The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]]. ==New Testament era==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era)]] *ca. 27 BC - AD 180 [[Pax Romana]].*ca. 4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]]. *ca. 28 [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] begins ministry.*ca. 28-30 Three year ministry of [[Jesus Christ]].*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]] the deacon, first Christian martyr. *30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]].

== New Testament Apostolic era (33-100)== *ca. 6-7BC 14,000 Holy Innocents are slain in Bethlehem*ca. 6-7BC : Main article: ''[[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (according to historians, Christ was not born in the Year 0. it is stated in the New Testament that Christ was born during the period that Herod was slaying the Holy Innocents. King Herod died 33-6BC.*ca. 25-26 The Holy Righteous [[Joseph the Betrothed100))]] reposes in peace (according to St Epiphanios of Cyprus, he reposed prior to Christ entering into his ministery).*ca. 27 [[Theophany|Christ's baptism in the Jordan]]*ca. 28 St. [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] is beheaded.*ca. 30 Christ's death, [[resurrection]] and [[ascension]] in heaven. Total number of known Christians = 120.*ca. 30 First martyr for Christ, St. [[Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]], stoned to death.*30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]] on road to Damascus.

==Apostolic era (33*ca. 30-100)==*33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high. *34 St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] founds the [[Church of Antioch|See of Antioch]]. *35 The name Name ''Christian'' is first used in Antioch. *37 St. [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in [[Glastonbury]]. *40 [[Apostle Barnabas]] sent from Jerusalem to Antioch.*ca. 42 [[Apostle Paul]]'s ecstasy to the third heaven (2 Cor.12:2-4).*ca. 46-48 [[Apostle Paul]]'s first [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Barnabas]].*49 [[Apostolic Council of Jerusalem ]] rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians. *ca. 49-52 [[Apostle Paul]]'s second [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Silas]].*50 The [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic. *52 [[Apostle Thomas]] arrives in Kerala, introducing [[Church of India|Christianity to India]].*ca. 53-57 [[Apostle Paul]]'s third [[missionary]] journey (Acts 18:23 - 21:16).*ca. 59-62 [[Apostle Paul]]'s fourth [[missionary]] journey, voyage to Rome.*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]], the Lord's brother and bishop ; crucifixion of Jerusalem[[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras. *63 St. [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first Bishop bishop of Britain. *64-67 Persecution 68 First of ten major persecutions of Christians by the early Church, [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Nero.2C_64-68_A.D.|under Emperor Nero]].*64 Martyrdom 66 Flight of the Christian community in Jerusalem to [[Apostle Paulw:Pella, Jordan|Pella]] and other places in Romethe [[w:Decapolis|Decapolis]], and Antioch.*67 Martyrdom of the Apostles [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero. *69 St. [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated to the [[bishop|episcopacy]] in of Antioch. *70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes his [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; the [[w:Herod's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem ]] is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues; Johanan Ben Zacchai founds a college at Jamnia that became the seat of the Sanhedrin and the religious centre of Judaism from A.D. 70-135, enabling the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism. *71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans. *80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) Titus dedicates [[Josephusw:Colosseum|Colosseum]] writes , site of the ''Antiquities''martyrdom of many early Christians.*ca.80-90 The ''[[Didache]] is written, also called ''The Teaching (or Doctrine) of the Twelve Apostles''written. *85 [[Acts of the Apostles]] is composed written by the [[Apostle Luke]]. *90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks the final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] or [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] Old Testament widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora. *95 [[Apostle John]] writes the [[Book of Revelation]]. *ca. 90-96-98 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Domitian|Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian]] (2nd). *96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John|that apostle]] as a supplement and further theological illumination .*ca. 100 Emergence of the [[Synoptic Gospelsw:Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs_2|Christian Catacombs]]. *100 Death of the [[Apostle John]] the Theologian.

: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))]]'' *107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]]. *108-124 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emperor Hadrian (3rd).*120 Beginning of time of the Apologists: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]], [[Tatian]], [[Athenagoras of Athens]], [[Theophilus]], [[Minucius Felix]], [[Tertullian]] and Hieromartyr Symeon[[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] the Kinsman of the Lord.*124 According to Apostles [[Eusebius of CaesareaApostle Quadratus|EusebiusQuadratus]], both Quadratus and [[Apostle Aristides presented |Aristides]] present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens. *128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]]. *132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome. *135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day|holy day]] in Rome. *136 Emperor Hadrian crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering returning Jerusalem, and changes the city name of the city to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of the title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]]. *144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]]. *150 St. [[Justin Martyr]] describes the [[Divine Liturgy]]. *155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]]. *156 Beginning of [[Montanism]]. *165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]]. *ca.170 The 166 Pope [[w:Muratorian fragmentSoter of Rome|Muratorian CanonSoter]] inaugurates in Rome a separate annual feast for [[Pascha]], in addition to the oldest known canon or list of books weekly [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] celebrations of the New Testament[[Resurrection]], by an anonymous compilerwhich is also held on a Sunday, recognized in contrast to the Four Gospels, Acts, thirteen Epistles of Paul, 1st and 2nd John, Jude, and Revelation; it omitted Hebrews, James, 1 & 2 Peter and 3 John; ([[Quartodeciman|Quartodecimans]]. *ca. 175 Tatian''it also included s [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the Wisdom of Solomon and the Revelation of Peter''four canonical gospels into single narrative.*177-180 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Persection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]] (161-180) (4th).*180 St. [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''; [[Dyfan]] first martyr in British Isles.*190 180-192 [[Pantaenusw:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] founds Greek translation of the [[Alexandrian schoolOld Testament]].*193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Catechetical School at AlexandriaSymmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]]. *197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy. *200 Martyrdom of St. [[Irenaeus of Lyons]]. *202 Hieromartyr Haralambos the Wonder-worker, Bishop of Magnesia in Thessaly.*203 Emperor Septimus Severus issues an edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]]. *202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimius Severus]] (193-211) (5th).*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity. *ca.209 StMartyrdom of [[Alban]] in Britain. *210 [[AlbanHippolytus of Rome]], protomartyr bishop and martyr and last of BritainGreek-speaking fathers in Rome, was killed for his faith by Roman authorities in one writes ''[[w:Refutation of the few persecutions all Heresies|Refutation of Christians to take place on the islandAll Heresies]]'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].*218 Martyrs Meletius Stratelates (the Commander), Stephen, John, and 1,218 soldiers with women and children, all of whom suffered in Galatia.

*232 Heraclas becomes Pope ca. 225-250 ''[[w:Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia Apostolorum]]'' written.*227 [[Origen]] begins ''Commentary on Genesis'', completes work on ''First Principles''.*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]] (6th); martyrdom of St. [[Hippolytus of Rome]].*238 During reigns of Gordian and Patriarch of Alexandria on [[w:Philip the Arab|Philip the death of DemetriusArab]] Church preaches openly and increasingly attracts well-educated converts.*ca. 240 [[Origen]] produces [[Hexapla]].*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome in opposition to Church.*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes the in Egypt first Christian hermit. *249-251 Persecution under the Emperor Decius; the 10 Holy Martyrs 247 Rome celebrates thousandth anniversary, witnessing a period of increased persecution of Crete; Martyr Nikon, and Christians.*248 [[Origen]] writes ''Against Celsus'' that the 199 Disciples with him in Sicily; Martyrs Terence, Pompeius, Africanus, Maximus, Zeno, Alexander, Theodore, Macarius, and 33 others beheaded at Carthage; Martyr Paramon and 370 Martyrs in Bithynia[[Pax Romana|Roman Empire was ordained by God]].*249-251-253 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor GaiusDecius]] (7th). *253257-260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor Valerian; Hieromartyr Stephen, Pope of Rome, and those martyred with him ]] (257253-260); Martyrs Leonidas, Charissa, Nice, Galina, Callista (Calisa8th), Nunechia, Basilissa, Theodora, and Irene . *258 Martyrdom of [[Cyprian of Corinth (258)Carthage]].*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ; Synod in Rome condemns Sabellianism and Subordinationism. *264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].*272 Martyr Sabbas Stratelates 265 ''[[Homoousios]]'' used for first time by Modalist Monarchians of Cyrene.*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]] ("9th). *270 Death of [[Gregory the General") Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]]; [[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Rome, and 70 soldiers with himTyre]] writes ''Against the Christians''. *284 [[Diocletian]] becomes Roman emperor, persecutes Church and martyrs an estimated one million Christians; death martyrdom of Holy Wonderworkers and Unmercenaries [[Cosmas and Damian (Rome)|Cosmas and Damian]], martyrs at Rome; Martyr Andrew Stratelates ("the General") and 2,593 soldiers with him in Cilicia (284-305).*285 St. [[Anthony the Great]] flees to desert. *300 Christian population reaches about 6,200,000, or 10.5% of the desert to pursue a life population of prayerthe Roman Empire.*301 St. [[Gregory the IlluminatorEnlightener]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith. *302 The 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia. *303 The 1,003 martyrs Outbreak of Nicomediathe [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution]] (303-311) (10th); death martyrdom of the Great Martyr, Victorybearer and Wonderworker [[George the Trophy-bearer|St. George]]. *304 Hieromartyr Marcellinus, Pope of Rome, and those martyred with him: Claudius, Cyrenus, and Antoninus; Hieromartyr Marcellus I, Pope of Rome, and those with him: Deacon Sisinius, Deacon Cyriacus, Smaragdus, Largus, Apronian, Saturninus, Pappias, Maurus, Crescentian, Priscilla, Lucina (Lucy), and princess Artemiaca.*305 Death of Holy Great-martyr and Healer 311 [[PanteleimonLactantius]]; Great-martyr writes ''[[Catherine of AlexandriaDivinae Institutiones]]''.*ca. 306 Great-martyr Demetrius [[w:Synod of Elvira|Synod of Elvira]] requires clerical celibacy and sets severe disciplinary penalties for apostasy and adultery, becoming the pattern in the Myrrh-gusher of ThessalonikiWest.*308 Pope [[w:Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus]] opposes leniency for Christians who lapsed under persecution.*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379). *311 Rebellion Galerius issues Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; [[Donatism|DonatistsDonatist]] rebellion in Carthage; Hieromartyr Silvanus, bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs; Martyrs Zeno, Macarius, and 11,000 others in Armenia. *312 Conversion [[Labarum|Vision]] and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]], who defeats ; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] and becomes , making Constantine Emperor of the West; martyrdom of [[Lucian of Antioch]].*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by St. [[Constantine the Great]] and his co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire and specifically naming toleration for Christianity. *314 Condemnation [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]] as a heresy. *315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held.*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by St [[Athanasius, influencing the condemnation Great]]; beginnings of [[Arianism|Arian Controversy]]. *318 St. [[Pachomius the Great]], disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]].*319 Translation of the relics of the Great-Martyr Theodore Stratelates ("the General"). *320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by St. [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; the Holy martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. *320-21 Licinius' measures against Christians in the East enforced.*321 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] declares [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] a holiday in honor of the [[Resurrection]].*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds a church on the site of the martyrdom of St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome. *324 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] defeats Licinius and becomes sole emperor.

