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Timeline of Orthodoxy in the British Isles

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The early Christian writers [[Tertullian]] and [[Origen]] mention the existence of a British church in the third century AD and in the fourth century British bishops attended a number of councils, such as the [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] in 314 and the [[Council of Rimini]] in 359.
The first member Saint Dorotheus of Tyre recorded that the British church whom we know by Church at Tyre sent Saint Aristobulus to Britain as Bishop in AD 37. Eusebius and Hippolytus both name Aristobulus as the first Bishop of Britain and there is a town named after him to this day in Wales. So there is St [[Alban]], who, tradition tells us, was martyred for his faith on certainty that he came and established the spot where St Albans Abbey now standsChurch at that date.
The Tertullian mentions the British church was a missionary church with figures such Church as St Illtud, St Ninian operational in AD208 and St Patrick evangelising Origen mentions it in WalesAD238. In AD314 The Primate of the British Church, Scotland and IrelandAdelfius of Caerleon, but the invasions by the pagan Angles, Saxons Bishop Eborius of York and Jutes in the fifth century seem to have destroyed the organisation Bishop Restitutus of London all attended the church in much Council of what is now EnglandArles. In 597 a mission sent by St [[Gregory AD 325, Saint Athanasius specifically noted the Dialogist]] and led by St [[Augustine of Canterbury]] landed in Kent British Church assenting to begin the work decisions of converting these pagan peoplesNicaea I.
What eventually became known The British church was a missionary church with figures such as St Illtud, St Ninian and St Patrick evangelising in Wales, Scotland and Ireland, but the invasions by the pagan Angles, Saxons and Jutes set the "Church of England"<ref group="note">back. The "Church of England" (incomers as is now known, did not drive the Ecclesia Anglicana - or Britons out, but actually intermarried with them, and many Britons remained living in the English newly conquered areas. The Church)</ref> no doubt was the result of a combination of three traditions, that of Augustine muted and his successors, probably impotent at these times. There were those outside who thought it should be more militant in returning to evangelise the remnants of the old RomanoAnglo-British traditions and the Celtic tradition coming down from Scotland and associated with people like Saxons. In 597 a mission sent by St [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|St AidanGregory the Dialogist]] and led by St [[Cuthbert Augustine of Lindisfarne|St CuthbertCanterbury]]landed in Kent to begin the work of converting these pagan insurgents.
These three traditions came together However we know that Augustine met a British Bishop where he landed in Kent and that the British Church numbered around 120 Bishops at the time of his ecclesiastical invasion of an existing Church which was in full communion with the rest of the worldwide Church. What eventually became known as a the "Church of England"<ref group="note">The "Church of England" (the Ecclesia Anglicana - or the English Church)</ref> was the result of increasing mutual contact and a number combination of local synodstwo traditions, that of the British Church which existed throughout Cornwall, Wales up the [[Synod east coast of England and into Scotland, and that of Augustine and his successors. These traditions came together only very slowly - it was hundreds of years before the Cornish Bishops agreed to the Whitby]] in 664 has traditionally been seen as the most importantsettlement. The result was an English Church, led by the two Archbishops of Canterbury and York, that was fully assimilated into the mainstream Church. This meant that it was influenced by the wider development of the Christian tradition in matters such as theology, liturgy, church architecture, and the development of monasticism.
Regarding the British Isles, what is known about the state of the Church there at the time of the [[Great Schism]] is that subsequent to the Norman Invasion in 1066, church life was radically altered. Native clergy were replaced, liturgical reform enacted, and a strong emphasis on papal church control was propagated. As such, it is probably safe to say that, prior to 1066, the church of the British Isles was Orthodox, and the Normans brought the effects of the Great Schism to British soil. As such, it is probably proper to regard King [[Harold of England|Harold]] II as an Orthodox Christian.
It also meant that after King Harold II, the English church continued under the authority of the "[[Pope]]" and not with Orthodoxy and this article does not consider the historical development of the "Church of England" after this date.
''Orthodoxy came back into the picture in the British Isles in 1716-1725: A considerable correspondence was reintroduced by conducted between the [[English Nonjuring bishops (usually styled in contemporary Orthodox documents as the “Catholic remnant” of the British Church ), Peter the Great, Czar of Greece]] Russia, and by the Œcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. It was proposed that a parish be established in London, which would be Orthodox and Western Rite. The Nonjurers’ lack of funds prevented their sending the proposed two delegates to Russia to seal the agreement.However, the Patriarch’s second letter to the “British Catholics” expressed a willingness to effect union and fix details later: “As for custom and ecclesiastical order and for the form and discipline of administering the sacraments, they will be easily settled when once a union is effected.” Nothing actually eventuated. [ Then in 1868: The Primus of Scotland visited Russia, where he held informal discussions with Metropolitan Filaret of Moscow and other Russian Church leaders about their interest in effecting the admittance of the British Church into Orthodoxy. He reported his meetings in detail to be developed] the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Convocation of Canterbury. Nothing further eventuated here either. In 1869: the Holy Synod of Russia authorised the use of the corrected text of the Western Rite Liturgy for use in Britain. Various forms of ethnic Orthodoxy entered Britain during the twentieth century with refugees from eastern Europe and migrant workers. There are now a number of native British parishes through England, Wales and Scotland under various external Orthodox authorities.''
