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The three kingdoms were affected by the Islamic invasion in c. 640, being subjected to a peace treaty between both parties which halted the expansion of Islamism in that area. This allowed Orthodoxy to survive for many more years in Nubia, while in Egypt large taxes were applied to the Christian population. Orthodoxy declined in 719, when the Nubian Church officially converted to Miaphysism, whose leaders were then much more powerful than the Patriarchate of Alexandria. Over the next centuries, the influx of Muslim traders introduced Islam to Nubia and it gradually supplanted Christianity. By the end of the 14th century, most cathedrals of Nubia were already converted into mosques.
The modern Archdiocese of Nubia was founded in 1908 during the British rule of Sudan as '''Archdiocese of Nubia and All Sudan''' together with the archdioceses of [[Archdiocese of Ptolemais|Ptolemais]], [[Archdiocese of Aksum|Aksum]], [[Archdiocese of Leontopolis|Leontopolis]] and [[Archdiocese of PilousionPelusium|PilousionPelusium]]. Its first archbishop was the future [[Nicholas V (Evangelidis) of Alexandria|Patriarch Nicholas V]]from 1918 to 1927. Upon his election to the Archdiocese of Pelusium, the bishopric of Nubia was renamed '''Archdiocese of Nubia and Aegyptus Secundus and Central Africa'''. In 1940, with the North African campaign during the Second World Warelection of Archbishop Anthimos, the Archdiocese of Ptolemais was merged into Nubia, and the latter received the territory of Thebais Secunda (southern Egypt). The bishopric received the name '''Archdiocese of Nubia and Sudan, Aswan and Ptolemais'''. During the era of Abp. Anthimos, Sudan declared independence. In the 1980s, Christian persecution by Muslims resulted in a diaspora towards the south. In 1994, under Abp. Dionysios, the bishopric was renamed '''Archdiocese of Khartoum and All Sudan''', but received back its original name in 2013 under Abp. Narcissus.
Since its modern foundation, the seat of the archbishopric is in the capital of Khartoum (where the Niles converge). In 2004, the Archdiocese of Ptolemais was reestablished. In 2017, under His Eminence Sabbas, Nubia gained jurisdiction over Eritrea, which previously was under the Archdiocese of Aksum, and received its current name.
*Synesios (Laskaridis) 1958–1988
*[[Dionysios (Hatzivasiliou) of Leontopolis|Dionysios (Hatzivasiliou)]] 1988–1997
*Titus Titos (Karantzalis) 1997–2000
*[[Kallinikos (Pippas) of Pilousion|Kallinikos (Pippas)]] 2000–2006
<small>(lost territory to reestablish the Archdiocese of Ptolemais)</small>
*[[Emmanuel (Kiagias) of Ptolemais|Emmanuel (Kiagias)]] 2006-2013
*Narcissus [[Narkissos (GamoGammoh) of Naucratis|Narkissos (Gammoh)]] 2013–2015
*[[Savvas (Heimonetos) of Nubia|Savvas (Heimonetos)]] 2015–Present
<small>(gained territory from the [[Archdiocese of Aksum]])</small>