==Nicene era (325-451)== : ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))]]'' *325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]].*326 Discovery , also establishing the supremacy of honor of the Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. *326 Discovery of the [[[True Cross]] by the Empress St. [[Helen]]a.*326 ; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian. *328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria. *329 St. [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains St. [[Frumentius of Axum|Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to the [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia. *330 Constantinople is founded Byzantium refounded as the ''Constantinople / New Rome'', Christian capital of the Roman Empire, and is dedicated to the [[Theotokos]] by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert. *333 St. 336-338 [[Constantine Athanasius the Great]] commissioned goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of [[Eusebius of Caesarea|EusebiusPachomius the Great]], Bishop of Caesarea and church historian, to prepare 50 copies of the Bible for churches awakening interest in the new capital[[monasticism]] in Europe. *335 337 Death of St. Sylvester, Pope of Rome[[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]. *336-338 340 Conversion of [[Athanasius the GreatWulfila]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of St. to [[Pachomius the Great]], awakening interest in [[monasticismArianism]] in Europe. *337 Death of 341 [[Constantine the Great|Holy Equals-to-the-Apostles Emperor ConstantineCouncil of Antioch]]held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. *340 Conversion 345 Death of [[WulfilaNicholas of Myra]] to . *348 Death of [[ArianismPachomius the Great]], subsequently missionizing the Goths with his and [[heresy|hereticalSpyridon of Trimythous]] doctrine. *341 Martyr Azat 350 [[Ninian]] establishes the Eunuch and 1church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway,000 Martyrs of PersiaScotland, beginning the [[missionary]] effort to the Picts. *345 Death 351 Apparition of the [[Nicholas of Myra|St. Nicholas the WonderworkerCross]], Archbishop over Jerusalem. *355 Death of [[Nino of Myra in LyciaCappadocia]]. *348 356 Death of St. [[Pachomius Anthony the Great]]; death of Saint . *357 [[Spyridon Council of Trimythous|Spyridon (Spiridon) the Wonder-worker]Sirmium]] issues ''Blasphemy of TrymithousSirmium''. *350 St. 358 [[NinianBasil the Great]] establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn founds monastery of Annesos in GallowayPontus, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the Picts.*351 Apparition of the Sign of the Precious the model for Eastern [[Crossmonasticism]] over Jerusalem. *355 Death 359 Councils of Saint [[Nino Council of CappadociaSeleucia|NinaSeleucia]], Equal-to-the-Apostles, Enlightener of Georgia.*356 Death of St. and [[Anthony the GreatCouncil of Rimini|Rimini]]. *358 St. 360 [[Basil the GreatMartin of Tours]] founds the monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]].*360 St. [[Martin of Tours]] founds first first French monastery at Liguge; the first church of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] was inaugurated by Emperor [[w:Constantius II|Constantius II]], which together with the existing cathedral of [[w:Hagia Irene|Hagia Eirene]] were the principal churches of the [[Byzantine Empire]].. *362 Martyr Ia of Persia and 9,000 Martyrs with her Antiochian schism (362-364414). *361 -63 [[Julian the Apostate]] becomes Roman emperor.and attempts to restore paganism. *363 Emperor [[w:Jovian|Jovian]] reestablishes Christianity as the official religion of the Empire. *364 [[Council of Laodicea]] held. *367 St. [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] writes his [[Pascha]]l letter, listing for the first time the [[canon]] of the [[New Testament]] of the [[Holy Scriptures]], including all 27 New Testament Books; death of St. [[Hilary of Poitiers]], a leader in the West in the fight against [[Arianism]]. *373 Death of St. [[Athanasius the Great]]; death of Venerable and [[Ephrem the Syrian]] (373-379). . *374 Election of [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]] as bishop of Milan. *375 St. [[Basil the Great]] writes ''[[On the Holy Spirit]]'', confirming the divinity of the [[Holy Spirit]]. *376 Visigoths convert to [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity. *379 Death of St. [[Basil the Great]], Archbishop ; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of Caeasaraea in CappadociaBishop of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *380 [[Introduction to Orthodox Christianity|Christianity]] established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor St. [[Theodosius the Great]], who joined with ; [[w:Gratian|GratianCouncil of Saragossa]] condemns [[Priscillianism]] in a edict declaring that all subjects of their domains should profess the Orthodox faith. Martyrs James presbyter, and Azadanes and Abdicius deacons, of Persia. *381 [[Second Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] and [[AppollinarianismApollinarianism]], declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical Council]], and completing the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Aquileia#Council_of_381_AD [Council of Aquileia,]where ] led by [[Ambrose of Milan|St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan]] and the council of 32 bishops of the West deposed the ]] deposes Arian bishops, including Palladius of Ratiaria. *382 Pope [[w:Pope Siricius|St. Siriciusof Rome]], Pope of Rome 384-399, was the first bishop to first to bear the title ''Pontifex Maximus'' (after it was relinquished by Roman Emperor Gratian), as well as the first Bishop . *383 Death of [[Frumentius of Rome to use the title Axum]], bishop of ''Pope'', Axum and the author Apostle to Ethiopia.*384 Council of two decrees concerning ''clerical celibacy''Bordeaux condemns [[Priscillian]]. *385 Death of St [[Gregory of Nyssa]]. *386 Death of [[Panagia Soumela MonasteryCyril of Jerusalem]] founded in Trebizond, Pontus, Asia Minor, after the wonderworking icon .*387 [[Augustine of the Virgin Mary of Soumela, believed to have been painted Hippo|Augustine]] baptized by the [[Apostle LukeAmbrose of Milan]], appears at Mt. Melas; death *391 Death of [[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. CyrilGregory the Theologian]], Archbishop . *391-92 Closing of Jerusalem; [[all non-Christian temples in the Empire; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] begins ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to rebuild the present-day cease. *392 Death of [[w:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside Macarius the Walls|Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the WallsGreat]], one of four churches considered to be the great ancient basilicas of Rome. *387 St 393 [[Augustine Council of Hippo|Augustine]] is baptized at publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival. *394 [[Pascha|Easter]] by St [[Ambrose Epiphanius of Milan|Ambrose, Bishop of MilanSalamis]].*391 Death attacks teachings of St [[Gregory the TheologianOrigen]] Archbishop as heretical; Council of Constantinople; *391-92 All non-Christian temples in the Empire were closedheld; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)Donatism|Theodosius the GreatDonatist]] ended the pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree, caused surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to cease, and proscribed domestic cults, as paganism was prohibited; one theory posits that the great [[w:Library Council of Bagai]] in Africa held. *395 [[Augustine of AlexandriaHippo|Library of AlexandriaAugustine]] and becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; placing of the cincture of the [[w:Serapeum|SerapeumTheotokos]] were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_alexandria#Destruction_of_the_Library destroyed about this time]in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople. *392 Death 395 Re-division of Empire with death of St [[Macarius Emperor Theodosius the Great]] of Egypt, who was among the most influential Desert Fathers; *393 Emperor Theodosius banned the Olympic Games citing the games as a Pagan Festival not suitable for the Christian Ethics.*394 . *397 [[[w:Epiphanius Councils of SalamisCarthage|Epiphanius Council of Constantia (Bishop of Salamis)Carthage]] attacked the teachings publishes Biblical canon; death of [[OrigenMartin of Tours]] as heretical; the and [[Donatism|DonatistAmbrose of Milan]] Council of Bagai in Africa brought together 310 Donatist Bishops. *395 St. 398 [[Augustine of Hippo|AugustineJohn Chrysostom]] becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; the placing of the cincture (sash) of the Most Holy [[TheotokosArchbishop]] in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople (395-408)Constantinople. *395 After ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the death of Emperor Scetis by Patriarch [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the GreatTheophilus of Alexandria]], the Empire was re-divided into an eastern and a western half; the eastern half centered in Constantinople under . *399 [[ArcadiusAnastasius I of Rome]], son of Theodosius, and the western half in Rome under Honorius, his brotherother bishops condemn doctrine of [[Origen]]. *397 At the 401 [[w:Councils Augustine of Carthage|Council of CarthageHippo]] the Biblical canon is definitely declaredwrites ''Confessions''; death of St. Pope [[Martin Innocent I of ToursRome]]; death of St. supports [[Ambrose of MilanJohn Chrysostom]] and condemns [[pelagianism]], ranked with the great Western Christian leaders of the time. *398 St. 402 [[John Chrysostom]] becomes [[ArchbishopPorphyry of Gaza]] obtains imperial decree ordering closing of Constantinoplepagan temples in Gaza. *ca.398 Martyrdom 403 Abduction of 10,000 Fathers [[Patrick of the Deserts and Caves Ireland|Patrick]] to Irelande; visit of [http://www.ldysinger.com/MONS_423/03_MonHis1/02_nit-kel-scet.htm Scetis[Victricius of Rouen]] to Britain; [[Synod of the Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John Chrysostom]] by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria. *399 St. 404 Martyrdom of [[w:Pope Anastasius I|AnastasiusTelemachus]] Pope of Rome, and other bishops, condemn the doctrine of [resulting in Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights. *405 Translation of [Origen[Holy Scriptures]].*401 St. into Latin as the [[Augustine of HippoVulgate]] writes ''Confessions''; Pope St. by [[Pope Innocent I|Innocent IJerome]] supported St . *407 Death of [[John Chrysostom]] and condemned [[pelagianism]]in exile. *402 Emperor Honorius transfers the capital 410 Fall of Rome to the Western Empire from Milan to Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of [[Ravenna (Italy)Patrick of Ireland|RavennaPatrick]]back to Britain; StEmperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence. *410 [[w:Porphyry Council of GazaSeleucia]] declares Mesopotamian [[Nestorianism|Porphyry, Bishop of GazaNestorian]] (395–420), known for Christianizing the pagan city of Gaza, obtains an imperial decree ordering the closing of the pagan temples there.*403 Abduction bishops independent of Orthodox bishops. *411 [[Pelagius]] condemned at council in Carthage; [[Patrick Rabbula of IrelandEdessa|PatrickRabbula]] to Ireland to serve as a slave; becomes bishop of Edessa. *412 [[w:VictriciusCyril of Alexandria|VictriciusCyril]], Bishop succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Rouen and missionary, visited Britain for the purpose of bringing peace to the island's clergy, who were in the midst of a disputeAlexandria; the Honorius outlaws [[w:Synod of the Oak|Synod of the OakDonatism]], ; Bishops Lazarus of Aix-en-Provence and Herod of Arles expelled from sees on a provincial council largely composed charge of Syrian and Egyptian bishops inimical to [[John ChrysostomManichaeism]] Bishop of Constantinople, deposes and banishes him.*404 Martyrdom of ; ''[[w:Saint TelemachusByzantine Creation Era#Alexandrian Era|St TelemachusAlexandrian Creation Era]]'' date finalized at 25 March, which directly resulted in Christian Emperor Honorius’ edict banning gladiator fights5493 BC. *405 Translation 414 Resolution of the Antiochian division. *415 [[Holy ScripturesPelagius]] into Latin as the cleared at [[Vulgatesynod]] by St. in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); [[JeromeJohn Cassian]].founds convent at Marseilles. *406 A combined barbarian force 416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Pelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Suevi, Alans, Vandals & Burgundians swept into central Gaul, severing contact between Rome and Britainto excommunicate him. *407 Death 418 Foundation of the Arian [[John Chrysostomw:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]] , as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in exileGallia Aquitania on which to settle. *410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape 418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of St. endorsing [[Patrick Augustine of IrelandHippo|PatrickAugustinian]] back to Britain; Emperor [[w:Honorius (emperor)|Honoriusanthropology]] of Rome tells Britain to attend to its own affairs; . *426 [[w:Zosimus|ZosmiusAugustine of Hippo]] reports Roman officials were expelled from Britain and the native government established independence; writes ''The City of God''. *410 Council of Seleucia where the Christian communities of Mesopotamia of the 428 [[w:Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian ChurchNestorius]] (''Nestorian Church'') declare themselves independent of Antioch and the "Western" bishops, thus forming the independent archdiocese becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *429 Pope [[w:Al-Mada'inCelestine of Rome|Seleucia-CtesephonCelestine I]] whose Bishop assumed the rank of dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[w:Catholicos|CatholicosGermanus of Auxerre]].*411 and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as [[Pelagiusmissionary]] condemned at a council in Carthage; bishops and to combat the [[w:RabbulaPelagianism|RabbulaPelagian]] becomes bishop heresy; death of Edessa (411-435), noteworthy for his opposition to [[Sisoes the views of Theodore of Mopsuestia, as well as those of [[NestoriusGreat]]]; however, his successor Ibas, who was in charge of the Academy of Edessa, which had Nestorian tendencies, reversed the official stance of that bishopric (see 489). *412 St. 430 [[Cyril of Alexandria|CyrilPeter the Iberian]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria; an edict of Western Emperor founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. *431 [[w:Honorius (emperor)|HonoriusThird Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] outlaws and [[DonatismPelagianism]]; Lazarus, bishop of Aix-en-Provence, and Herod, bishop of Arles, are expelled from their sees on a charge confirming the use of the term ''[[w:Manichaeism|ManichaeismTheotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]].*413 Martyrdom of [[w:Marcellinus Church of Carthage|Marcellinus of CarthageCyprus]].*415 ; Pope Celestine sends [[PelagiusPalladius]] cleared at a to Ireland. *432 Return of [[synodPatrick of Ireland|Patrick]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); St. to Ireland to begin [[John Cassianmissionary]] work; death of [[Ninian]] founds convent at Marseilles, Apostle to the Picts. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn 433 [[PelagiusFormulary of Peace]] and convince Pope Innocent I completes work of Rome to excommunicate him.*418 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[PelagianismThird Ecumenical Council]] by way of endorsing reconciling [[Augustine Cyril of Hippo|AugustinianAlexandria]] anthropology; foundation with [[John of Antioch]]. *435 Death of the (Arian) [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic KingdomJohn Cassian]], as Emperor Honorius rewarded his Visigothic federates and [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by giving them land imperial edict to a monastery in Gallia Aquitania on which to settlea Sahara oasis. *425 The 438 [[httpw://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin#Dissolution Sanhedrin is disbandedCodex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] by the Roman Empirepublished. *426 St439 Carthage falls to Vandals. *444 Death of [[Augustine Cyril of HippoAlexandria]] writes ''The City of God''.*428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople; translation of the relics of Righteous Pope [[Nicodemus Leo the Righteous|NicodemusGreat]], [[w:Gamaliel|Gamaliel]] and his son Abibus, which were transferred from Jerusalem to Constantinopleabolishes Gallican vicariate. *429 Pope [[Celestine 445 Founding of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches Bishops [[Germanus monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of Auxerre|Germanus the bishop of Auxerre]] to Britain and StRome. [[w:Palladius|Palladius]] *447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to Ireland as missionary bishops heaven and to combat heard the [[Pelagianism|PelagianTrisagion]]. *449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]] heresy; while in Britain, presided over by [[Germanus Dioscorus of Auxerre|GermanusAlexandria]], a former military man, having baptised his troops, led them with an order from the emperor to the "Alleluia" victory on the Welsh border against a Pictish and Saxon army; death of Venerable Sisoes the Great. *430 acquit [[w:Peter the Iberian|Peter the Iberian]] founds a Georgian monastery near Bethlehem.*431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary; the council also grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Cyprus]]; *432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin missionary work.*433 The [[Formulary of Peace]] completes the work of the [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]].*435 Death of Venerable St. [[John Cassian]]; death of St. [[Acacius of Melitene|Acacius]], Bishop of Melitene; [[Nestorius]] is exiled by Imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis.*438 The [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]], a collection of edicts of Roman law under the Christian emperors since 312 is published.*444 Death of St. [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; St. [[w:Pope Leo I|Leo I]] 'the Great', Pope of Rome, extinguishes the Gallican vicariate, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_I#Roman_Authority_in_Gaul asserting his authority over Gaul].*445 Founding of the monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; responding to an appeal for support from Pope [[w:Pope Leo I|Leo I]], Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III issues a decree on June 6, 445, which recognized the primacy of the bishop of Rome.*447 Commemoration on [[September 25]] of the earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the "[[Trisagion]]." *449 [[Robber Synod of EphesusEutyches]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)Monophysitism|EutychesMonophysite]]. *450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britian, the ''[http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/adventus1.html Adventus Saxonum]''; death of [[w:Peter Chrysologus|Peter Chrysologus]], Archbishop of Ravenna (433-450), famed for his eloquence in preaching.