The greatest contributor towards documenting the ecclesiastical and political history of England is attested to St. [[Bede]], who completed in 731 five volumes of his best known work ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum|The Ecclesiastical History of England]]''.
*307 The Church in Britain enjoys peace from the persecutions
*313 "Edict of Toleration" (Milan), Christianity is made legal throughout the empire.
*314 [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]], for the first time, three British bishops attend a council, including the Abp. of [[w:Roman London|Londinium]], [[w:Restitutus|Restitutus]].
*325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] of Nicea convened by the Roman Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]].
*337 Constantine received "Christian" baptism on his deathbed; joint rule of Constantine's three sons: Constantine II (to 340); Constans (to 350); Constantius (to 361)
*412 [[Patrick of Ireland]] has a vision of God informing him that he will leave for Ireland.
*415 ''Pelagianism is attacked at the [[Council of Diospolis]]''
*418 ''Pelagianism is condemned at the [[Councils of Carthage|Council of Carthage]]''
*419 King [[Brychan of Brecknock]] born, ca. 419, in South Wales.
*429 [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy.
*570 Repose of [[Gildas the Wise]], his relics allowed to drift; relics of [[Gildas the Wise]] recovered and translated to the church in Rhuys.
*573 [[Kentigern of Glasgow|Kentigern]] returns to Scotland after exile; Kentigern evangelises Galloway and Cumberland.
*576 Death of [[Constantine of Cornwall]].
*577 Death of St. [[Brendan the Navigator]].
*580 [[Aedan of Ferns]] returns to Ireland after studying under [[David of Wales|St. David]] in Wales.
*581 [[Kentigern of Glasgow|Kentigern]] returns to Glasgow.
*577 Death of St. [[Brendan the Navigator]].
*587 Death of [[David of Wales]].
*597 Death of [[Columba of Iona]], Enlightener of Scotland.
*632 Death of [[Aed of Ferns]],<ref group="note">A bronze reliquary in which the relics of St. [[Aed of Ferns]] are kept is currently preserved in Dublin.</ref> Bishop of Ferns in Ireland.
*635 [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne|Cuthbert]] born in Britain.
*640 Death of [[Constantine of Strathclyde]]; death of [[Beuno the Wonderworker]], Abbot of Clynnog.<ref group="note">St. [[Beuno the Wonderworker]], Abbot of Clynnog, was uncle to St. [[Winefride of Treffynon]], [[November 3]], whom he also restored to life.</ref>
*647 Repose of [[Felix of Burgundy]], Apostle of East Anglia.
*650 The [[w:Book of Durrow|Book of Durrow]] illuminated manuscript Gospel Book is begun at [[w:Durrow Abbey|Durrow Abbey]], Ireland in the [[w:Insular art|Insular]] style; ([[Fursey of Lagny]]); {{citation}}
*1714-1837 [[w:Georgian era|Georgian Era]].
*1738 Print 'Noon'<ref group="note">From the series entitled ''"The Four Times of the Day"''.</ref> by [[w:William Hogarth|William Hogarth]]<ref group="note">In Hogarth’s time the portion of the street where the church stood was called Hog Lane. It was later renamed Crown Street and was demolished when Charing Cross Road was widened.</ref> shows evidence of a crowd exiting a Greek Orthodox church.
*1752 Change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, in England and Wales, Ireland and the British colonies, with the passage of the "[[w:Calendar (New Style) Act 1750|Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]]".
*1778 The Parliament of Great Britain enacted the [[w:Papists Act 1778|Papists Act 1778]], the first Act for Roman Catholic Relief, reversing some of the penalties imposed in [[w:Popery Act 1698|Popery Act 1698]].
*1780 The [[w:Gordon Riots|Gordon Riots]], an anti-Catholic uprising against the act of 1778, which became an excuse for widespread rioting and looting.
==United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927-Present)==
*1928 [[Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius]] is founded; the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] appointed the 38-year-old Archimandrite Nicholas (Karpov) to London.
