View source for Sarum Use

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{{westernrite}}The '''Sarum Use''' was the local use of the [[Roman rite]] associated with the diocese of Salisbury, England. It is also called the Use of Salisbury or, less correctly, as the Sarum Rite. It was adopted by some Western Rite Orthodox beginning in the twentieth century. 

==History==
===Early Rites - Gallican, Celtic, British, Roman===
The origins of the rite are with the ancient local usages of the Insular Churches, ie those of Great Britain and Ireland. The earliest rites of those regions belonged to the family of rites called [[Gallican Rite]]. 

With the coming of St. [[Augustine of Canterbury]] to England in AD 597, a new rite was introduced into Britain: that of the [[Church of Rome]]. St. Augustine had been directed by Pope St. Gregory the Great (also called St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]]) to respect the Gallican customs that were already in place. Beginning with this period, and later with the rule of Charlemagne on the Continent, the Gallican and Roman rites were mixed. In England, the Second [[w:Councils of Clovesho|Council of Cloveshoe]] in 747 under St. [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]] included the canon that the rite of those "speaking the English tongue" would be the Roman rite. During the period of the Celtic and Saxon churches, there developed several related local variants or Uses of the Roman Rite, called ''Gallo-Roman'' to distinguish from the old Roman rite. The rites used in France, northern Spain, Portugal, the Low Countries, Germany, and Scandinavia were similar.

===Rise of the Sarum Use===
In 1066, the Normans invaded England. There were some abortive attempts at changing entirely to the related uses of northern France. However, monasteries particularly in the western parts of the island (especially Sherbourne Abbey and Glastonbury Abbey) proved intransigent. The Norman bishop of Sarum, [[w:Saint Osmund|Osmund]], arranged the services for his new [[cathedral]] according to the practices that he saw around him&mdash;both Norman and Saxon/Celtic. 

The Sarum rite as known was probably arranged by [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore], who moved the See from Old Sarum to New Sarum (Salisbury) in the 13th c. From this period, the Sarum enjoyed the sterling reputation as being the best liturgy anywhere in the West, and thus had influence on the liturgy of other local churches in the Isles and the Continent (notable among them being Rouen, Braga in Portugal and Nidaros/Trondheim in Norway). Other related local uses continued as well, such as York, Bangor, Hereford, and Durham.

===Reformation Era===
The Sarum Use was one of the first to be published on the new printing presses in the early days of the Reformation. The complete service books for the whole rite survive. The rite was legislated as the sole use of the English Church by the Convocation of [[w:Province of Canterbury|Canterbury]] in 1544 and after the reversion to the papacy, it was commanded for the whole realm of England during the reign of [[w:Mary I of England|Queen Mary]]. It was also the primary source text for the first edition of [[w:Book of Common Prayer|''The Book of Common Prayer'']] (1549) of the [[Anglican Communion|Church of England]] . After [[w:Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] took the throne, the Recusant Roman Catholics continued using Sarum in their chapels until the restoration of the Roman hierarchy in the nineteenth century.

===19th Century Revival===
The rite was revived particularly by the orthodox party of the Anglo-Catholic or [[w:Oxford Movement|Tractarian movement]] in the 19th c. Church of England. In the mid-19th c., the services were translated into English by such as G. H. Palmer, and became either the preferred liturgy or preferred liturgical model for the non-Romanizing part of the Anglo-Catholic movement (also called Orthodox Anglo-Catholic or Prayer Book Catholic). The ceremonial and customs of the rite were the major influence in the development of the English Use, partly through the efforts of Percy Dearmer, author of ''The Parson's Handbook''. The old English Catholic Clergy Brotherhood also maintained a tradition of Sarum Use through the period of Catholic persecution in England. 

Attempts to revive the Sarum rite amongst the Roman Catholics included proponents such as A. W. N. Pugin and Bishop [[w:Robert William Willson|Willson of Hobart]]. The Sarum rite was suggested, but rejected, for use in the new [[w:Westminster Cathedral|Westminster Cathedral]] in 1903. It has been used on several occasions in RCC churches and cathedrals in England and Scotland in recent years.