*451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and invisible but separate natures of Christ (see miracle of St Evphemia of Chalcedon, Nov 11); this eventually led to a [[schism]], with the [[Church of Alexandria]] being divided into Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian factions, with a similar schism occurring in the [[Church of Antioch]] along with it; [[Church of Jerusalem|Church of Jerusalem]] is recognized as a patriarchate by the [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Council of Chalcedon]].*451 [[w:Battle of Chalons|Battle of Chalons]], the last major military operation of the Western Roman Empire, where the allied forces under Roman general Aetius (“''the last Roman''”) defeated Attila (“''the Scourge of God''”) and his Hunnic host, ending Attila's campaign in Gaul and allowing western civilization and Christianity to continue to flourish.*452 [[Proterios of Alexandria]] (replacement of [[Dioscorus of Alexandria|Dioscorus]]), convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian groups; second finding of the Head of St. [[John the Forerunner]].*452 Attila, king of the Huns, invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope [[w:Pope Leo I|Leo I]]; according to a popular account Saints [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] appeared to the King of the Huns in a vision and convinced him to turn away; [[Venice|Venice]] is founded by fugitives from Attila's army.*455 [[wMain article:Vandals|Vandals]] under Gaiseric Sack Rome; Germanic Saxons and Angles conquer Britain, founding several independent kingdoms, including Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, and Kent.*457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new tables for celebrating Easter.*459 Death of [[Symeon the Stylite]]. *461 Death of St. [[w:Pope Leo I|Leo I]], 'the Great', Pope of Rome; his teaching on Christ was acclaimed by all the Orthodox at the [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Council of Chalcedon]].*462 The beginning of the the first day of the new year (Timeline of the [[Indiction]]) on the [[w:Byzantine calendar|Byzantine Calendar]] is changed to [[September 1|1 September]], which to the present day is the beginning of the Church year. *466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates the bishop of Mtskheta to the rank of Catholicos of Kartli, thus rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].*473 Death of St. [[Euthymius the Great]].*475 Emperor [[w:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] issues a circular letter History (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, supporting the [[Monophysitism|Monophysiste]] [[w:Christology|christological]] position.*476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire when [[w:Romulus Augustus|Romulus Augustus]], the last Emperor of the West was deposed by Germanic chieftain Odoacer; in an unstable political environment, the [[Church of Rome]] slowly developed a centralized structure, concentrating religious as well as secular authority in the office of the [[Pope]], the bishop of Rome.*477 [[Timothy Aelurus]] of Alexandria, exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt; Holy 362 Martyrs of Africa, martyred by the Arians.*482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno|Zeno I]] issues the ''[[w:Henotikon|Henotikon]]'' edict Era (''Act of Union''), in an attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of [[Orthodoxy]] and [[Monophysitism]].*484 Acacian Schism: [[w:Pope Felix III|Pope Felix III]] excommunicates [[w:Pope Peter III of Alexandria|Peter Mongus]], patriarch of Alexandria, and [[w:Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople|Acacius]], patriarch of Constantinople, causing a schism between eastern and western Christianity that lasted 35 years (to 519).*484 Founding of the [[w:Mar Saba|Monastery of St. Sabbas]] by [[Sabbas the Sanctified|St Sabbas of Cappadocia]] in the Judean wilderness near Bethlehem; [[w:Synod of Beth Lapat|Synod of Beth Lapat]] in Persia declared the [[Nestorianism|Nestorian doctrine]] as the official theology of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], centered in Edessa, effectively separating the Assyrian Church from the Byzantine church, which had already condemned Nestorianism at the [[Third Ecumenical Council|Council of Ephesus]] in 431.*488 Death of Peter the Fuller, the non-Chalcedonian Patriarch of Antioch.*489 Emperor [[Zeno|Zeno I]] closed the Nestorian academy in Edessa, which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis. *490 St. [[Brigid of Kildaire|Brigid]] founds the monastery of Kildare in Ireland.*494 [[w:Pope Gelasius I|Pope Gelasius I]] delineated the relationship between church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I|Anastasius]]; during the Acacian schism he asserted the primacy of Rome over the entire Church, setting the model for subsequent popes’ claims of papal supremacy.*496 [[w:Pope Gelasius I|Pope Gelasius I]] dedicated [[February 14|February 14]] as [[w:Valentine's Day|Saint Valentine's Day]], banning the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia ([[July 30|July 30]] in the Orthodox Church).*ca. 500 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''.*502 Start of [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid wars]] lasting until 562.*512 Death of St [[Genevieve of Paris]].*518 [[w:Severus of Antioch|Severus Patriarch of Antioch]] (512-518) appointed by Emperor [[Anastasius I|Anastasius]], is deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for his Monophysitism.*519 The Eastern and Western churches are reconciled with the end of the Acacian schism.*521 St. [[Columba of Iona]] is born. *527 Dionysius Exiguus working on the [[Gregorian Calendar]] calculated the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly.*ca.528 Death of [[w:Procopius of Gaza|Procopius of Gaza]], a Christian sophist and rhetorician, one of the most important representatives of the famous school of rhetoric at Gaza. *529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; St. [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of Monte Cassino and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; the [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]] is burnt down in the Samaritan revolt of 529; death of St Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, who founded cenobitic (communal) [[monasticism]]. *529 [[Justinian|Justinian's]] ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]] (Body of Civil Law)'' is issued from 529 to 534, a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence in four parts: ''the Codex Justinianus, Digesta (Pandects), Institutiones, and Novellae'', serving to revive Roman law; ultimately this became the foundation of all civil law, influencing ecclesiastical law as well.*532 [[Justinian]] orders the building of a new cathedral, beginning of the construction of the [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] (532-537); death of Saint [[Sabbas the Sanctified]].*533 Mercurius is elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election.*533 Foundation of the Diocese of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor Justinian.*534 Final edition of the ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis#Codex_Justinianus Codex Justinianus] (Code of Justinian)'' is published, including numerous provisions securing the status of Orthodox Christianity as the state religion of the empire.*534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of the Vandals; Malta becomes a Byzantine province (534-870).*536 Patriarch [[Mennas of Constantinople]] (536-552) summoned a synod in May-June 536 where [[w:Severus of Antioch|Severus]] was anathematized; the sentence was ratified by [[Justinian]].*537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople is completed by Emperor St. [[Justinian|Justinian the Great]].*539 [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] becomes an exarchate of the [[Byzantine Empire]] (539-751).*541 [[Jacob Baradeus]], bishop of Edessa, organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt.*543 The doctrine of [[apocatastasis]] is condemned by the Synod of Constantinople. *544 [[Jacob Baradeus]] consecrated Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syrian Orthodox Church]] and [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Church]]; Founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by St. [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]].*545 The [[w:Synod of Brefi|Synod of Brefi]] is held at Llandewi Brefi in Wales to condemn the Pelagian heresy.*546 St. [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland.*553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''Three Chapters'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their pro-[[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] nature, and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned.*553 The bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refused to condemn the Three Chapters causing a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism_of_the_Three_Chapters#The_schism_in_the_West schism in the West]in those areas; the Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]] and the Italian peninsula was, for a short time, reintegrated into the empire.*556 St. [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Roman the Melodist|Saint Romanus the Melodist]] (“Sweet Singer”).*563 Re-consecration of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; St. [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes his [[monastery]] there, founding his mission to the Picts.*564 Death of [[w:Saint Petroc|St. Petroc]].*569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; St. [[David of Wales|David]] holds the Synod of Victoria to re-assert the anti-pelagian decrees agreed at Brefi.*570 Death of St. [[w:Gildas|Gildas]]; Birth of Muhammad, founder of [[Islam]].*579 400 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Sicily.*580 Monte Cassino sacked by the Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; the Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece.*587 The Visigothic King [[w:Reccared I|Reccared]] renounced [[Arianism]] in favour of [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]].*589 At [[Council of Toledo]] in Spain, the [[Filioque]] is added to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]]; *590 Irish missionary St. [[Columbanus]] founds monasteries in France (Luxeuil in Burgundy).*593 [[Anastasius I of Antioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]] is restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.*596 St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends St. [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert the pagans.*ca. 600 ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' written by St. [[John Climacus]]; St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspired the development of [[w:Gregorian chant|Gregorian Chant]] through his liturgical reforms.*601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] converts King St. [[Ethelbert of Kent]] and establishes the see of Canterbury.*602 Final series of climactic wars between the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the Sassanid Empire, 602-627; St. [[Augustine of Canterbury]] meets with the Welsh Bishops, stating that they have been acting contrary to Church teachings, failing to keep Easter at the prescribed Roman time and not administering baptism according to the Roman rite; he also insists that they help in the conversion of the Saxons, and look to Canterbury as their spiritual centre.*604 [[w:Mellitus|Mellitus]] becomes the first Bishop of London and founds the first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the Dialogist|St Gregory the Great]], Pope of Rome.*605 Death of [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]], the first Archbishop of Canterbury, buried in St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury. *609 The [[w:Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon in Rome]] is made a church, consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (Santa Maria dei Martiri).*610 [[Heraclius]] changes the official language of the Empire from Latin to [[w:Medieval Greek|Greek]], already the lingua franca of the vast majority of the population.*612 The [[w:Holy Sponge|Holy Sponge]] and the [[w:Holy Lance|Holy Lance]] are brought to Constantinople from Palestine.*614 Persian [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/antiochus_strategos_capture.htm sack of Jerusalem] under Chosroes II of Persia; the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] is damaged by fire, the [[True Cross]] is captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem are massacred.*615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy.*617 Persian Army conquered Chalcedon after a long siege.*618 Death of St [[Kevin of Glendalough|Kevin]], Abbot of Glendalough, Ireland.*620 The Slavs attack Thessaloniki.*622 Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the hejira occurs, Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina.*626 [[Akathist|Akathist Hymn]] to the Virgin Mary written, after Constantinople was liberated from a siege of 80,000 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (626)|Avars, Slavs]] and the Persian fleet. *627 Pope St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends Paulinus to found the see of York and convert King [[Edwin of Northumbria]].*627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] decisively defeats the Sassanid Persians At The [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], surrounding their capital Ctesiphon, recovering the [[True Cross]], and breaking the power of the Sassanid dynasty. *630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]]: Emperor [[Heraclius]] entered Jerusalem on [[March 21|21 March]] amidst great rejoicing, transferring the [[True Cross|Cross of Christ]] with great solemnity into the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|temple of the Resurrection]] together with Patriarch Zacharios (609-633).*633 Death of [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=103579 Saint Modestus, Archbishop of Jerusalem], who set about restoring the devastated Christian shrines, among which was the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Sepulchre]] of the Lord, and reverently buried the murdered monks from the monastery of St [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]. *635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by St. [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity.*636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by the Muslim Arabs after the pivotal [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].*638 Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem.*640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; in Egypt the [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opened the door for the Muslim conquest of the Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]].*641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt; Arabs invade [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia Christian Nubia] for the first time.*646 Alexandria is recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] Civilization in Egypt.*648 Pope [[w:Pope Theodore I|Theodore I]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]].*649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus.*650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox Christianity.*651 End of the Persian Empire, as the last shah of Persia Yezdegherd III of the Sassanid dynasty is killed at Merv.*653 Pope [[w:Pope Martin I|Martin I]] is arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]]. *654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs.*655 Martyrdom of St [[Martin the Confessor]], Pope of Rome.*657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England.*662 Death of St. [[Maximus the Confessor]].*663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declared the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative.*664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, harmonizing Celtic and Roman liturgical practices in England; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York; death of [[w:Cedd|Saint Cedd]], evangelist of the Middle Angles and East Saxons in England.*668 St. [[Theodore of Tarsus]] is appointed as archbishop of Canterbury.*669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at the [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] in 677 the Arab fleet was destroyed by the Byzantines through the use of Greek Fire, ending the immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe.*670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by St. [[Caedmon]] of Whitby.*680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming the [[Christology]] of St. [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a natural (human) will and a divine will; Patriarch [[Sergius of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of the Monothelite [[heresy]].*680 [[w:First Bulgarian Empire|First Bulgarian Empire]] established (680-1018 AD) after a successful war with Byzantium, and the subsequent treaty signed with the Byzantine Emperor [[w:Constantine IV|Constantine IV Pogonatus]].*685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of Venerable [[Anastasius of Sinai|Anastasius]], abbot of Mt. Sinai; *685 [[John Maron]], (who named himself for the Syrian hermit St. [[Maron of Syria]]), is elected the first Maronite Patriarch, becoming the founder of what is known today as the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]].*687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raiders; death of St [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]].*688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign a treaty neutralizing Cyprus.*691 The building of the [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] is completed in Jerusalem on the [[w:Temple Mount|Temple Mount]].*692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or the ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]].*694 The Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] is defeated by the [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], which became fully independent afterwards.*697 Council of Birr, where the northern part of Ireland accepts the Roman calculations for celebrating Easter; at this synod, [[w:Adomnán|Adamnan]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomáin]] ("Law of the Innocents").*698 Muslim conquest of Carthage from the Byzantine Empire; at the Synod of Aquileia, the bishops of the diocese of Aquileia decided to end the Schism of the [[w:Three-Chapter Controversy|Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome (see 553) - this extended period of independence contributed to the evolution of the independent [[w:Patriarch of Venice|Patriarch of Venice]] from the [[w:List of Bishops and Patriarchs of Aquileia|Patriarch of Aquileia]].*ca.700 Death of Saint [[Isaac of Syria|Isaac the Syrian]], Bishop of Nineveh, ascetic writer. *705 A long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs. *706 Use of Greek as the ''administrative language'' was abolished in Egypt, as government edicts were redacted in Arabic starting in 706; the primary ''spoken language'' remained Coptic until the tenth century, ''(when Arabic had replaced it, and Coptic became relegated to a [[Divine Liturgy|liturgical]] language).''*707 The Byzantines lose the Balearic Islands to the Moors; death of John Maron, first [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Maronite]] Patriarch.*710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967; also the last pope to visit Greece before 2001.*712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete|St. Andrew, Archbishop of Crete]] (712-726).*ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England).*715 The [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]], is built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; the Al-Aqsa Mosque is constructed over the site of the [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Justinian]]; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites the Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts. *716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage.*716 St. [[Boniface]]'s first missionary journey to Frisia.*717 The Pictish king Nechtan expels the monks from the island of [[Iona]]. *717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]].*719 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia Nubian Christians] transferred their allegiance from the [[Church of Alexandria|Greek Orthodox Church]] to the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Church]], according to an entry in the chronicle of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Eutychius (932-940).*723 Saint [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar, marking the decisive event in the Christianization of the northern Germanic tribes.*726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against the [[iconography|icons]] (Iconoclastic controversy from 726-787 and 813451-843).*730 Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian|Leo III]] orders the destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period.*731 Venerable [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''.*732 Muslim invasion of Europe is stopped by the Franks at the [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]].*733 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to [[w:Pope Gregory III|Gregory III's]] support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.*734 [[w:Ecgbert, Archbishop of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning. *735 Death of the Venerable [[Bede]]; the See of York achieves archepiscopal status.*739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_law#Ecloga ''Ecloga''] Law Code, designed to introduce Christian principle into law; [[w:Battle of Akroinon|Battle of Akroinon]] where Byzantine forces defeat an [[w:Umayyad|Umayyad]] invasion of Asia Minor; death of [[Willibrord‎|Willibrord]] (658-739), Archbishop of Utrecht and Enlightener of the Netherlands.*740 The [[w:Khazars|Khazars]], a nation of the Black Sea steppe, though not ethnically Jewish, voluntarily convert to Judaism.*742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] (742-748) becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. *746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from the Arabs.*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]].*750 [[Donation of Constantine]] accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims.*751 The Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. *752 Death of [[w:Pope Zachary|St Zacharias]], Pope of Rome, a Greek and the last Orthodox saint in this See, he opposed [[iconoclasm]], adorned churches with frescos, and did much for missionary work and peace all over western Europe.*754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins the dissolution of the monasteries.*754 Death of St. [[Boniface]], Apostle of Germany.*756 The [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] is a cession of lands including Ravenna that became the basis of the [[w:Papal States|Papal States]].*769 [[w:Pope Stephen III|Pope Stephen III]] holds a council at which papal election procedure is changed and the devotion to icons is confirmed.*772 Charlemagne starts fighting the Saxons and the Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity.*781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons the monk and scholar [[Alcuin]] of York to head the palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire the revival of education in Europe.*786 [[w:Beatus of Liébana|Beatus of Liébana]], Spanish monk, publishes his ''Commentary on the Apocalypse''.*787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] is held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming the [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]], declaring that worship is due to God alone, and that the honor paid to icons passes to its prototype.*793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England.*796 The Yorkist Scholar, [[Alcuin]], is made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks.*800 [[Charlemagne]] is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland. *800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to the Frankish king Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem.*814 The Bulgarians lay siege before Constantinople; conflict erupts between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patriarch [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.*824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960.*826 St. [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity.*828 Death of St. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus the Confessor]], patriarch of Constantinople.*ca. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa|Virgin Mary-Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery]]. *836 Death of St. [[Theodore the Studite]].*838 Caliph al-Mu'tasim captures and destroys Ammoria in Anatolia.*ca.839 First [[w:Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus|Rus'-Byzantine War]], where the Rus attacked Propontis (probably aiming for Constantinople) before turning east and raiding Paphlagonia.*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches.

