Changes

The development of modern science dates to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, so no [[ecumenical council]] has ever addressed how to integrate it with divine revelation in a coherent and consistent worldview. As a result, there is not a dogmatic treatment examining how to resolve conflicts, whether apparent or real, when scientific findings appear to contradict divine revelation. Many early Fathers fathers were happy to use the primitive science of their day to divine purposes, perhaps suggesting to modern Christians a compatibilist resolution to the question. Other Fathersfathers, however, clearly see conflicts and contradictions which they resolve in favor of their understanding of Christian revelation.

* Bouteneff, Peter, ''Beginnings: Ancient Christian Readings of the Biblical Creation Narratives.'' Baker Academic, 2008. Provides Scriptural and patristic background for discussions of the doctrine of creation. Bouteneff is Assistant Professor of Dogmatic Theology at [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)|St Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary]]. [[Andrew Louth]] writes: "Bouteneff presents a carefully researched and scholarly reading of early Christian readings of the creation account in Genesis. What emerges is a range of interlocking insights into God's creative purpose and the human place in the cosmos. Genesis 1–3 is seen as neither a myth nor an outdated scientific account, but a poem of creation, yielding deeper meanings upon closer ponderings. Bouteneff unveils the often surprising riches of our patristic inheritance witha rare intelligence and passion." ISBN 0801032332* Farley, Fr Lawrence, ''In the Beginning: The True Message of the Genesis Origin Stories.'' Ancient Faith Publishing, 2018. ISBN 9781944967390. '''Compatibilist'''* [[Patrick Henry Reardon|Reardon, Fr. Patrick Henry]], ''Creation and the Patriarchal Histories: Orthodox Christian Reflections on the Book of Genesis.'' Conciliar Press, 2008. ISBN 9781888212969 :— According to the review by Fr. Hans Jacobse, editor of OrthodoxyToday.org, the author writes that the structures of philosophical materialism (evolutionary theory and its flip-side, scientific creationism), both miss the point; that Genesis reveals that the creation is ''logo-centric'' -- it was created by the Word of God, and it is held together by the Word of God's power. The word of Scripture, then, is primarily a literary text, not history (itself a narrative) or a scientific tract. *[[Seraphim Rose|Rose, Fr Seraphim]], ''Genesis, Creation, and Early Man'' — Contains a detailed examination of Patristic teaching related cosmology and anthropology as contrasted to the discussion theory of evolution and argues along the lines of modern creation science. '''Incompatibilist'''

*Bensusan[[Hierotheos (Vlachos) of Nafpaktos|Vlachos, Hierotheos]], [http://www.parembasis.gr/0000/00_88_04.htm "Orthodox Theology and Science"] From the ''Greek Orthodox Theological Review''. Brookline: Spring 1999. Vol. 44, Iss. 1-4; pg. 131, 19 pgs. A useful introduction to the broader relationship between science and Orthodox Christianity.*[[Jean-Claude, Ephrem HughLarchet]], [http://razilazenjewww.blogspotjohnsanidopoulos.com/20052013/0603/orthodoxpatristic-views-on-christianitynature-and-poststatus-of.html "Orthodox Christianity Patristic Views on the Nature and the Post-Christian Intelligentsia: A Response to Archbishop Lazar (Puhalo): Part 1Status of Scientific Knowledge"] Bensusan deals . An examination of the Patristic understanding of the superiority of spiritual knowledge for understanding the world, with special reference to Clement of Alexandria, St. Maximus the Confessor, St. Isaac the Archbishop's acceptance of evolutionSyrian, and St. Gregory Palamas. '''Incompatibilist''' ===Compatibilist===*Boojamra, Dr. John, [http://www.annunciationakron.org/phyllisonest/pdf/creation.pdf "The Orthodox Idea of Creation"] A very basic explanation The Word, June 1999, pp.31-34 An overview of Orthodox cosmology, intended for teachers and youth leaders as a background for discussion of various educational segments related to creation. Concise and useful for a general understanding of Orthodox cosmology.