early days of the Reformation. The complete service books for the whole rite survive. The rite was commanded for the whole realm of Great Britain during the reign of Queen Mary. It was also the basis for the translated and later Reformed rites of the an "Old English Liturgy" prepared by Dom [[Anglican Communion|Anglican ChurchAugustine (Whitfield)]]of Mount Royal monastery.

The rite was revived particularly by ==Differences between the Orthodox party of the Anglo-Catholic or Tractarian movement in the 19th c. Church of England. In the mid-19th c., the services were translated into English by such as G. H. Palmer, and became either the preferred liturgy or preferred liturgical model for the non-Romanizing part of the Anglo-Catholic movement (also called Orthodox Anglo-Catholic or Prayer Book Catholic). The ceremonial and customs of the rite were the major influence in the development of the English Use, partly through the efforts of Percy Dearmer, author of ''The Parson's Handbook''. The old English Catholic Clergy Brotherhood also maintained a tradition of Sarum Use through the period of Catholic persecution in England. Attempts to revive the Sarum rite amongst the Roman Catholics included proponents such as A. W. N. Pugin and Bishop Wilson of Tasmania. The Sarum rite was suggested, but rejected, for use in the new Westminster Cathedral in 1903. Texts==

The [[Western Rite]] Orthodox [[Liturgy of St. Tikhon of Moscow]] has its primary origin in While there is considerable debate over which is the American 1928 ''Book of Common Prayer'' communion servicebest text, which ultimately descends from the 1552 ''Book of Common Prayer''actual Sarum translations are substantially in agreement, a version whether from ROCOR or either of the Sarum Rite heavily redacted to fit Protestant theologyOld Calendarist editions. The ROCOR English Use liturgy Certain other liturgies, on the other handwhich are not actual Sarum usages, is based on the 1549 ''Book of Common Prayer'' communion servicebut hybrid rites do have substantial differences, which had much more similarity leading to the Sarum Rite mass than the 1552 ''Book of Common Prayer'' did. The Sarum Rite in English and French is also used by the Western Rite Orthodox in the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]confusion.

==In 2004, one writer, thinking the "English Liturgy" of ROCOR to be native Sarum, pointed out over two dozen differences between the texts of the Old Sarum Rite==Another liturgy using Missal, leading the translator to point out that the "English Liturgy" was not a similar name is the '''Old Sarum Rite'''text, compiled by but a [[monastery]] compilation of [[Old Catholic]] origin within different texts, a fact the [[Holy Synod translator of Milan]], based upon many various early rites the different texts has pointed out-- and that the two versions of Western Europe, including the Sarum, and many details from minority texts. It is a modern construction (deemed a reconstruction by its supporters), and it has been criticized as being a pastiche rather than an actual revived liturgy. This liturgy is not in use by any mainstream Western Rite Orthodoxwere substantially the same text.

==Sources==

*''The Parson's Handbook'' , Percy Dearmer, 1957.*''The Saint Colman Prayer Book'', Saint Petroc Monastery, 2003.*[http://anglicansociety.org/corner/sarum_use.html ''The Sarum Use ''] by Revd the Very Rev. Canon Professor J. Robert Wright].*"Beyond the Frontiers: Guides for Uncharted Territory," by David Chadd, a paper delivered at Frontiers of Research in Medieval Music symposium, 1988.*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13479a.htm ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: '' Sarum Rite]

*[http://www.orthodoxresurgence.co.ukcom/Petrocpetroc/index.htm#THE%20ROOTS ''The Roots of the Orthodox Liturgy in the West''], from the website of Saint Petroc Monastery]*[http://www.orthodoxresurgence.co.ukcom/Petrocpetroc/sarum.htm ''The Divine Liturgy of Sarum as used in the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad''], from the website of Saint Petroc Monastery<!-- *[http://romanliturgy.net/sarum.html The Sarum Use of the Roman rite in Latin]*[http://romanliturgy.net/sarum_en.html The Sarum Use of the Roman rite in English]---> ==External link==*[http://books.google.com/books?id=cyUBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage The Sarum Missal, Done into English]. 2nd ed., Revised and Expanded. Transl. by Albert Harford Pearson. London, The Church Printing Co., 1884. Original from Oxford University. ''(Google. Digitized Jun 8, 2006; 18.5MB download - PDF format).'' ''The altar missal that forms the base document for the ROCOR Sarum.'' *[http://www.archive.org/details/churchofsarum00unknuoft The Liturgy of the Church of Sarum, together with the kalendar of the same church]. Translated from the Latin, with a preface and explanatory notes by Charles Walker, with an introduction by T.T. Carter. London J.T. Hayes, 1886. ''(The Internet Archive. Digitized May 31, 2006; 16.0MB download - PDF format).'' ::"The present translation has been made from the best existing editions of the Sarum Missal, chiefly as collated in the recent reprint issued from the Pitsligo Press;<ref>Missale ad usum insignis et praeclarae Ecclesiae Sarum. Pars Prima: Temporale. Londini; Veneunt apud C.J. Stewart, 1861.</ref> use having been made of such further light as is thrown upon the Sarum liturgy by the Gradual and Manual, and by the ''“Consuetudinary of the Church of Sarum,”'' which is preserved at the end of Mr. Chambers’s magnificent Sarum Psalter.<ref>The Psalter, or Seven Ordinary Hours of Prayer, according to the use of the illustrious and excellent Church of Sarum ; with explanatory notes and comments. London : J. Masters, 1852.</ref> The Calendar is given from the Breviary, eight or ten MS. copies of which, together with several printed ones, exist in the Harleian, Cottonian, and Old Royal Libraries in the British Museum." (pp. 6-7). *[[w:Sarum Rite|Sarum Rite]] at Wikipedia. ==References== <div class="references-small"> <references /> </div>