===Modern Orthodox Usage===
The [[Western Rite]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] has published the ''Saint Colman Prayer Book'' which includes ''"The Divine Liturgy (Sarum) Usus Cascadae"'' - the full Sarum Rite in English used in monasteries and missions in Australia, the Americas, and Europe. This Sarum use liturgy has also been translated into Spanish and French. 

Also contained in this book is the ''English Liturgy'', "derived from Sarum, 1549, 1718 etc., adapted using the rules authorised by the Holy Synod of Russia" (from the title page of the 'English Liturgy', ''Saint Colman Prayer Book'', Saint Petroc Monastery, Cascades 2003.) This prayer book was begun as a project by Metropolitan Hilarion of Sydney in 1996, and carried out inside the ROCOR by Saint Petroc Monastery from 1997 until 2003. 

The Sarum was was also the basis of an "Old English Liturgy" prepared by [[Dom Augustine (Whitfield)]] of Mount Royal monastery.

==Sources==
*''The Church of our Fathers'', Daniel Rock, 1849.
*''The Sarum Missal in English'' , F. E. Warren, 1911.
*''The Use of Sarum'', ed. W. H. Frere, 1898.
*''The Sarum Missal edited from three Early Manuscripts'', J. Wickham Legg, 1916.
*''The Parson's Handbook'', Percy Dearmer, 1957.
*''The Saint Colman Prayer Book'', Saint Petroc Monastery, 2003.
*[http://anglicansociety.org/corner/sarum_use.html ''The Sarum Use''] by the Very Rev. Canon Professor J. Robert Wright.
*"Beyond the Frontiers: Guides for Uncharted Territory," by David Chadd, a paper delivered at Frontiers of Research in Medieval Music symposium, 1988.
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13479a.htm ''The Catholic Encyclopedia:'' Sarum Rite]
*[http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Sarum/English.htm Project Canterbury: the Sarum Missal]
*[http://www.orthodoxresurgence.com/petroc/index.htm#THE%20ROOTS ''The Roots of the Orthodox Liturgy in the West''], from the website of Saint Petroc Monastery
*[http://www.orthodoxresurgence.com/petroc/sarum.htm''The Divine Liturgy of Sarum as used in the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad''], from the website of Saint Petroc Monastery
<!-- *[http://romanliturgy.net/sarum.html The Sarum Use of the Roman rite in Latin]
*[http://romanliturgy.net/sarum_en.html The Sarum Use of the Roman rite in English] --->

==External link==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=cyUBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage The Sarum Missal, Done into English]. 2nd ed., Revised and Expanded. Transl. by Albert Harford Pearson. London, The Church Printing Co., 1884. Original from Oxford University. ''(Google. Digitized Jun 8, 2006; 18.5MB download - PDF format).'' ''The altar missal that forms the base document for the ROCOR Sarum.''

*[http://www.archive.org/details/churchofsarum00unknuoft The Liturgy of the Church of Sarum, together with the kalendar of the same church]. Translated from the Latin, with a preface and explanatory notes by Charles Walker, with an introduction by T.T. Carter. London J.T. Hayes, 1886. ''(The Internet Archive. Digitized May 31, 2006; 16.0MB download - PDF format).''

::"The present translation has been made from the best existing editions of the Sarum Missal, chiefly as collated in the recent reprint issued from the Pitsligo Press;<ref>Missale ad usum insignis et praeclarae Ecclesiae Sarum. Pars Prima: Temporale. Londini; Veneunt apud C.J. Stewart, 1861.</ref>  use having been made of such further light as is thrown upon the Sarum liturgy by the Gradual and Manual, and by the ''“Consuetudinary of the Church of Sarum,”'' which is preserved at the end of Mr. Chambers’s  magnificent Sarum Psalter.<ref>The Psalter, or Seven Ordinary Hours of Prayer, according to the use of the illustrious and excellent Church of Sarum ; with explanatory notes and comments.  London : J. Masters, 1852.</ref> The Calendar is given from the Breviary, eight or ten MS. copies of which, together with several printed ones, exist in the Harleian, Cottonian, and Old Royal Libraries in the British Museum." (pp. 6-7).

*[[w:Sarum Rite|Sarum Rite]] at Wikipedia.

==References== 
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[[Category:Liturgics]]
[[Category:Western Rite]]