*1929 On All Saints Sunday, June 30, Archimandrite [[Nicholas (Karpov) of London|Nicholas (Karpov)]] was consecrated Bishop of London (ROCOR); present at the consecration was the Grand Duchess [http[://translate.google.ca/translate?hl=en&sl=no&u=httpw://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksenia_Aleksandrovna_av_Russland&ei=qF8mTKaCGcG88gbZ99yCBQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ7gEwAQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3DKsenia%2BAleksandrovna%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26prmd%3Db Ksenia AleksandrovnaGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia|Xenia Alexandrovna]], the sister of the martyred [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]].
*1933 Canon John Douglas (1868-1956) became the Secretary of the Church of England Council on Foreign Relations, whose main object in dealing with the Orthodox was to obtain from them official recognition of Anglican Orders.<ref group="note">He was only partially successful, for only three Patriarchates (those of Constantinople, Alexandria and Jerusalem, together with the Church of Cyprus) made a favourable pronouncement. Later in 1936, the Romanian Church came to a similar conclusion. The rest of the Orthodox world, in the absence of the Russian Church which had been silenced under the Communist regime, refrained from committing itself either way.</ref>
*1934 [[Nicholas (Gibbes)]], former English tutor of Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia, converted to Orthodox Christianity, and was tonsured a [[monk]] then ordained to the [[Presbyter|priesthood]].
*1941 Death of [[w:Evelyn Underhill|Evelyn Underhill]], an English [[w:Anglo-Catholicism|Anglo-Catholic]] writer and pacifist known for her numerous works on religion and spiritual practice, in particular [[w:Christian mysticism|Christian mysticism]].
*1948 HRH Princess Elizabeth, the present Queen, married the Greek Orthodox Prince Philip, the present Duke of Edinburgh; he was officially required to cease to be Orthodox, although he never ceased to make the Orthodox sign of the cross in public; Hieromonk [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh|Anthony (Bloom)]] was appointed Chaplain of the Anglican-Orthodox [[Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius]].
[[Image:Anthony Bloom.jpg|right|thumb|Metr. [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh]], (1962-2003).]]
[[Image:Hinton St Mary Mosaic.jpg|right|thumb|The [[w:Hinton St Mary Mosaic|Hinton St Mary Mosaic]], mid 4th-c. AD. discovered in 1963.]]
*1951 Death of [[Germanos (Strinopoulos) of Thyateria and Great Britain|Germonos (Strinopoulos)]]; succeeded by Abp. [[Athenagoras I (CavadasKavadas) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Athenagoras (CavadasKavadas)]], (1951-1962).
*1952 Professor, lay theologian and [[Apologetics|Christian apologist]] [[C. S. Lewis]] writes ''[[w:Mere Christianity|Mere Christianity]],'' a classic of Christian apologetics.<ref group="note">Raised in a church-going family in the Church of Ireland, Lewis became an atheist at the age of 15, though he later paradoxically described his young self as being "very angry with God for not existing". Influenced by arguments with his Oxford colleague and friend [[w:J. R. R. Tolkien|J. R. R. Tolkien]], and by the book ''[[w:The Everlasting Man|The Everlasting Man]]'' by [[w:G. K. Chesterton|G. K. Chesterton]], he slowly rediscovered Christianity. After his conversion to theism in 1929, Lewis converted to Christianity in 1931. A committed Anglican, Lewis upheld a largely orthodox Anglican theology, though in his apologetic writings, he made an effort to avoid espousing any one denomination. ''[[w:Mere Christianity|Mere Christianity]]'' was voted best book of the 20th century by the Evangelical magazine ''[[w:Christianity Today|Christianity Today]]'' in 2000.</ref>
*1957 Formation of the Vicariate of Sergievo of the Exarchate of Western Europe (Moscow Patriarchate), with Hieromonk [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh|Anthony]] becoming Bp. of Sergievo.
*1958 Elder [[Sophrony (Sakharov)]] seeks a monastic life in Essex of London; [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Timothy Ware]] converted from the Church of England to the Greek Orthodox Church.
*1959 Patriarchal [[Stavropegic]] [[Monastery]] of [[Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St. John the Baptist (Maldon, Essex)|St. John the Baptist]] founded by Elder [[Sophrony (Sakharov)|Sophrony]] in Tolleshunt Knights, Maldon, Essex under the [[jurisdiction]] of Metr. [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh|Anthony (Bloom)]] of [[Diocese of Sourozh|Sourozh]].
*1962 Repose of [[Athenagoras I (CavadasKavadas) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Athenagoras (CavadasKavadas)]]; [[Diocese of Sourozh]] is founded by Metr. [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh]]; the Russian Church did not name the Diocese after British territory, so as not to upset good relations with the Church of England.