==Late Byzantine era (843-1453)==*845 The The 42 Martyrs 451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of Ammoria two perfect and indivisible but distinct natures in PhrygiaChrist, taken as hostages from Ammoria to Samarra (in Iraq) and executed there.*846 Muslim raid and recognizing [[Church of RomeJerusalem]] as patriarchate.*850 452 [[Third Finding Proterios of Alexandria]] convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of St. [[John the Forerunner|Third Finding ]]. *457 Victorius of the Honourable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist JohnAquitania computes new [[Paschalion]]; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by patriarch of Constantinople. *852 St. 459 Death of [[AnsgarSymeon the Stylite]] founds the churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 St. 461 Death of [[Photius Leo the Great]] becomes patriarch and [[Patrick of ConstantinopleIreland]]. *860 462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (860)|Second Rus-Byzantine WarSeptember 1]], a naval raid and the first siege of Constantinople by the Rus; [[Studion Monastery]] founded. *ca.860 466 [[w:Christianization Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of the Rus' Khaganate|Christianization Mtskheta to rank of the Rus' Khaganate[[Catholicos]] was supposed to have happened around this timeof Kartli, but it seems to have been forgotten by the time rendering the [[Church of Vladimir's Baptism of Kiev in the 980s.*861 Ss. Georgia]] [[Cyril and Methodiusautocephaly|autocephalous]] depart from Constantinople to ; death of [[Church_of_Russia#Conversion_of_the_SlavsShenouda the Archimandrite|missionize Shenouda the SlavsGreat]]; council presided over by papal legates held , abbott of White Monastery in Constantinople which confirms St. Egypt, considered the founder of [[Photius the GreatChurch of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]] as patriarch. *862 ca. 471 Patr. [[Rastislav Acacius of Moravia|Ratislav of MoraviaConstantinople]]] converts to Christianityfirst called ''Oikoumenikos'' ("Ecumenical"). *863 First translations 473 Death of [[Holy Scripture|BiblicalEuthymius the Great]] and liturgical texts into . *475 Emperor [[Church Slavonicw:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] by Ss. issues letter to bishops of empire, supporting [[Cyril and MethodiusMonophysitism]]. *863 The Venetians steal relics 477 [[Timothy II Aelurus of Alexandria|Timothy Aelurus]] of St Mark Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from AlexandriaEgypt. *864 Prince 482 Byzantine emperor [[Boris of BulgariaZeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] is issues ''[[baptism|baptizedHenoticon]]] an Orthodox Christian; ''. *484 [[SynaxisAcacian Schism]] . *484 Founding of the [[Theotokos|Most Holy Birth-Giver Lavra of GodSt. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar Sabbas Monastery]] in Miasena in memory of by [[Sabbas the return Sanctified]]; [[Synod of her Icon.*865 Bulgaria under Khan Beth Lapat]] in Persia declares [[Boris of Bulgaria|Boris INestorianism]] converts to as official theology of [[Orthodox Assyrian Church|Orthodox Christianityof the East]], effectively separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church. *866 Vikings raid and capture York in England.*867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by 489 Emperor [[[Photius the GreatZeno (emperor)|PhotiusZeno I]], which anathematizes Pope closes [[Nicholas I w:School of RomeNisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]] for his attacks on the work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and , which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the use by papal missionaries spiritual center of the heretical [[FilioqueAssyrian Church of the East]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing the news of his excommunication; . *490 [[Basil the MacedonianBrigid of Kildaire]] has Emperor [[Michael III]] murdered and usurps the Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch founds monastery of ConstantinopleKildare in Ireland. *867 Death of 494 Pope [[w:Kassia|KassianiGelasius I of Rome]], Greek-Byzantine poet delineates relationship between Church and hymnographer, who composed the state in his letter ''Hymn of KassianiDuo sunt'', chanted during written to Emperor [[Holy WeekAnastasius I]] on Great and Holy Wednesday. *869-870 The 496 [[Robber Council Remigius of 869-870Rheims]] is held, deposing Stbaptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity. *ca. 500 [[Photius Pseudo-Dionysius the GreatAreopagite]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Councilwrites ''The Mystical Theology''." *870 Conversion 506 [[Church of Serbia; death of saint and confessor [[Rastislav of MoraviaArmenia]]]; Malta is conquered separates from the Byzantines by the ArabsChalcedonian Orthodoxy. *874 Translation of 507 Clovis I defeats the relics of Arian Visigoths at [[Nicephorus I w:Battle of ConstantinopleVouillé|Nicephorus the ConfessorBattle of Vouillé]]near Poitiers, interred ending their power in the Gaul. *518 [[Church Severus of the Holy Apostles (Constantinople)|Church of the Holy ApostlesAntioch]], Constantinople. *877 Death of St. deposed by Emperor [[Ignatius Justin I of Constantinople]], who appoints Stfor Monophysitism; Patr. [[Photius the Great|PhotiusJohn II of Constantinople]] to succeed himis addressed as ''Oikoumenikos Patriarches'' ("Ecumenical Patriarch"). *877 Arab Muslims conquer all 519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital[[Acacian Schism]]. *878 King 521 Birth of [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the GreatColumba of Iona]]. *527 [[Dionysius Exiguus]] calculates the date of Wessex defeats the Vikingsbirth of Jesus incorrectly; the Treaty foundation of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the [[w:Danelaw|Danelaw]])St.*879-880 [[Eighth Ecumenical CouncilCatherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] held in Constantinople, confirming on the Sinai peninsula by [[Photius Justinian the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch . *529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople, anathematizing additions to the ; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedMonte Cassino]], and declaring that the prerogatives and jurisdiction codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope Orange]] condemns [[John VIII of RomePelagianism]].*883 Muslims burn the monastery ; death of Monte Cassino.*885 [[Mount AthosTheodosius the Great]] gains political autonomy. *885 Death of St. Methodius, apostle to the Slavs.*886 The 529-534 [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]]'s ''[[w:Glagolitic alphabetCorpus Juris Civilis|Glagolitic alphabetCorpus Juris Civilis]], (now called '' issued. *530 [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church SlavonicBrendan the Navigator]])lands in Newfoundland, Canada, devised by missionaries Ssestablishing a short-lived community of Irish monks. *532 [[Cyril and MethodiusJustinian the Great]] in 862-63, is adopted in the Bulgarian Empire, subsequently spreading to Croatia, Serbia, Bohemia, Lesser Poland, and the Russian principalities; its use in orders building of [[w:Great MoraviaHagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Great MoraviaHagia Sophia]] had been prohibited by ; death of [[Sabbas the Pope in 885 in favour of LatinSanctified]]. *902 Taormina, 533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], first pope to change name upon election. *534 Roman Empire destroys the Aghlabid ArabsArian kingdom of Vandals. *904 Thessalonika is sacked and pillaged by Saracen pirates under 536 [[w:Leo Mennas of Tripoli|Leo of TripoliConstantinople]], summons a Greek pirate serving Saracen interestssynod anathematizing [[Severus of Antioch]]. *907 Third 537 Construction of [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War Hagia Sophia (907Constantinople)|Rus-Byzantine WarHagia Sophia]], a naval raid of in Constantinople (''or completed.*538 Emperor [[w:Tsargrad|TsargardJustinian the Great]] in Old Slavonic'') led by Varangian Prince , via deportations and force, manages to get [[w:Oleg of NovgorodPentarchy|Oleg of Novgorodall five patriarchates]], which was relieved by peace negotiationsoffcially into communion.*899 Death of King and Saint 539 [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the GreatRavenna]] becomes exarchate of Wessex & All England[[Byzantine Empire]]. *911 541 [[Protection of the Mother of God|Holy Protection of the Virgin-MaryJacob Baradeus]]: Vision of organizes the [[TheotokosOriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to StArmenia and Egypt. *543 Doctrine of [[[Andrew the Fool-for-Christapokatastasis]] protecting Constantinople from an invasion condemned by Synod of Slavs.*911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince of Rus'. *912 Normans become Christian; 544 [[w:Nicholas Mystikos|Nicholas I Mysticus]] becomes Patriarch Jacob Baradeus]] consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Constantinople (901-907Antioch, 912-925). *927 The opening the lasting schism between the [[Bulgarian Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] is recognised as and the Chalcedonian [[Autocephaly|autocephalousChurch of Antioch]] ; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by the [[Church Ciaran of ConstantinopleClonmacnoise|Patriarchate Ciaran]]. *545 [[David of ConstantinopleWales]]moves primatial see of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St.Davids's). *931 Abbott 546 [[w:Odo Columba of ClunyIona|Odo of Cluny AbbeyColumba]] reformed the monasteries founds monastery of Derry in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, starting the Ireland. *547 [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movementDavid of Wales]] within does obeisance to the Patriarch of Jerusalem. *553 [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine orderFifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians— ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life[[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], encouraging art and caring for the poor; at its height (c. 950–c.1130) it was one [[Ibas of the largest religious forces in western Europe.*933 Death of St. Edessa]] are condemned for their [[Tryphon of Constantinople|TryphonNestorianism]], patriarch of Constantinopleand [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned. *935 Martyrdom 553 Bishops of Blessed Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters'', causing [[w:Wenceslaus I, Duke Schism of Bohemia|Wenceslausthe Three Chapters]]in those areas, prince leading to independence of the Czechs.*941 Fourth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (941)|Rus-Byzanatine WarPatriarch of Venice]] from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]], a campaign that was instigated ; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Khazars, who wished revenge on the Byzantines after the persecutions of the Jews undertaken by Emperor [[w:Romanos IBattle of Mons Lactarius|Romanus I LecapenusBattle of Mons Lactarius]]; ended in a Byzantine victory over the Rus. *944 City 554 [[Church of Armenia]] officially [[schism|breaks]] with West in 554, during the second Council of Edessa recovered by Dvin where the Byzantine army, including dyophysite formula of [[Icon Not Made By HandsFourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]]was rejected. *945 St. 556 [[Dunstan Columba of CanterburyIona|DunstanColumba]] becomes Abbot founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[w:Glastonbury Abbey|GlastonburyRoman the Melodist]]. *948 Holy Roman Emperor Otto I 557 [[Brendan the Great Navigator]] founds the missionary dioceses of Brandenburg, Havelburg, Ribe, Aarhusmonastery at Clonfert, and SchleswigIreland. *ca. 950 563 [[Monastery Columba of Hosios LoukasIona|Columba]] founded near Stiris in Greece.*957 St. arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes [[Olga of Kiev|Olgamonastery]] baptized in Constantinoplethere, founding mission to the Picts. *960 Emperor 569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; [[Nicephorus IIDavid of Wales]] Phocas re-captures holds [[[w:Crete|CreteSynod of Victoria]] for the Byzantines; Stto re-assert anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi. *576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, [[Dunstan Church of CanterburyAlexandria|DunstanChalcedonian (Greek)]] becomes and [[Archbishop Church of CanterburyAlexandria (Coptic)|Monophysite (Coptic)]], reforming the monasteries and enforcing the rule of St .*577 Patr. [[Benedict of NursiaJohn Scholasticus|BenedictJohn III Scholasticus]]: Povertyis responible for the first collection of Canon Law, Chastity and Obedience for the ''[[Monk|monksNomocanon]]. *962 Denmark becomes a Christian nation with '', of the [[baptismOrthodox Church]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); the . *579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily. *580 [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman EmpireMonte Cassino]] is formedsacked by Lombards, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperorsending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the ''Diploma Ottonianum'' is co-signed between Pope John XII Balkans and Otto, confirming the earlier Greece. *587 Visigoth King [[w:Donation of PepinReccared I|Donation of PepinReccared]] renounces [[Arianism]], granting control in favor of the [[w:Papal States|Papal StatesOrthodoxy]] to the Popes, regularizing Papal elections, and clarifying the relationship between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors. *963 St. 589 [[Athanasius Council of AthosToledo]] adds [[Filioque]] establishes the first major monastery on to [[Mount AthosNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], the in an attempt to combat [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great LavraArianism]]. *965 Emperor 590 [[Nicephorus IIColumbanus]] Phocas gained Cyprus completely for the Byzantines; founds monasteries in France. *593 [[w:Sviatoslav Anastasius I of KievAntioch|Sviatoslav of KievAnastasius the Sinaite]] destroyed [[w:Khazars|Khazar]] imperial power, restored as the Khazar fortresses Orthodox Patriarch of Sarkel and Tamatarkha fell to the Rus, then the capital city of Atil circa 967Antioch. *968 596 [[Rila MonasteryGregory the Dialogist]] founded; Sviatoslav of Kiev defeats the Bulgarians at the sends [[w:Battle Augustine of SilistraCanterbury|Battle of SilistraAugustine]], precipitating the collapse of the First Bulgarian Empire, which along with Khazaria, had been the two great powers of Eastern Europeforty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. *968-71 Fifth 597 Death of [[http://en.wikipediaColumba of Iona]].org/wiki/Rus%27-Byzantine_War_%28968-971%29#Campaigns_in_the_Balkans Rus-Byzantine War], resulting in a Byzantine victory over the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the *598 [[w:Battle of Arcadiopolis|Battle of ArcadiopolisGlastonbury Abbey]], and the defeat of founded. *ca. 600 ''[[w:Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav The Ladder of KievDivine Ascent]] '' written by [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I TzimiskesClimacus]].*969 Death of ; [[Olga of Kiev|St Olga Gregory the Princess of RussiaDialogist]], Equal-to-the-Apostles, who is considered with her grandson Stinspires development of [[Gregorian Chant]] through his liturgical reforms. *601 [[Vladimir Augustine of KievCanterbury]], as having brought Orthodoxy to Russia; Emperor converts King [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II Phokas]] captures Antioch Ethelbert of Kent]] and Aleppo from the Arabsestablishes see of Canterbury. *972 Emperor 602 [[John I TzimiskesAugustine of Canterbury]] (969-976) granted meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury. *604 [[Mount AthosMellitus]] its becomes first charter (bishop of London and founds first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[TypikonGregory the Dialogist]]). *973 605 Death of [[w:Great Moravia|MoraviaAugustine of Canterbury]] assigned to the Diocese . *610 [[Heraclius]] changes official language of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church.*975 Emperor Empire from Latin to [[w:John I TzimiskesMedieval Greek|John I TzimiskesGreek]] in a Syrian campaign took Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but failed to take Jerusalemalready the ''lingua franca'' of the vast majority of the population. *978 Death of King 612 [[Edward the MartyrHoly Sponge]].*980 Revelation and [[Holy Lance]] brought to Constantinople from Palestine. *614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of the Persia; [[w:Axion EstinChurch of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|"Axion Estin"Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] (the hymn “''It Is Truly Meet''”), with the appearance of the damaged by fire, [[Archangel GabrielTrue Cross]] to a monk on Mtcaptured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred. Athos, celebrated on *615 Death of [[June 11Columbanus]]; the icon itself, before which this hymn was first chanted, is called the in Italy. *617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege. *626 [[Panagia Axion EstiAkathist|"icon of Akathist Hymn]] to the Axion Estin"Virgin Mary written. *627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh ("''It is truly meet''"627)|Battle of Nineveh]], kept in the sanctuary of the Church of the Protaton on the recovering [[Mount Athos|Holy MountainTrue Cross]]and breaking Sassanid power. *983 Martyrdom 630 Second [[Elevation of Theodore the [[w:Varangian Guard|VarangianHoly Cross]] and his son John . *633 Death of [[Modestus of KievJerusalem]]. *987 Sixth 635 Founding of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27-Byzantine_War_%28987%29#Baptism_of_Vladimir Rus-Byzantine WarLindisfarne]], where Monastery by [[w:Vladimir I Aidan of KievLindisfarne|Vladimir I Aidan]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity. *636 Capture of Kiev[[Jerusalem]] the Great dispatched troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Basil IIBattle of Yarmouk|Basil IIBattle of Yarmuk]] with an internol revolt; he agreed to accept . *640 [[w:OrthodoxyMuslim conquest of Syria|Orthodox ChristianityMuslim conquest of Syria]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *988 ; [[Baptism w:Battle of Rus'Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] begins with the conversion between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of St. [[Vladimir of Kiev]] who is baptized at Byzantine [[w:ChersonesosExarchate of Africa|ChersonesosExarchate of Africa]], the birthplace . *641 Capture of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister Alexandria by Muslim Arabs. *642 Muslim conquest of Byzantine emperor Basil IIEgypt.*992 Death 646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[Michael of Kievw:Greco-Roman|St. MichaelGreco-Roman]], the first Metropolitan of Kievcivilization in Egypt. *995 St. 648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Olaf Paul II of NorwayConstantinople]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom. *1000 Christianization of Greenland 649 Arabs invade and Icelandconquer Cyprus. *1008 Conversion 650 Final defeat of Sweden.*1009 Patriarch [[Sergius II of ConstantinopleArianism]] removes the name of as Lombards convert to Orthodoxy. *653 Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from Martin the [[diptychsConfessor]] arrested on orders of the Byzantine Emperor [[Church of ConstantinopleConstans II]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including . *654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs. *655 Martyrdom of [[Martin the Confessor]]. *657 Founding of [[FilioqueWhitby Abbey]]in Yorkshire, England. *1009 662 Death of [[Church of Maximus the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy SepulchreConfessor]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the . *663 Emperor [[w:Druze|DruzeConstans II]]].*1012 Death of Hieromartyr is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[w:Alphege|AlphegeConstans II]]declares Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over Archbishop of Ravenna, Archbishop since that city was the seat of Canterburythe exarch, his immediate representative. *1013 The Jews are expelled from the caliphate 664 [[Synod of Córdoba. *1014 [[FilioqueWhitby]] used for the first time held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Rome by Pope Northumbria; [[Benedict VIII of RomeIona|Benedict VIIIIonian]]monk [[Wilfrid] at the coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor] appointed as Archbishop of York. *1015 Death 669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of St. Constantinople]]; at [[Vladimir w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of KievSyllaeum]].*1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.*1022 Death Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of St. [[Simeon the New Theologianw:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe. *1024 Seventh [[w:Rus670 Composition of ''Caedmon'-Byzantine War (1024)s Hymn'' by [[Caedmon]] of [[Whitby Abbey|Rus-Byzantine WarWhitby]], Byzantine naval victory. *1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced 672 First Synod of Hertford called by a Byzantine protectorate[[Theodore of Tarsus]], which begin reconstruction adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. *673 Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy SepulchreMonothelitism]]. *1036 Byzantine 680-681 [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IVSixth Ecumenical Council]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the held in Constantinople, condemning [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy SepulchreMonothelitism]] by Byzantine masons; and affirming [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]Christology]] of [[Maximus the Byzantine Emperor (Eastern Vikings/Rus) sent to protect pilgrimsConfessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. *1045-50 The [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral Sergius I of Saint Sophia in NovgorodConstantinople]] is built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminicent and Pope [[Honorius I of the Rome]] are both explicitly [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesqueanathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism. *1043 Eighth and last 682 Foundation of [[Rus'Monkwearmouth-Byzantine War (1043)|Rus'-Byzantine WarJarrow Abbey]], an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople; in England. *685 First monastics come to [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the ConfessorMount Athos]] is crowned King ; death of [[Anastasius of England at Winchester CathedralSinai]]. *1048 Re-consecration of 685 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy SepulchreJohn Maron]] elected first Maronite patriarch, founding the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]]. *687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish Vikings; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]]. *688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. *ca. 690 Witenagamot of England forbids church appeals to Rome. *691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem. *692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]]. *694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] defeated by [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent. *697 [[Council of Birr]] accepts Roman [[Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of Iona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomnáin]]. *698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome. *ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]]. *707 Death of [[John Maron]]. *710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967. *712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete]]. *ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England). *715 [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]] built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque constructed over site of [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Justinian]]; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts. *716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage; [[Boniface]]'s first [[missionary]] journey to Frisia. *717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[Iona]]. *717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]. *719 [[w:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian church]] to [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic church]]. *723 [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. *726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]]. *730 [[Leo the Isaurian]] orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. *731 [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''. *732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by Franks at [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]]. *733 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope [[Gregory III of Rome]]'s support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning. *735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status. *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; death of [[Willibrord]]. *742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. *747 Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. *750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims. *751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. *752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. *754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of monasteries. *754 Death of [[Boniface]]. *756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. *768 Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of Elfoddw of Gwynedd. *769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons. *772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. *781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. *785 Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield. *787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. *792 Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. *793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. *794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]. *800 [[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland.*800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. *801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. *803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. *810 Pope Leo III bans use of [[Filioque]]. *814 Conflict between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] over iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo. *826 [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. *828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. *ca. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]]. *836 Death of [[Theodore the Studite]]. ==Late Byzantine era (843-1054)==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Late Byzantine Era (843-1054))]]''*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches. *850 [[Third Finding of the Head of St. John the Forerunner|Third Finding]] of the head of [[John the Forerunner]]. *852 [[Ansgar]] founds churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 [[Photius the Great]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *ca. 860 [[w:Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]]. *861 [[Cyril and Methodius]] depart from Constantinople to [[Church of Russia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]]; Council of Constantinople attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms [[Photius the Great]] as patriarch and passes 17 canons. *862 [[Rastislav of Moravia]] converts to Christianity. *863 First translations of [[Holy Scripture|Biblical]] and liturgical texts into [[Church Slavonic]] by [[Cyril and Methodius]]. *863 Venetians steal relics of [[Apostle Mark]] from Alexandria. *864 Baptism of Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria]]; [[Synaxis]] of the [[Theotokos]] in Miasena in memory of the return of her icon. *865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Boris of Bulgaria|Boris I]] converts to [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]. *866 Vikings raid and capture York in England. *867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]], which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Rome]] for his attacks on work of Greek [[missionaries]] in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of [[Filioque]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of excommunication; [[Basil the Macedonian]] has Emperor [[Michael III the Amorian|Michael III]] murdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople. *867 Death of [[Kassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''[[Hymn of Kassiani]]'', chanted during [[Holy Week]] on Holy Wednesday. *869-870 [[Robber Council of 869-870]] held, deposing [[Photius the Great]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council." *870 Conversion of Serbia; death of [[Rastislav of Moravia]]; martyrdom of [[w:Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]], King of East Anglia. *877 Death of [[Ignatius of Constantinople]], who appoints [[Photius the Great|Photius]] to succeed him. *878 King [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] of Wessex defeats Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the [[w:Danelaw|Danelaw]]). *879-880 [[Eighth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[Photius the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]]. *885 [[Mount Athos]] gains political autonomy. *885 Death of [[Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]]. *886 [[w:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]], (now called [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]) adopted in Bulgarian Empire; St [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]], King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes. *910 [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine]] [[w:Cluny Abbey|Abbey of Cluny]] founded in France.*899 Death of [[Alfred the Great]]. *911 [[Protection of the Mother of God|Holy Protection of the Virgin Mary]]. *912 Normans become Christian; [[w:Nicholas Mystikos|Nicholas I Mysticus]] becomes Patriarch of Constantinople. *927 [[Church of Bulgaria]] recognized as [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] by [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]. *931 Abbott [[w:Odo of Cluny|Odo of Cluny]] reforms monasteries in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, starting the [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] within the [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine order]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor. *935 Martyrdom of [[Wenceslas]], prince of the Czechs. *944 City of Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, including [[Image Not-made-by-hands|Icon Not Made By Hands]].*945 [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes Abbot of [[w:Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury]]. *957 [[Olga of Kiev]] baptized in Constantinople. *960 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] re-captures [[w:Crete|Crete]] for Byzantines; [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], reforming monasteries and enforcing rule of [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedict]]. *962 Denmark becomes Christian nation with [[baptism]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. *963 [[Athanasius of Athos]] establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]]. *965 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] gains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines. *969 Death of [[Olga of Kiev]]; Emperor [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II Phokas]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs. *972 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] grants [[Mount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]). *973 [[w:Great Moravia|Moravia]] assigned to the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church. *975 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] in a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem. *978 Death of King [[Edward the Martyr]]. *980 Revelation of the ''[[Axion Estin]]'' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the [[Archangel Gabriel]] to a monk on [[Mount Athos]]. *980-5 The [[Western Rite|Western Rite]] Monastery of Amalfion is founded on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]]. *987 Sixth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine War]], where [[Vladimir of Kiev]] dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:Basil II|Basil II]] with an internal revolt, agreeing to accept [[Orthodox Christianity]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *988 '[[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of [[Vladimir of Kiev]] who is baptized at [[w:Chersonesos|Chersonesos]], the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II. *992 Death of [[Michael of Kiev|Michael]], first Metropolitan of Kiev. *995 [[Olaf of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom.*1000 Conversion of Greenland and Iceland. *1008 Conversion of Sweden. *1009 Patr. [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychs]] of [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]]. *1009 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze]]. *1012 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship. *1014 [[Filioque]] used for first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. *1015 Death of [[Vladimir of Kiev]]. *1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity. *1022 Death of [[Simeon the New Theologian]]. *1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]]. *1034 Patriarch [[Alexius I Studites of Constantinople|Alexius I Studites]] writes the first complete ''Studite [[Typikon]],'' for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[Typikon]] introduced into the Rus' lands by [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]]. *1036 Byzantine [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IV]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor sent to protect pilgrims. *1043 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.*1045-50 [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminiscent of the [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. *1048 Re-consecration of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].

