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[[Image:AlexanderNevskiCathedral.jpg|right|thumb|230px|[[w:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia]], by [[w:Alexander Pomerantsev|Alexander Pomerantsev]].]]
'''Neo-Byzantine architecture''' is an [[w:Revivalism (architecture)|architectural revival style]], most frequently seen in religious, institutional and public buildings. It emerged in 1840s in Western Europe and peaked in the last quarter of 19th century in the Russian Empire; an . An isolated Neo-Byzantine school was active in Yugoslavia between World War I and World War II. Neo-Byzantine architecture incorporates elements of the [[Byzantine style]] associated with [[w:Eastern Christian|Eastern]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] architecture dating from the 5th through 11th centuries, notably that of Constantinople and the Exarchate of [[Ravenna]].
==German countries==
[[w:Sophia Cathedral|Sophia Cathedral]] in Pushkin (1782—1788) was the earliest and isolated experiment with Byzantine treatment of otherwise [[w:neoclassicism|neoclassical]] structures. In 1830s [[w:Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I of Russia]] promoted the so-called ''Russo-Byzantine'' style of churches designed by [[w:Konstantin Thon|Konstantin Thon]]. Nicholas I despised true Byzantine art; Thon's style in fact had little common with it. Notably, Thon routinely replaced the circular Byzantine arch with a keel-shaped gable, and the hemispherical Byzantine dome with an onion dome; layout and structural scheme of his churches clearly belonged to neoclassical standard.
True Byzantine art, popularized by [[w:Grigory Gagarin|Grigory Gagarin]] and [[w:David Grimm|David Grimm]], was adopted by [[w:Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II of Russia]] as the de-facto official style of the Orthodox Church. Byzantine arhitecture architecture became a vehicle of Orthodox expansion on the frontiers of Empire (Congress Poland, [[w:Crimea|Crimea]], the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]). However, few buildings were completed in Alexander II reign due to financial troubles. [[w:Alexander II of Russia|Alexander III]] changed state preference in favor of [[Russian Revival]] trend based on 16th-17th century Moscow and Yaroslavl tradition, yet Byzantine architecture remained a common choice, especially for large cathedrals. Neo-Byzantine cathedrals concentrated in the western provinces (Poland, Lithuania), the Army bases in Caucasus and [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]], the Cossack hosts and the industrial region in [[w:Urals|Urals]] around the city of Perm. Architects [[w:David Grimm|David Grimm]] and [[w:Vasily Kosyakov|Vasily Kosyakov]] developed a unique national type of a single-dome Byzantine cathedral with four symmetrical [[w:pendetive|pendetive]] apses that became de-facto standard in 1880s-1890s.
The reign of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] was notable for the architects's turn from this standard back to [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] legacy, peaking in the [[w:Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt|Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt]] and [[w:Poti|Poti]] cathedral. These designs employed reinforced concrete that allowed very fast construction schedule; their interiors contained clear references to contemporary [[w:Art Nouveau|Art Nouveau]] yet the exteriors were a clear homage to medieval Constantinople. Russian Neo-Byzantine tradition was terminated by the [[w:Russian revolution of 1917|revolution of 1917]] but was continued by emigrant architects in Yugoslavia and [[w:Harbin|Harbin]].