*1963 Abp. [[Athenagoras (Kokkinakis) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Athenagoras (Kokkinakis)]] is elected by the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] as Metropolitan of [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Thyateira and Great Britain]] (1963-1979); Timothy Ware (future Bp. [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]]) writes ''The Orthodox Church,'' a classc introduction to the riches of Orthodoxy, written for a Western audience with no prior historical connection to the Orthodox faith; a large, almost complete [[w:Hinton St Mary Mosaic|Roman mosaic]] (mid-4th century) is discovered at Hinton St Mary in the English county of Dorset, apparaently featuring a portrait bust of [[Jesus Christ]] with the [[Labarum|Chi-Rho]] symbol as its central motif, attributed to the workshop of the [[w:Durnovaria|Durnovarian]] school of mosaic art.
*1964 [[Gregorios (Theocharous) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Gregorios (Theocharous)]] appointed Chancellor of the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Archdiocese of Thyateira]].
[[Image:Kallistos Ware.jpg|right|thumb|The Most Reverend Metropolitan [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]], (1982-present).]]
*ca.1980-2010 [https://www.westdean.org.uk/CollegeChannel/Tutors/TutorProfilesandWork/AidanHart.aspx Aidan Hart] becomes England's leading professional iconographer, fresco painter and illuminator, completing over 700 private and church commissions, having his works commissioned by HRH The Prince of Wales, the Cathedrals of Hereford, Lichfield and Newcastle, Hexham Abbey, [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]] in [[Mount Athos]], and Saint John’s Abbey USA for [[w:The Saint John's Bible|The Saint John’s Bible]].
*1981 Redundant Anglican Church of St. Mary in Mary Street, Dublin handed to the Greek Orthodox Community of Dublin and Ireland, blessed and dedicated to the Holy Annunciation by Abp. [[Methodius (Fouyias) of Thyateira]] of Thyateira, Great Britain and Ireland.
*1982 [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]] consecrated as Bishop for the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Thyateira and Great Britain]]; the [[St. Edward the Martyr Orthodox Brotherhood (Surrey, England)|Church of St. Edward the Martyr]] is founded in Brookwood, Surrey, England, under the authority of Metr. Cyprian of Oropos and Fili ([[Holy Synod in Resistance]]), to care for the sacred relics of Saint [[Edward the Martyr]].
*1984 The second phase of the Anglican-Orthodox dialogue was concluded with the publication of ''The Dublin Agreed Statement''.[[Image:Gregorios.jpg|right|thumb|His Eminence Abp. [[Gregorios (Theocharous) of Thyateira and Great Britain]] (1988-present).]]
*1998 [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and family properly laid to rest.
*1999 The [http://www.iocs.cam.ac.uk/history.html Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies] is founded in the ancient university city of Cambridge with the blessing of all Orthodox hierarchs in Western Europe, being a full member of the Cambridge Theological Federation; the [[Philokalia]], Volume 4 published by Faber&Faber.
*2000 [[Theodoritos (Polyzogopoulos) of Nazianzos]] elected and consecrated [[Bishop]] of Nazianzos; the council of Bishops of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] unanimously recognise [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas]], Alexandra and their five children as saints; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Archdiocese of Thyateira]] annual Youth Conference held at Wood Green, North London; Monachos.net <ref>Monachos: http://www.monachos.net/</ref> online discussion community set up by [[Irenaeus (Steenberg)|M.C. Steenberg]]; [http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/ByzantineStudies/ Institute of Byzantine Studies] established at Queens' University, Belfast, Ireland.
*2001 Bishop [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]] retires.
*2002 In January, [[Hilarion (Alfeyev) of Volokolamsk|Hilarion Alfeyev]] was consecrated as Bishop of Kerch, an assistant bishop for the Sourozh diocese; on July 17th, the [[Church of Russia|Patriarchate of Moscow]] moved Bp. Hilarion out of the [[Diocese of Sourozh]], to become Head of the [http://orthodoxeurope.org/ Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions]; Abp. of Canterbury Dr. Rowan Williams writes ''Ponder These Things: Praying With Icons of the Virgin.''
;Unknown dates:
<small>''If you know the dates for these events, please assist us''</small>
:* [[G. E. Palmer]], [[Philip Sherrard]] and [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Bishop Kallistos Ware]] translate and publish four volumes of the [[Philokalia]] into English; [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Bishop Kallistos Ware]] and Mother Mary produced English translations of the [[Lenten Triodion]] and Festal [[Festal Menaion]].
:* Grand Duchess St. Elizabeth (a grand-daughter of Queen Victoria and a great-aunt of Prince Philip) and St. John Maximovich, who have been associated with them in the recent past.
:* The memory of Brother Lazaros, killed (some would say, martyred) within the Cathedral at Camberwell, remains vivid...
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