*1052 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] founds Westminster Abbey, near London.*1053 Death of Saint Lazarus the Wonder==Post-Roman Schism (1054-worker of Mount Galesius near Ephesus.1453)==*1054 Cardinal :''Main article: [[HumbertTimeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))|Timeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))]] excommunicates ''*1054 Cardinal [[Michael CerulariusHumbert of Silva Candida|Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]], Patriarch patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of the [[Great Schism]] between East and West; First Letter of [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]] to Peter of Antioch. *1059 Errors of Berengar of Tours condemned in Rome; the term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter Damian]]. *1064 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] storm Anatolia taking Caesarea and Ani, conquering Armenia. *1066 Normans invade England flying the banner of the Pope of Rome, defeating King [[Harold of England]] at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the . *1066-1171 Beginning reformation of the English church and society there to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics. *1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] capture Jerusalem and defeat Byzantines at the [[w:Battle of Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]], beginning Islamification of Asia Minor.*1071 ; Norman princes led by [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert Guiscard]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of [[w:Catapanate of Italy|Byzantine rule in the south]]. *ca.1071-1176 Byzantine epic poem 1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Gregory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the [[httpw://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/digenes-akrites Digenes AkritesGregorian Reform|Gregorian reforms]] is written, set in (celibacy of the ninth and tenth centuriesclergy, inspired by the almost continuous state primacy of warfare with the Arabs in eastern Asia Minorpapacy over empire, presenting a comprehensive picture right of the intense frontier life Pope to depose emperors); Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. *1074 Death of the [[w:Acritic songs|Akrites]], the border guards Theodosius of the [[Byzantine EmpireKiev Caves]]. *1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Grgeory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the 1075 ''[[w:Gregorian ReformDictatus papae|Gregorian reformsDictatus Papae]] (celibacy of the clergy, primacy of the papacy over the empire'' document advances Papal supremacy. *1077 The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem and kill 3, right of 000 citizens; Seljuks capture Nicea. *1084 Antioch is captured by the Pope to depose emperors)Seljuk Turks. *1074 Death 1088 Founding of monastery of St [[Theodosius of the Kiev CavesApostle John|Theodosius, Abbot of John the Kiev Caves MonasteryTheologian]] and Founder on Patmos; election of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia.*1075 ''Pope [[w:Dictatus papaePope Urban II|Dictatus PapaeUrban II]]'' document advances Papal supremacy.*1087 Translation , a prominent member of the relics of [[Nicholas of Myraw:Cluniac Reforms|St Nicholas the WonderworkerCluniac Reform movement]] from Myra to Bari. *1088 Founding 1095 Launching of monastery of St. [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] on Patmos.*1095 Launching of the the [[w:First Crusade|First Crusade]].*1096 Persecution of Jews by Crusaders. *1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes his ''Cur Deus homo'', marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East. *1098 Crusaders capture Antioch. *1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the [[w:Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and other crusader states known collectively as ''"[[w:Outremer|Outremer]]''." *1108 Death of St Nicetas of the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Caves]], Bishop of Novgorod.*1119 Order of Knights Templar founded. *ca.1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria [[w:Pope Gabriel II of Alexandria|Gabriel II]] initiates the acceptance addition of Arabic as a liturgical language (in addition to the Coptic), with his Arabic translation of the [[Divine Liturgy|Liturgy]]. *1144 Bernard of Clairvaux calls for a [[w:Second Crusade|Second Crusade]] to rescue the besieged Latin kingdom of Jerusalem; Kings Louis VII Muslims take Christian stronghold of France and Konrad III Edessa. *1149 Crusaders begin to renovate [[Church of Germany "take the cross", joining Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the CrusadersHoly Sepulchre]] in Romanesque style, but are defeated by Muslims; Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessaadding a bell tower. *1147 Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki, a ruler 1159 [[w:John of Salisbury|John of the northeastern Rus, who built the first fortressSalisbury]] authors ''[[w:Policraticus|Policraticus]]'', or Kremlin, along the Moscow River.*1149 Building a treatise on government drawing from the work of Byzantine Emperor [[Constantine IXHoly Scripture|Bible]] in 1048, the crusaders began to renovate the [[Church w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Codex Justinianus]], and arguing for [[w:Divine Right of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Kings|Church Divine Right of the Holy SepulchreKings]] in a Romanesque style, adding a bell tower.*1164 Uncovering of the relics of St Leontius (+1073), Bishop and Wonderworker of [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov|Rostov]].. *1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of the [[Theotokos]] "of the Sign" at Novgorod.*1177 Latin King Baldwin ; Anglo-Norman invasion of Jerusalem and his knights, with the Templars, defeated the Muslim army Ireland; city of Saladin at Dublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans. *1176 [[w:Battle Seljuk Sultanate of MontgisardRûm|Battle Sultanate of MontgisardRum]].*1179 Death of defeats Byzantine Empire in the [[w:Hildegard Battle of BingenMyriokephalon|Hildegard von BingenBattle of Myriokephalon]] (1098, marking end of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau; Al-1179)Adil I, [[Benedict Muslim ruler of Nursia|Benedictine]] AbbessEgypt, medieval mystic, and suppresses a revolt by Christian Copts in city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them. * 1179 Pope Alexander III convened the [[w:polymathThird Council of the Lateran|polymathThird Lateran Council]].*1180 Last formal, canonical acceptance which was attended by a certain Nectarios of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch.*1187 the important [[w:SaladinBasilian monks|SaladinBasilian]] retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at the Monastery of St. Nicholas of Kasoulon near [[w:Battle of Hattin (1187)Otranto|Battle Otranto]], under Norman patronage, who made himself the champion of Hattin]]the Greek Church, and returns Christian holy places to the vigorously supported their [[Church of JerusalemByzantine Rite|Orthodox Churchcustoms and doctrines]].*1189 [[w<ref>K. Lake. ''"The Greek Monasteries in South Italy III."'' '''J Theol Studies''' (1903) os-V(17):Third Crusade|Third Crusade22-41. p. 35.</ref>*1180 Last formal acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch. *1182 [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]] led by King Richard , who assisted the Lion-Hearted of EnglandCrusaders during the Crusades, King Philip Augustus II reaffirm their affiliation with Rome in 1182; dedication of France[[w:Monreale#The_Cathedral|Monreale Cathedral]] in Sicily, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossacontaining the largest cycle of Byzantine mosaics extant in Italy. *ca.1189 In response to the capture 1186 Byzantine Empire recognizes independence of old Jerusalem by Muslims in Bulgaria and Serbia. *1187, Ethiopian Emperor [[w:Gebre Mesqel LalibelaSaladin|Gebre Mesqel LalibelaSaladin]] (1189-1229) ordered the construction of a holy city hewn from rock as a New Jerusalem, thus building the twelve monolithic rock-cut churches in retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at [[w:LalibelaBattle of Hattin (1187)|LalibelaBattle of Hattin]], one and returns Christian holy places to [[Church of Ethiopia's holiest cities, second only to Jerusalem|Orthodox Church]]. *1189 [[w:AxumThird Crusade|AxumThird Crusade]], and a center of pilgrimage.*1191 Cyprus taken from the Byzantines led by English King Richard I "the Lion Heart-Hearted of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa." *1198 Cyprus sold by England to Frankish crusadersca.*1204 Crusaders of the 1189 Ethiopian Emperor [[w:Gebre Mesqel Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]] orders construction of [[w:Lalibela|Lalibela]]. *1204 [[Fourth Crusade ]] [[Sacking of Constantinople|sack sacks Constantinople]], laying waste to the city and stealing many holy [[relics]] and other items; [[Great Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act.*ca.1204-61 Monks of Iveron monastery on ; [[Mount Athosw:Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I Lascaris]] martyred by establishes the Latins in the 13th century, observed on [[May 13w:Empire of Nicaea|Empire of Nicaea]]. *1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted by the Ottoman Turks in 1669.*1212 The ca.1207 [[w:Children's CrusadeStephen Langton|Children's CrusadeStephen Langton]], led by 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes, sets out for divides the Bible into the Holy Land from Francedefined modern chapters in use today. *1213 Death ca.1220 English Bp. [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore ] is said to have been responsible for the final form of Blessed the "[[w:Tamar of GeorgiaSarum Use|Tamara the Great, Queen Use of Georgia]].*1217-21 [[w:Fifth Crusade|Fifth CrusadeSarum]]", which had the sterling reputation of being the best liturgy anywhere in the West. *1228 [[w:SixthCrusade|Sixth Crusade]] resulted results in a 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem was ceded to the Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem.*1235 Death of St. 1231 [[Sava w:Medieval Inquisition|Papal Inquisition]] initiated by Pope Gregory IX, charged with suppressing heresy. *1235 Death of Serbia|[[Sava of Serbia]]. *1237 Golden Horde (Mongols) begin [[Church of_Russiaof Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)|subjugation of Russia]]. *1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] defeats Swedish army at Battle of the Neva. *1242 [[Alexander Nevsky]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in the [[w:Battle of the Ice|Battle of Lake Peipus]], a major defeat for the Catholic crusaders. *1244 Jerusalem is conquered and completely razed by [[w:Khwarezm|Khwarezmian]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering the Seventh Crusade. *1247 [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] conquer Jerusalem, driving out the Khwarezmian Turks. *1248-54 1258 [[w:Seventh Crusade|Seventh Crusade]]. *1258 [[Michael VIII PalaiologosMichael VIII Palaiologos]] seizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of the Greek peninsula from Latins. *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[w:Principality of Achaea|Principality of Achaea]] at the [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]], marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece. *1261 End ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of Latin occupation monks of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs[[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]].*1261 Emperor 1260 Subjugation of [[Michael VIII PalaiologosChurch of Cyprus]] makes to the [[w:Mystras|MystrasRoman Catholic Church]] seat of . *1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] makes [[Mystras]] seat of the new [[w:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of Morea]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurred. *1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch. *1270 The [[w:Eighth Crusade|Eighth Crusade]] is launched 1269 Orthodox patriarch returns to Antioch after a 171-year exile and usurpation by Latin patriarch. *1274 Second [[w:Louis IX Councils of FranceLyons|Louis IXCouncil of Lyons]]held, King of Franceproclaiming union between the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East.*1271-72 The 1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople [[Ninth CrusadeJohn XI Bekkos of Constantinople|Ninth CrusadeJohn XI Bekkos]] led by elected to replace Patriarch [[w:Edward Joseph I Galesiotes of EnglandConstantinople|Prince EdwardJoseph I Galesiotes]] , who opposed [[Councils of England to Acre, is considered to be the last Lyons|Council of the medieval Crusades to the Holy Land.*1274 Lyons]]; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[Council of LyonsMount Athos|Mt. Athos]] held, proclaiming union between martyred by the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East.Latins. *1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople ca. 1280 ''[[John XI Beccus of Constantinoplew:Kebra Nagast|John XI BeccusKebra Nagast]] elected to replace Patriarch [[Joseph I Galesiotes '' ("Book of Constantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]], who opposed the [[Council Glory of Lyons]]; 26 martyrs Kings") compiled, a repository of Zographou monastery on [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]], martyred by the LatinsEthiopian national and religious feelings. *ca. 1280 ''1281 [[w:Kebra NagastPope Martin IV|Kebra NagastPope Martin IV]]'' ("Book of authorizes a Crusade against the Glory of Kings") compiled, a repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelings.*1281 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established [[newly re-established [[Byzantine Empire]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and the Greeks and renouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following yeardue to the [[w:Sicilian Vespers|Sicilian Vespers]]. *1291 Fall of Acre; end of crusading in Holy Land. *1302 Papal Bull ''1298 [[w:Unam sanctumAmbrose of Milan|Unam SanctumAmbrose]]'' issued by Pope , [[Boniface VIII Augustine of RomeHippo|Boniface VIIIAugustine]], [[Jerome]] proclaims Papal supremacy.*1326 Moscow became the seat of the Russian Orthodox Metropolitanate, as and [[Peter of MoscowGregory the Dialogist|Metropolitan PeterPope Gregory I]] moved his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscoware named collectively as the first Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Western Church. *1309 The island of Rhodes falls to the 1302 Papal Bull ''[[w:Knights HospitallerUnam sanctum|Knights Unam Sanctum]]'' issued by Pope [[Boniface VIII of St. JohnRome|Boniface VIII]], who establish their headquarters there, renaming themselves the Knights of Rhodes (1309-1522)proclaims Papal supremacy. *1336 [1326 Metr. [Meteora]] in Greece is established as a center [Peter of Orthodox [[monasticismMoscow|Peter]]moves his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow. *1338 1332 [[Gregory Palamasw:Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia|Amda Syon]] (1296-1359) writes ''Triads , Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts''southern Muslim provinces, defending allowing for the Orthodox practice spread of Christianity to frontier areas. *1336 [[hesychasm|hesychast spirituality[Meteora]] and the use in Greece established as a center of the Orthodox [[Jesus Prayermonasticism]]. *1341-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) and John V Palaeologus (1341–91).*1341-51 Three sessions 1338 [[Gregory Palamas]] writes ''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[Ninth Ecumenical Councilhesychasm|hesychast spirituality]] held in Constantinople, affirming and the use of the [[hesychasm|hesychasticJesus Prayer]] theology of St. *1340 [[Gregory PalamasHoly Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of founded by [[Barlaam Sergius of CalabriaRadonezh]]. *1344 Death 1341-51 Three sessions of Amda Syon, Emperor of Ethiopia.*1349 Prince the [[Stephen DushanNinth Ecumenical Council]] of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar).*1353 Death of Saints Sergius and Hermanheld in Constantinople, Abbots and Wonder-workers of affirming [[Valaam Monasteryhesychasm|Valaamhesychastic]].*1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe, at Gallipoli.*1359 Death theology of [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of St. [[Gregory PalamasBarlaam of Calabria]]. *1360 Death 1342 Patriarchate of St John Koukouzelis, the Hymnographer of the Great Antioch transferred to Damascus under [[LavraIgnatius II of Antioch|LavraIgnatius II]] on . *1349 Prince [[Mount Athos|Mount AthosStephen Dushan]], maistor (master of music), theorist and composer, who codified Serbia assumes the second major form title of [[Byzantine Chant]] known as ''kalophonicTsar'', being highly melismatic, protracted, embellished and grandiose.*1365 Crusaders under Latin King (Caesar); principality of [[w:Peter I of CyprusGalicia (Central Europe)|Peter I of CyprusGalicia]] sacked Alexandria, Egypt(Halitsh) comes under Polish control. *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli. *1378 1359 Death of [[Alexis of Moscow|St. AlexisGregory Palamas]], Metropolitan . *1360 Death of Kiev and Wonderworker[[John Koukouzelis]] the Hymnographer. *1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome. *1383 Stca. [[Stephen of Perm]], missionary to 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in the ZyriansEast, consecrated bishop; appearance of "among the Greeks." *1382-95 [[Theotokos of Tikhvinw:Wyclif's Bible|Tikhvin Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos]First English Bible]] translated by John Wyclif. *1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of 1383 [[Saint titles|Great-martyrStephen of Perm]] Lazarus (Lazar), prince [[missionary]] to Zyrians, consecrated bishop; appearance of [[Theotokos of SerbiaTikhvin]] icon. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople 1385 [[w:Union of Krewo|Kreva Agreement]] provides for conversion of Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the first timeKingdom of Poland through a dynastic union. *1396 First English Bible translated by John Wyclif.*1410 Iconographer 1387 [[Andrei Rublevw:Christianization of Lithuania|Lithuania converts to Roman Catholicism]] paints his , while most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinityw:Ruthenians|Holy TrinityRuthenian]]lands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox. *1417 End 1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Western Great Schism Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[Council Lazar of ConstanceSerbia|Lazar]], prince of Serbia. *1422 1390 Ottomans take [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)Alaşehir|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siegePhiladelphia]] of , last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinoplefor the first time. *1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with the West attempted at the [[Council of Florence]], where only St. [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to the demands of the delegates from Rome.*1444 1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinity|Holy Trinity]]. *1414-18 Council of Constance in Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over authority of pope. *1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of Constance]]. *1418 Latin monk [[w:Thomas à Kempis|Thomas à Kempis]] authors ''[[w:The Imitation of Christ (book)|The Imitation of Christ]]''. *1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople. *1423-24 [[w:Council of Siena|Council of Siena]] in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[w:Conciliarism|conciliarism]], emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council, but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy. *1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with West attempted at [[Council of Florence]], where only [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to demands of delegates from Rome. *1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[Mark of Ephesus]]. *1444 ''[[Donation of Constantine]] '' proved forgery.