*Breck, Archpriest John V. [http://oca.org/reflections/fr.-john-breck/ex-nihilo-1 "Ex Nihilo"] Life in Christ, February 2008 #1.*Freeman, Fr Stephen, [https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/glory2godforallthings/2014/02/06/evolution-creation-and-the-hidden-cause/ "Evolution, Creation, and the Hidden Cause"], [https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/glory2godforallthings/2014/02/11/creation-and-evolution/ "Creation and Evolution"], and [https://blogs.ancientfaith.com/glory2godforallthings/2016/06/29/the-contradictions-of-scripture/ "The Contradictions of Scripture"].*Fritts, Kevin Basil, [http://blog.kevinbasil.com/on-the Orthodox notion -dogma-of -creation / "On the Dogma of Creation"] The author is a contributor to this OrthodoxWiki article.*Hallam, Fr. Gregory, [http://antiochabouna.blogspot.com/2006/02/orthodoxy-and-creationism.html "Orthodoxy and Creationism"]*[[Thomas Hopko| Hopko, Fr. Thomas]], [http://www.ancientfaith.com/podcasts/series/darwin_and_christianity "Darwin and Christianity"] A series of 17 lectures on Darwin and Christianity which touches on evolution and Orthodoxy. Transcripts are available for only some of the subjectlectures.*Kalomiros, Dr. Alexandre, [http://www.zephyr.gr/stjohn/sixdawn1.htm "The Six Dawns"]*Kharmov, intended as part Alexander, [http://orthodox-theology.com/media/PDF/1.2017/Alexander.Khramov.pdf "Fitting Evolution into Christian Belief: An Eastern Orthodox Approach"] International Journal of Orthodox Theology 8:1 (2017), pp. 71-105.*Kuraev, Fr. Deacon Andrey, [http://www.hvmla.org/library/evolution.html "Can an Orthodox education program Become an Evolutionist?"]; [http://www.sullivan-county.com/id4/ort_creation.htm "Orthodoxy and Creationism"]*Maletis, John P., [http://www.theandros.com/protozoe.html "Let There Be Light: An Orthodox Christian Theory of Human Evolution for 8th or 9th gradethe 21st Century"]. <i>Theandros</i> Vol. 5 No. 3. *McDowell, Maria Gwyn, [http://deiprofundis.org/2010/jun/14/monopoly-darwinisn-open-letter-met-hilarion-alfeyev "The 'Monopoly of Darwinism': An open letter to Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev"]*[[George Metallinos|Metallinos]], V. Rev. Prof. Dr. George, [http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/patrology/metallinos_faith_and_science.htm "Faith and Science in Orthodox Gnosiology and Methodology"] Very briefly mentions evolution, but overall states the traditional Orthodox position of separation between divine and earthly knowledge.*Mileant, [[Alexander (Mileant) of Buenos Aires|Bishop Alexander of Buenos Aires]] and South America (ROCOR). ''[http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/creation_man_a_mileant_e.htm The Origins of the World and Mankind: An Attempt to Reconcile the Biblical Account with Scientific Discoveries]''. Transl. by Karyn and Michael Grigoriev. Ed. by Natalia Semyanko. Holy Trinity Orthodox Mission, La Canada, California, 2004. * Metropolitan Nicholas of Mesogaia and Lavreotiki, [http://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2014/01/orthodox-bishop-answers-4-questions-on.html "An Orthodox Bishop Answers Four Questions on Science and the Theory of Evolution"] From the book ''Αν υπάρχει ζωή, θέλω να ζήσω'' (''If Life Exists, I Want To Live''). Translated by John Sanidopoulos.*Nicozisin, Fr. George, [http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/dogmatics/nicozisin_creationism.htm "Creationism versus Evolution"]*Smith, Allyne, [[H. Tristram Engelhardt|H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.]], Edward Hughes, and J. Henry, "Orthodoxy", in ''The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition'' (2000): 268-273.