8,921
edits
Changes
1231; 1259 - add references, note;
*1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete.
*1224 The Byzantines recover Thessaloniki and surrounding area, liberated by the Greek ruler of Epirus Theodore Ducas Comnenus.
*1231 Monk-martyrs and Confessors of the Monastery of Panagia of [[w:Kantara Castle|Kantara]], on Cyprus, who suffered under the Latins (1231).<ref>''[http://days.pravoslavie.ru/en/Days/20110519.htm May 19/June 1].'' Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).</ref><ref>[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3267/sxsaintinfo.aspx Οἱ Ἅγιοι Βαρνάβας, Γεννάδιος, Γεράσιμος, Γερμανός, Θεόγνωστος, Θεόκτιστος, Ἱερεμίας, Ἰωάννης, Ἰωσήφ, Κόνων, Κύριλλος, Μάξιμος καὶ Μάρκος οἱ Ὁσιομάρτυρες]. 19 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref>
*1234 Delegates of the two churches met first at [[Nicaea]] and then at [[w:Nymphaion_(Ionia)#History|Nymphaeum]] (Asia Minor), negotiating the issues related to the union of the Churches, including dogmatic issues, however the dialogue came to a dead end.<ref name=BANEV>Banev Guentcho. ''[http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=9275 John III Vatatzes].'' Transl. Koutras, Nikolaos. '''Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor (EHW)'''. 12/16/2002.</ref>
*1236 Pope [[w:Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]] issued a crusading bull authorizing a crusade against the Byzantines under Emperor [[John III Doukas Vatatzes|John Vatatzes]], on the occasion of the joint Byzantine-Bulgarian siege of Latin Constantinople.<ref name="BANEV"/>
*1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[w:Principality of Achaea|Principality of Achaea]] at the [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]], marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece.
*ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]].<ref>Great Synaxaristes {{el icon}} ''[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3155/sxsaintinfo.aspx Οἱ Ἅγιοι Ἰβηρίτες Ὁσιομάρτυρες].'' ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref><ref>[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=205449 Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos]. OCA - Feasts and Saints.</ref><ref>[http://www.antiochian.org/1102802723 May]. Self-Ruled Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America.</ref><ref group="note">The Crusaders demanded that the Iveron monks convert to Catholicism and acknowledge the primacy of the Roman pope. But the monks condemned their fallacies and anathematized the doctrine of the Catholics. According to the [[Patericon]] of Athos, the Iveron monks were forcibly expelled from their monastery. Nearly two hundred elderly monks were goaded like animals onto a ship that was subsequently sunk in the depths of the sea. The younger, healthier monks were deported to Italy and sold as slaves to the Jews. Some sources claim this tragedy took place in the year 1259, while others record that the Georgian monks of the Holy Mountain were subject to the Latin persecutions over the course of four years, from 1276 to 1280.</ref>
*1260-1571 Subjugation of [[Church of Cyprus]] to the [[Roman Catholic Church]].
*1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos makes [[Mystras]] seat of the new [[w:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of Morea]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurred; Pope Urban IV endeavoured without success to stir up a crusade to restore the Latin Empire of Constantinople.