*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia ]] on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allowed allows the union to be proclaimed. *1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending the Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI|Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, martyred by triggering the Ottoman Turks[[w:Renaissance|Renaissance]].[[Media:Example.ogg]]

:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))]]''*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]]. *1461 Death of St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow; commemoration of the Apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskhet in Georgia, [[October 1]].*1462 Wonderworking icon of the [[Mantamados|Archangel Michael of Mantamados]] is created after the Byzantine monastery of the Taxiarchis (1455-56 ''ArchangelConfession of Faith'') [[Archangel Michael|Michael]] is destroyed by invading Ottoman Turks and all the monks are slaughtered; the sole surviving [[novice]]-monk credited his salvation to a miracle of the Archangel and made the icon, in relief, using clay earth mixed with in with the blood Patr. Gennadius of his slain brothersConstantinople. *1480 Spanish Inquisition; meeting of the 1456-1587 Byzantine [[Theotokos of Vladimirw:Pammakaristos Church|Vladimir Icon Church of the Most Holy TheotokosPammakaristos]] in memory became the seat of saving Moscow from the invasion of Khan Ahmed, observed on [[June 23Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar.*1497 Hieromartyr Macarius(year 7,000, Metropolitan according to the [[Byzantine Creation Era|Byzantine Date of Kyiv, martyred by invading TatarsCreation]]). *1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]]. *1516 Desiderius Erasmus publishes "[[w:Textus Receptus|Textus Receptus]]" of New Testament on the basis of six late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. *1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Martin Luther nails his ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to the door at Wittenburg, sparking Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria.*1522 Martin Luther's translates [[New Testament]] in German and principle of ''[[w:Sola scriptura|Sola Scriptura]]'' becomes formal principle of Protestant Reformation. *1526 [[Non-Possessors]] attack Tsar Vassily (Basil) III for divorcing his wife, and are driven underground. *1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.*1536 Publication of John Calvin's ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''. *1536-41 1529 First Ottoman [[w:Dissolution Siege of the MonasteriesVienna|Dissolution Siege of the MonasteriesVienna]] in England, Wales marking Ottoman Empire's apex and Ireland, with [[w:List end of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England|over 800 religious houses dissolved]] during the [[English Reformation]].*1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia; formal founding of the [[w:Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]. *1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives Ottoman expansion in Ethiopia.*1542 Ethiopians and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.*1545-63 [[w:Council of Trent|Council of Trent]] held to answer the Protestant Reformationcentral Europe.