*Theokritoff, George, with Elizabeth Theokritoff, [http://jbburnett.com/resources/theokritoff_rose-svtq.pdf "Genesis and Creation: Towards a debate"] (PDF) &mdash; Review of Seraphim Rose, ''Genesis, Creation and Early Man: The Orthodox Christian Vision'', in ''St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly''Compatibilist, Volume 46, Number 2 (2002). George Theokritoff is a paleontologist and Elizabeth is a theological scholar, author and editor of ''The Cambridge Companion to Orthodox Christian Theology''(ISBN 0521683388).*[[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Metropolitan Kallistos]], [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1088949815257678826 "Orthodoxy and Evolution"], video: answer to a question asked in a lecture on "Salvation in Christ" at Seattle Pacific University. The question on faith and science and evolutionary theory comes at the end, at the 1:29:30 mark. ===Incompatibilist===*Bensusan, Ephrem Hugh, [http://razilazenje.blogspot.com/2005/06/orthodox-christianity-and-post.html "Orthodox Christianity and the Post-Christian Intelligentsia: A Response to Archbishop Lazar (Puhalo): Part 1"] Bensusan deals with the Archbishop's acceptance of evolution.*Bufeev, S. V, [http://www.creatio.orthodoxy.ru/sbornik/sbufeev_whynot_english.html "Why an Orthodox Christian cannot be an evolutionist"] '''Incompatibilist'''*Christensen, Fr. Damascene, [http://www.pravoslavie.ru/enarticles/060222155510 "Interview with Fr. Damascene"] Monk Hieromonk Damascene speaks about the creation with reference to patristic view of creationliterature. '''Incompatibilist'''*ConservapediaDominick, Jesse [httphttps://www.conservapediaacademia.comedu/6326926/Evolution EvolutionA_Patristic_Perspective_on_a_Crucified_Mind_Fr._Seraphim_Rose_and_the_Doctrine_of_Creation "A Patristic Perspective on a Crucified Mind: Fr. Seraphim Rose and the Doctrine of Creation"] , A St. Tikhon'''Compatibilist'''s Orthodox Theological Seminary M. Div. thesis in which is discussed the theological and spiritual method of obedience of Fr. Seraphim Rose, as especially exemplified in his posthumous work "Genesis, Creation, and Early Man: The Orthodox Christian Vision." The author is a contributor to this OrthodoxWiki article.*Dominick, Jesse [http://wwwoldbelieving.wordpress.darwinscom/2010/05/10/orthodoxy-theoryand-creationism/ Orthodoxy and Creationism], a compilation of-Patristic and modern quotes about evolutionand Genesis; [http://oldbelieving.wordpress.com/ Darwin2009/06/15/36/ Genesis, Creation, and Early Man], George and Elizabeth Theokritoff's review, linked above, with the blogger's theory of evolution critical comments interpolated in bold; [http://oldbelieving.wordpress.com/2010/05/16/the-entire-creation-was-created- a theory in crisesincorrupt/ The Entire Creation was Created Incorrupt] '''Compatibilist'''*Fritts, Kevin Basil, a compilation of patristic quotes; [http://blogoldbelieving.kevinbasilwordpress.com/on2010/05/16/adam-and-eve-were-literally-the-dogmafirst-people-and-were-created-uniquely-from-all-other-creatures-and-subsequent-people/ Adam and Eve were literally the first people and were created uniquely from all other creatures and subsequent people], a compilation ofpatristic quotes; [http://oldbelieving.wordpress.com/2010/11/19/no-plant-creationdeath-before-the-fall/ "On No Plant Death Before the Fall], a compilation of Patristic quotes about the Dogma state of Creation"] plants in Paradise. The author is a contributor to this OrthodoxWiki article. '''Compatibilist'''

*Hallam, Fr. GregoryMoss, Vladimir [http://antiochabounawww.blogspotorthodoxchristianbooks.com/2006/02downloads/orthodoxy-and-creationism130_WHAT_IS_MAN.html pdf "Orthodoxy and CreationismTwelve Lectures on the Nature of Man"] '''Compatibilist'''*Kalomiros, Dr. AlexandreChapter 11 of this work, [http://www.zephyr.gr/stjohn/sixdawn1.htm entitled "The Six DawnsCreated Soul or Evolving Body?"] '''Compatibilist'''*Kuraev, Fr. Deacon Andrey, [http://www.hvmla.org/library/confronts the issue of evolutionfrom a Patristic framework.html "Can an Orthodox Become an Evolutionist?"] '''Compatibilist'''*Kuraev, Fr. Deacon Andrey, Orthodox Way of Life blog [http://wwworthodoxwayoflife.sullivan-countyblogspot.com/id42009/ort_creation.htm "Orthodoxy and Creationism"] '''Compatibilist'''*Maletis, John P., [http:11//www.theandros.com/protozoeis-man-responsible-for-condition-of.html "Let There Be Light: An Orthodox Christian Theory Is Man Responsible for the Condition of Human Evolution for the 21st Century"Environment?]. <i>Theandros</i> Vol. 5 No. 3. '''Compatibilist''' *Metallinos, V. Rev. Prof. Dr. George, [http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/patrology/metallinos_faith_and_science.htm "Faith and Science in Orthodox Gnosiology and Methodology"] Very briefly mentions evolution, but overall states Although this post does not directly address the traditional Orthodox position question of separation between divine and earthly knowledge. '''Compatibilist'''*Mileantevolution, [[Alexander (Mileant) it does present a thoroughly literal interpretation of Buenos Aires|Bishop Alexander of Buenos Aires]] and South America (ROCOR), [http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/creation_man_a_mileant_e.htm "On the Appearance"] '''Compatibilist'''*Nicozisin, FrGenesis creation account. George, [http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/dogmatics/nicozisin_creationism.htm "Creationism versus Evolution"] '''Compatibilist'''*[[Seraphim Rose|Rose, Fr. Seraphim]], [http://www.creatio.orthodoxy.ru/english/rose_genesis/index.html "Genesis, Creation and Early Man: The Orthodox Christian Vision"] This page presents , several chapters from Fr. Seraphim's book on creation from the patristic perspective. '''Incompatibilist'''*[[Seraphim Rose|Rose, Fr. Seraphim]], ; [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/phronema/evolution_frseraphim_kalomiros.aspx "Genesis and Early Man: The Orthodox patristic understanding"] '''Incompatibilist'''*Smith, Allyne, [[H. Tristram Engelhardt|H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.]], Edward Hughes, and J. Henry, "Orthodoxy", in ''The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition'' (2000): 268-273. '''Compatibilist'''*Theokritoff, George, with Elizabeth Theokritoff, [http://jbburnett.com/resources/theokritoff_rose-svtq.pdf "Genesis and Creation: Towards a debate"] (PDF) &mdash; Review of Seraphim Rose, ''Genesis, Creation and Early Man: The Orthodox Christian Vision'', in ''Stletter to Dr. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly'', Volume 46, Number 2 (2002)Alexandre Kalomiros. '''Compatibilist'''*[[Hierotheos Luke (VlachosVoino-Yasenetsky) of NafpaktosSimferopol and Crimea|VlachosVoino-Yasenetsky, HierotheosSt Luke]], [http://www.parembasisimpantokratoros.gr/0000/00_88_048C1597E5.en.htm aspx "Orthodox Theology Science and ScienceReligion"] From In a fuller version of this work he writes: "Darwinism, which declares that man, by means of evolution, has developed from the ''Greek Orthodox Theological Review''lower species of animals, and is not a product of the creative act of the Godhead, has turned out to be merely a supposition, a hypothesis, which has become obsolete even for science. Brookline: Spring 1999. Vol. 44This hypothesis has been acknowledged as contradictory not only to the Bible, Iss. 1-4; pg. 131but to nature itself, 19 pgs. A useful introduction which jealously strives to preserve the broader relationship between science purity of each species, and Orthodox Christianityknows of no transition even from a sparrow to a swallow. There are no known facts of a transition of an ape into a man.*[[Kallistos " "Nakuya i religiya" (Science and Religion), Troitskoye slovo (WareTrinity Word) of Diokleia|Ware, Metropolitan Kallistos]]2001, [http://wwwpp.youtube41-42, as quoted in Fr.com/watch?v=H76rL6wN-F Seraphim Rose, "Orthodoxy Genesis, Creation, and EvolutionEarly Man"](2011), video: answer to a question asked in a forum at Seattle Pacific Universityp. 809. '''Compatibilist'''

* [[Byzantine Creation Era]]Concerning the Church's dating of the world, calculated from Old Testament texts.