*1552 1555 Abp. Gurian begins mission to Kazan. *1557 Death of St[[Basil the Blessed]]. *1568 Pope Pius V recognizes four Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Eastern Church, [[John Chrysostom]], [[Basil the BlessedGreat]], [[Gregory the Theologian|Gregory of Nazianzus]], and [[Fool for ChristAthanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]]. *1555 Archbishop Gurian missionary in Kazan (until 1564)1569 [[w:Union of Lublin|Union of Lublin]] unites Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the [[w:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], placing the [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Orthodox lands of Belarus, and modern Ukraine under direct Roman Catholic rule. *1564 Jesuits arrive in Poland1571 Restoration of [[Church of Cyprus]] to Orthodox rule. *1569 Martyrdom 1573-81 Correspondence of StPatr. [[Philip Jeremias II (Tranos) of MoscowConstantinople|Philip, Metropolitan Jeremias II of MoscowConstantinople]], at the hands of Ivan IV Groznywith Lutherans. *1575 [[Church of Constantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]].*1581 Ostrozhsky Bible printed by Prince Kurbsky and Ivan Fedorov.

*1583 The [[Sigillion of 1583]] was issued against the [[Gregorian Calendar of Pope Gregory XIII of Rome ]] by a council convened in Constantinople. *1589 1587-Present. The relatively modest [[Autocephalyw:Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the [[Church of RussiaConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1589 [[Autocephaly]] recognized; and [[primatecanonical territory]] of the [[Church of Russia]] styled recognized, as ''Patr. Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of [[patriarchPatriarch]]''of Moscow and of All Russia. *1596 [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Constantinople]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church. *1604 Death of the Righteous Juliana of Lazarevoca.*1607 Death of St [[Job of Moscow|Job]], First Patriarch of Moscow.*16091600-10 The [[w:Douay-Rheims Bible|Douay-Rheims Bible]] (D-R) is printed, the first complete English Roman Catholic Bible, translated from the Latin [[Vulgate]].*1611 The [[w:Authorized King James Version|Authorized King James Version]] 1700 Conversion of the Bible (KJV-AV) is printedAlbania to Islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, including all of the [[The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books|Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books]] (''officially removed by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in 1885Djize''). *1612 Death 1625 ''Confession of Hieromartyr [[Hermogenes of Moscow|Hermogenes]], Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia; the [[Our Lady of Kazan|Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos]], commemorating the deliverance from the Poles, [[October 22]]Faith'' by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written. *1627 Pope [[Cyril LukarisLucaris]] of Alexandria presents the famous [[Codex Alexandrinus]] to King Charles I of England for "safe keeping." *1633 Ethiopian emperor [[w:Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]] expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic missionaries from Ethiopia. *1642 [[Council of Jassy]] (Iaşi) revises [[Peter Mogila]]'s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain [[Deuterocanon|deuterocanonical ]] books. *1647 Orthodox church erected in Tunisia.*1649 Martyrdom of Saint 1646 [[Athanasius w:Union of Brest-LitovskUzhhorod|Athanasius, Abbot Union of Uzhhorod]] joins 63 Ruthenian Orthodox priests from the Carpathian Mountains to Roman Catholic Church on terms similar to [[Union of Brest]], by the Latins.*1652 School and hospital established in Old Cairo by Patriarch Joannikios. *1652-1658 Patriarch [[Nikon of Moscow]] revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as the [[Old Believers]]. *1654 Icon of the Most Holy 1672 [[Theotokosw:Synod of Jerusalem|Synod of Jerusalem]] of the Kievan Brotherhoodconvened by Patr.*1656 The [[w:New Dositheos II of Jerusalem Monastery|New Jerusalem MonasteryDositheos Notaras]], also known as refuting article by article the Voskresensky Monastery is founded by Patriarch Calvinistic confession of [[Nikon of Moscow|NikonCyril Lucaris]] at Istra near Moscow, intended defining Orthodoxy relative to represent Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining the Heavenly JerusalemOrthodox Biblical canon; acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia).*1675 Icon of 1682 The ''Sabaite [[Typikon]]'' was published in its final form in Russia; from 1682 to 1888 the Greek and Russian Churches shared a common [[TheotokosTypikon]]. *1685-87 The [[w:Slavic Greek Latin Academy|Slavic Greek Latin Academy]] is organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, under the guidance of God of Pochaivtwo Greek brothers, commemorating her Miraculous Appearance at Pochaiv[[Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud]], which saved on the monastery from the assault premises of the Tartars and Turks, celebrated on [[July 23w:Zaikonospassky monastery|Zaikonospassky Monastery]]with over 70 students. *1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijing, China by the [[Church of Russia]]. *1688 Icon 1698 Consecration of the Most Holy first Orthodox [[Church of China|Church in China]], in the name of Sophia (Divine Wisdom), when Emperor Kangxi ordered a Buddhist temple to be cleared for Russian inhabitants in Beijing.*1700 The ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' calendar in Russia, in use since AD 988 was changed to the [[TheotokosJulian Calendar]] "by Peter the Great; Peter the Great published an ''Ukase'' on [[Mother June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China.*1700-02 Submission of God Joy the dioceses of All Who SorrowLemberg (Lviv) and Luzk (Lutsk) in the [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|The Joy of All Who SorrowGalician]]", area of Ukraine to Roman Catholic Church completes [[October 24Union of Brest-Litovsk]], so that two-thirds of the Orthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic. *1715 Metropolitan Metr. [[Arsenios of Thebaid]] sent to England by Pope [[Samuel of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-Juror]] Anglican bishops.*1715-1956 [[Russian Orthodox Mission in China|Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China]].*1716-25 Correspondence of Ecumenical Patriarch and Russian Czar with English Non-Jurors. *1721 Czar [[Peter I of Russia]] replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]]. *1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schism, in which many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s. *1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar with the ''[[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]]'' (AD).*1731 Death of St. [[Innocent, first bishop of Irkutsk]]. *1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]]. *1755 Synod of Constantinople declares Roman Catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from Roman Catholicism. *1756 The ''[[Sigillion of 1756]] was '' issued against the New [[Gregorian Calendar ]] by Ecumenical Patriarch Patr. [[Cyril V of Constantinople. *1760 [[Holy Trinity St. Seraphim-Diveyevo Convent]] founded in Russia. *1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida; Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] among claimants. *1767-1815 [[w:Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the Jesuits]] in Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, particularly in Russia. *1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland. *ca. 1770 About 1,200 Kiev region Uniate churches return to Orthodoxy under political pressure from Russia. *1774 Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the sign [[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]], bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians. *1779 Death of St. [[Kosmas Aitolos]]. *1782 First publication of the ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1793-95 Over 2,300 Uniate churches became Orthodox under Tsarina Catherine the Great. *1794 [[Missionaries]], including St. [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of St. [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos. *1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] published the publishes ''“Unseen Warfare”[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice, revising Venetian priest . *1798 Patriarch [[Anthimus of Jerusalem]] contended that the [[w:Lorenzo ScupoliOttoman Empire|Lorenzo Scupoli'sOttoman Empire]] two works was part of the ''“Spiritual Combat” (1599 ed.)'' and ''“Path [[w:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] granted by [[God]] to Paradise” (1600),'' to remove Latinisms protect [[Orthodoxy]] from the taint of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and give a fuller expression to the Patristic doctrine of pure prayerWestern [[w:Secularism|secularism]] and [[w:Irreligion by country|irreligion]]. *1800 ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens. *1803 1805 Death of St [[Xenia Macarius Notaras of St. PetersburgCorinth|Xenia Makarius of PetersburgCorinth]], a central figure in the [[Fool-for-Christ]].*1809-10 Rotunda and edicule exterior of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Kollyvades Movement|Church of the Holy SepulchreKollyvades]] rebuilt after fire in Ottoman Baroque stylemovement. *1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]]. *1814 New-Martyrs Euthymius, Ignatius, and ''Acacius (1816)'' 1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of [[Mount Athos]]Kollyvades fathers.

:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))]]''*1821 Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence declared on the Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; execution martyrdom of [[Saint titles|Hieromartyrs]] Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation.*1823 Miracle-working icon of Panagia Evangelistria is excavated on the Greek island of Tinos, according to a vision from St. Pelagia, becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at [[Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)]].*1825 Russia and Britain established the Alaska/Canada boundary. *1829 Treaty of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek state. *ca.1830 Drawing on the works of Greek patristics, Russian poets and literary critics, the [[w:Slavophile|Slavophile movement]] began begins in Russia attempting to reinforce Orthodox Christian values and Slavic cultural traditions, denouncing "westernizations" by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, and preferring Russian mysticism to Western rationalism. *1831 The reunion Return of the 3,000,000 [[Uniate|Uniates]] s with the [[Orthodox Church]] at Vilna Vilnius in 1831, celebrated on [[May 24]]. *1832 [[Church of Serbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]. *1833 [[Church of Greece]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; death of St. [[Seraphim of Sarov]]. *1847 Restoration 1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes [[w:Latin Patriarch Union of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate of JerusalemBrest-Litovsk]] by Pope Pius IXin all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-enter the Orthodox Church. *1848 ''[[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Filioque]] as [[heresy]], declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]." *1850 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Greece]]. *1851 Translation into English of [[Septuagint]] by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the keys to the [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]]. *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] permanent. *1853-56 [[w:Crimean War|Crimean War]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, begins beginning over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy Land. *1854 [[Immaculate Conception]] declared [[dogma]] by [[Roman Catholic Church]]. *1859 [[w:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von Tischendorf]] discovers [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] at [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]].*1860 Death of [[Alexei Stepanovich Khomiakov|Alexei Khomiakov]], co-founder of the [[Slavophile movement]]. *1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks; death of [[Jacob Netsvetov]].*1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1867 Sale of Alaska to United States; death 1869 Russian synod authorizes corrected text of St. [[Ignatius BrianchaninovWestern Rite]], Russian bishop of the Caucasus liturgy and the Black Sea and ascetical writer.*1869 Celebration of the first miracle of the [[Icon of the Theotokos at Chernigov-Gethsemane]]Benedictine offices. *1870 [[Papal Infallibility]] declared [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] dogma necessary for salvation by the First Vatican Council. *1871 [[Nicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in Japan. *1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[phyletism]] to be [[heresy]]; [[Church of Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]] by a decree of the Sultan. *1875 Uniate diocese of [[w:Chełm|Chelm]] in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy. *1876 [[Theophan the Recluse]] begins issuing a translation of the ''[[Philokalia]]'' in Russian. *1879 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Serbia]]; death of St. [[Innocent of Alaska]]. *1881 Wave 1882 Synod of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migration Constantinople gives conditional approval to use of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices; [[Mitrophan Ji]] becomes the first Chinese ordained a priest in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)[[Church of China]]. *1885 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Romania]]; the [[w:Revised Version|English Revised Version]] published; [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] officially removed removes all of the [[The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books|Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books]] from the [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]].*1888 ''[[Typikon]] of the Great Church of Christ'' is published with revised church services, prepared by Protopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch, while the ''Sabaite (monastic) [[Typikon]]'' continues to be used in Russia.*1889 Federation of [[w:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic Churches]], not in communion with Rome, at the [[w:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]]. *ca.1890 The ''“Unseen Warfare”[[Unseen Warfare]]'' is further revised by Bishop [[Theophan the Recluse]], . *1891 Death of [[Ambrose of Optina]]. *1895 Reply of Synod of Constantinople to remove unnecessary Latinisms and give a fuller expression to the Patristic doctrine of pure prayerPope Leo XIII. *1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] deposed; [[Western Rite]] diocese organized in Czechoslovakia by [[Church of Russia]]. *1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]]. *1900 [[Chinese Martyrs of the Boxer RebellionChina|Martyrdom of Orthodox Christians]] in Chinese Boxer Rebellion(Yihetuan Movement). *1903 Uncovering 1901 [[Evangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|"Evangelakia" riots]] in Athens Greece in November, over translations of the relics of St. [[Seraphim of SarovNew Testament]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (Modern) Greek]], resulting in fall of both government and Metropolitan of Athens. *1904 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]], Bp. [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]], and Fr. [[John Kochurov]] to permit adaption of services taken from Anglican Book of Common Prayer for use by Orthodox people. *1905 Seat Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]; Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]] decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]] returning to [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America.*1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]. *1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]]; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of Russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from Book of Common Prayer and sets out criteria. *1908 Fr. [[Nikodemos Sarikas ]] sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans. *1908 Death of St. [[John of Kronstadt]]. *1912 Death of St. [[Nicholas of Japan]].*1915-18 [[w:Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide]] in Turkey.

: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))]]''*1917 British forces capture Jerusalem from Ottoman Empire[[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; .*1917-40 [[w:Bolshevik RevolutionPersecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws Persecution of the [[Orthodox Church of in Russia]] into chaosbegins, with 130,000 priests arrested, 95, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America000 of whom were executed by firing squad. *1918 St. Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov]], Tsar of Russia murdered together with his wife St. [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children; Hieromartyr [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir]], Metropolitan of Kiev, the first bishop to be tortured and slain by the Communists at the time of the Russian Revolution. *1919-1922 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Pontic Greek Genocide|Pontic Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond. *1920 Death of St. [[Nektarios of Aegina]]; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement. *1921 [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, and Patriarch of Alexandria with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as the ''Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and All Africa]]''; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] formed ; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow; [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague|Gorazd (Pavlik)]] consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia; an all-Ukrainian Synod is formedcalled in Kyiv and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is declared independent from the Moscow Patriarchate (MP).*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares [[autocephaly]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[Solovetsky Monastery]] converted by Lenin's decree to the [[w:British Mandate of PalestineSolovki|British Mandate of Palestine"Solovki Special Purpose Camp"]] begins, one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the Gulag where 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of laity; Vladimir Lenin proclaimed the establishment predominatly Christian city of the [[w:Soviet UnionGreat Fire of Smyrna|Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsSmyrna is destroyed]] (USSR), a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from from Dec. 1922 to Dec. 1991ending 1900 years of Christian civilization. *1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection.*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Poland]]; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire. *1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas; death of Patriarch Saint [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon ]]. *1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a [[Western Rite]] diocese in Poland of [[Church of All Russia]]under Bp.Alexis of Grodno; [[John Maximovitch]] tonsured by [[ROCOR]] Metr. [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]]. *1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to Bishops of Russian church in America to be consecrated a bishop authorize formation of the African [[American Orthodox Catholic Church; Orthodox Archbishopric of Johannesburg established]], including a [[Western Rite]] [[missionary]] outreach. *1928 The 1929 Kingdom of Italy and Papacy ratify [[Fellowship w:Lateran Treaty|Lateran Treaty]], recognizing sovereignty of Papacy within the new state of St. Alban and St. Sergiusthe [[w:Vatican City|Vatican City]] is founded to pray and work for Christian Unity. *1931 Reception of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]]; the USSR banned the sale or importation of [[Holy Scripture|Bibles]]. *1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to [[Uganda ]] to meet [[Christopher Reuben Spartas|Reuben Spartas]], establishing African Orthodox Church there. *1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]]. *1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; Clergy who opposed the Nazi regime in Germany had their homes raided by secret policeepiscopal consecration of [[John Maximovitch]]. *1935 Critical edition of [[Septuagint]] published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute); [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendar]] schism when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[Church of Greece]] stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act. *1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Church of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]. *1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using [[Western Rite]]. *1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[w:Great Purge|Great Purge]].

*1938 Death of [[St. Vladimir's Silouan the Athonite]]; [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)Diocese]] and founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary Orestes (South Canaan, PennsylvaniaChornock)of Agathonikeia|Orestes Chornock]] founded; death , were received into the jurisdiction of Stthe Ecumenical Patriarchate. *1941 Martyrdom of [[Silouan the AthoniteGorazd (Pavlik) of Prague]]by Nazis. *1941-45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Genocide kill] 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. *1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the election of [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] as Patriarch patriarch of Moscow. *1943-44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] eliminated, tortured and drowned by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - [[w:Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian Rebel Army]], aided by [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of Nazi military units that were later condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal, and who was imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA. *1944 Fr. [[Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) of Saint-Denis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky)]] completes restoration of [[Divine Liturgy according to St. Germanus of Paris|Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris]]. *1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]. *1945-90 Persecution of the [[Church of Albania|Orthodox Church in Albania]]. *1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda; state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolves the [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]] and integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church into the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia. *1947 [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] are discovered near Qumran in Egypt; death Death of St [[Alexis (Kabaliuk) of Carpathia|Alexei Kabalyiuk]], who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in [[w:Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia ]] in the early 20th century. *1948 Establishment of [[w:State of Israel|State of Israel]] and end of [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]; [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II)*1948 The ; [[w:World Council of Churches|World Council of Churches]] is founded; Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Church]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]], with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches (. *1949 Soviet authorities revoke the [[w:World Council Union of ChurchesUzhhorod|WCCUnion of Uzhhorod]]) which had just been formedof 1646, creating the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow.*1950 [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a dogma. *1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]. *1952 New Monastery of Panagia Soumela built in -60 With the village of Kastania, [[w:Mau Mau Uprising|Mau-Mau Movement]] in MacedoniaKenya (''British East Africa Protectorate''), Greece, housing the wonderworking icon [[Orthodox Church]] is banished by the Colonial Government.*1953 Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of Panagia Soumela, becoming a center of religious pilgrimageNew York|Antony (Bashir)]] accepts three [[Western Rite]] parishes into Syrian Metropolitanate in America. *1957 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of China]]. *1958 Creation Patriarch of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and 1907 for use by [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the America; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North AmericaJohn Maximovitch]] with , who authorizes the reception use of multiple [[Western Rite]] parishes into Orthodoxythe restored Gallican rite. *1959 Archbishop Abp. [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; Autocephaly autocephaly granted for to the [[Church of Ethiopia]] as by Coptic Pope [[Cyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria|Pope Cyril VI ]]. *1961 Creation of Alexandria[[Western Rite Vicariate]] crowned Abune Baslios as in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]]; death of [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Simferopol and Crimea]]; consecration of first Patriarch of EthiopiaOrthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes.*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Roman Catholic Church]], including restriction of ancient [[Tridentine Mass]] and introduction of the Novus Ordo.*1961 Death of St. [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes. *1963 1900th anniversary of martyrdom of [[Apostle Mark]]; second Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of [[Mount Athos]]. *1964 Meeting of Pope [[Paul VI of Rome]] and Patriarch Patr. [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] in Jerusalem; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov]] established by resolution of His Holiness Patriarch [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis I]] and the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]]. *1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the excommunications [[excommunication]]s of 1054.*1966 The [[w:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]] almost totally destroyed the young [[Church of China|Chinese Orthodox Church]].*1967 [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]] unilaterally declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Serbia]] (as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state, closing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1968-71 Millions of Christians, Muslims, Jews and others witnessed apparitions of the [[Theotokos|Virgin Mary]] many times over a three year period over the Coptic Orthodox Church of St Mary at [[Zeitun|Zeitoun]], Cairo, recognized as authentic by the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Orthodox Church]] and other churches. *1970 [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian-American Metropolia]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]], renamed as the Orthodox Church in America, returning control of [[Church of Japan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]]; glorification of [[Herman of Alaska|Herman of Alaska]] in separate services by the ROCOR and the OCA; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus]] baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya. *1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]] Greek Orthodox Theology Patriarchal School on Heybeliada Island near Istanbul closed by Turkish authorities.*1974 1600th anniversary of death of [[Athanasius the Great]]. *1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]]; Joint Commission of Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is established.*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland.

*1979 Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]].*1980 First plenary session of the International Joint Commission for the Theological Dialogue in Patmos and Rhodes. *1981 The [http://www.lutheranworld.org/What_We_Do/OEA/Bilateral_Relations/OEA-Lutheran-Orthodox.html Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission] met meets for the first time in Espoo, Finland. *1982 Second Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue publishes in Munich first official common document, ''"The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1984 Third Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue meets in Khania, Crete. *1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Divine Revelation."'' *1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1987 Fourth Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission issues common document ''"Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church"'' in Bari, Italy; Visit visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to the Vatican. *1987 A group Group of twenty parishes of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former ''Campus Crusade for Christ'' leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and [[Jon Braun]], are received into the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]]in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission (AEOM); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues the statement ''"Scripture and Tradition. "'' *1988 Millennial 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia.*1988 Fifth Joint Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the ; Orthodox Church and the -Roman Catholic Church meets in Valamo, Finland and Joint Commission publishes common document ''"The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"''; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. [[Daniel (Bambang Dwi) Byantoro|Daniel Byantoro]] begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there. *1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America.*1989 Glorification ; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''; glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon of Moscow]]; Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946. *1990 Sixth Joint Theological Commission session meets in Freising, Germany; the first Russian Orthodox service in seventy years was held in [[St. Basil's Cathedral Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kiev Patriarchate]] (MoscowUOC-KP)self-proclaims its independance from the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|St. Basil's CathedralUAOC]] in October(both groups unrecognized).

*1991 Soviet Union collapses, ending :''Main article: [[w:Cold War|Cold WarTimeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))]]; representatives ''*1991 Representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches. *1992 Civil war begins in former Yugoslavia; synaxis Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople; [[Diodoros I (Karivalis) of Jerusalem|Patriarch Diodoros I of Jerusalem]] presented a list of [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/diodoros.aspx firm declarations] of Orthodox convictions of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]], which was entered into the minutes of the assembly of Orthodox leaders at the [[Phanar]] on the Sunday of Orthodoxy.*1993 Seventh Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission session meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document on ''"Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion"''(the "[[Balamand document]]"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Ecumenical Councils."'' *1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemns [[Freemasonry]] as a religion incompatible with Christianity; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible|Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms]]'' published; [[Church of Eritrea|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] becomes autocephalous; [[Optina Monastery|Optina Pustyn]] New Martyrs [http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&q=9588&cid=115&p=05.04.2007 Hieromonk Vasily (Roslyakov), Monk Ferapont (Pushkarev), and Monk Trophim (Tatarinov)]are martyred in a satanic ritualistic manner.*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]"."*1995 Ecumenical Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"''; Pope John Paul II issues encyclical ''[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html Orientale Lumen]'', encouraging reunion between East and West. *1996 The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America was reorganized by the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], dividing the administration of the two continents into four parts, the new jurisdictions being the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Archdiocese of America]], the [[Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)|Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)]], the Metropolis of Mexico (Central America), and the Metropolis of Buenos Aires (South America). *1997 Visit by Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] to US; establishment of dioceses of Bukoba, Madagascar, Ghana and Nigeria; Russian [[w:Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations|Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations]] enshrined [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] as the country's predominant religion.*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; the [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] is held in May, with delegates from the local Orthodox Churches meeting to discuss the matter of Orthodox participation in the ecumenical movement ([[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]); uncovering of the Relics of [[Ambrose of Optina|St Ambrose]] of [[Optina Monastery|Optina]]Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."''

*2000 Eighth Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission session meets in Baltimore, discusses text on ''"The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism,"'', but is suspended; the [[Church of Russia|Russian Lutheran-Orthodox Church]] announced the [[Glorification|canonization]] of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] Joint Commission issues statement ''"Word and his immediate family, executed Sacraments (Mysteria) in 1918; in spite the Life of very stiff opposition from the Church"''. *2001 [[Church of GreeceArmenia]] and the majority celebrates 1700th Anniversary of the publicChristianity in Armenia (in 301 AD, the government of Greece ordered the removal of religious affiliation from King Tiridates III declared Christianity as Armenia’s state identity cards.*2001 religion); Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for the Fourth Crusade; the [[Church of Alexandria|Greek OrthodoxChalcedonian]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic OrthodoxNon-Chalcedonian]] Patriarchates of Alexandria agreed agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches, making rebaptisms unnecessary, and to recognize the sacrament of marriage as celebrated by the other. *2002 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation. "'' *2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by [[Church of Antioch]]; Coptic priest Fr. [[Zakaria Botros]] begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions. *2004 Pope [[John Paul II]] returns [[relics]] of Ss. [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to the [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] consecrates church in Havana, Cuba; consecration of first Lutheran-Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; Wonderworking [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; the Holy Synod Joint Commission statement ''"Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Initiation into the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] Canonized Fr [[Alexis Medvedkov]] (1867-1934), Fr [[Dimitri Klepinine]] (1904-1944), Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]] (1891-1945), [[George (Yuri) Skobtsov]] (1921-1944) and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] (1880-1942), personalities from the spiritual history of the Russian emigration in France."'' *2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; Ninth Joint Theological Commission of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches meets in Belgrade, Serbia; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from [[Mount Athos]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church."'' *2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; 1600th anniversary celebration synod of the repose over 50 bishops of [[John Chrysostom|St. John Chrysostom]]; the [[Roman Catholic Church|Vaticanof Ukraine]] [http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Vatican_abolishes_Limbo formally abolishes doctrine announce that the UOC-MP is ''"an autonomous, historical part of Limbo]the Russian Orthodox Church"''; the number of Orthodox believers in Italy reaches almost one million as a result of intensive migratory flow from Romania and Ukraine. * 2007 The [http://zenit.org/article-20743?l=english 10th plenary assembly] of the International Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue met meets in Ravenna, Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents [[w:Walter Kasper|Cardinal Walter Kasper]] and Metr. [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon|Metropolitan Ioannis Zizioulas of Pergamon]], agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiatical ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; the commission agreed that Rome occupied the "Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]). *2008 ''first place[[Orthodox Study Bible]] (with [[Septuagint]]''" ) published; [http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=995&tla=en Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople] in canonical order October of the ancient seats Primates of bishopsthe fourteen Orthodox Churches, but disagreed on signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "''the interpretation continuation of preparations for the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as "''protosHoly and Great Council''".*2009 The 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13; the delegation from the [[Church Death of Russia|Patriarchate of Moscow ]] withdrew from the joint session over the presence of delegates from the popular Elder [[Church of Estonia|Church Joseph of EstoniaVatopedi]] despite a compromise offered by the , [[Ecumenical PatriarchateJuly 1]]. 

==Notes==*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.*The division {{Template:Timeline of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.}}

*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]

==Published works== The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history: '''From an Orthodox perspective''' * Angold, Michael (Ed.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&printsec=frontcover Eastern Christianity]''. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 722 pp. ISBN 9780521811132* [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] (Ecumenical Patriarch). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=citwDOTiWV8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today].'' Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130* [[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich]]. ''[http://www.svspress.com/product_info.php?products_id=203&osCsid=b1daf845e88be28003d36749c5127b7a The Orthodox Church].'' Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518 * Clark, Katherine. ''The Orthodox Church.'' '''Simple Guides: Religion (series)'''. Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (''Concise, accessible introduction'')* [[Olivier Clement|Clément, Olivier]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MhJGJbPKpz4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I].'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782* [[Georges Florovsky|Florovsky, Georges]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=UO1rAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Christianity and Culture].'' 2nd ed. Nordland Pub. Co., 1974. 245 pp. (ISBN 0913124044; ISBN 9780913124048)* Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ufw_AAAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time].'' Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)* Maloney, George A. (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976. * Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=khL2qJ7gLPwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition].'' InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''. * Tsai, Kathryn (Dr.). ''A Timeline of Eastern Church History.'' [[St. John of San Francisco Monastery (Manton, California)|Divine Ascent Press]], CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924 * [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)* [[Meletios (Webber)|Webber, Meletios]] (Archimandrite). ''[http://www.conciliarpress.com/bread-water-wine-oil.html Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God].'' Conciliar Press. 2007.<br>* Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vc0wBCU70NwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200]''. '''The Church in History Vol. I: Part I'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199* [[John Meyendorff|Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John]]. ''Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD''. '''The Church in History Vol. II'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563* Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205* Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587

'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective''' * Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399) * Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122) * Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994) * Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057) * Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166) * Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295) * Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_MH-_ZQuZrgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity].'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins].'' Cambridge 2006.* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church.''. (ISBN 0198264569) * Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105) * Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X) * [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803) * Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X) * Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)

==External links== *[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church] *History of Orthodox Christianity ''(QuickTime movies)'' ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] - Journey begins with the founding of the Church, the spread of Christianity to "nations" by the Apostles, the Gospel and the institution of Sacraments ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] - After the stabilization of the Church, the journey continues through the period of the Nicene Creed, Patristic Scriptures, Divine Liturgy and Icons. During this same period, however, the official division of East and West is witnessed and concludes with a gradual rift in matters of faith, dogma, church customs, politics and culture ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] - The Church becomes the only institution perceived by Greeks as the preserver *[http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/ Timeline of their national identity during 400 years Patriarchal History]. Order of Turkish ruleSt. By Andrew the end Apostle. Archons of the 19th centuryEcumenical Patriarchate. ''(Pop-up Video Presentation, a worldwide Orthodox community is born and the Church expands its influence to major social and philanthropic concernsin Sections)'' *[[Categoryw:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]][[Category:Featured Articles]] 

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