168
edits
Changes
→Byzantine era (451-843)
*543 Doctrine of [[apokatastasis]] condemned by Synod of Constantinople.
*544 [[Jacob Baradeus]] consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Chalcedonian [[Church of Antioch]]; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]].
*545 [[Synod of Brefi]] at Llandewi Brefi in Wales condemns [[Pelagianism]]; Saint [[David of Wales]] moved the Primatial See of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's).
*546 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland.
*547 [[Convent of Our Lady of Saydnaya]] founded in Damascus of Syria.*ca. 550 ; Saint [[David of Wales]] takes Christianity does obeisance to Walesthe Patriarch of Jerusalem.
*553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their [[Nestorianism]], and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned.
*553 Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the Three Chapters, causing [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] in those areas, leading to independence of [[Patriarch of Venice]] from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]].
*596 [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans.
*597 Death of [[Columba of Iona]].
*598 Glastonbury Abbey founded - the Church in the British Isles numbers 120 bishops, hundreds of monasteries and parishes organized under a Primate with his See at Menevia.
*ca. 600 ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' written by [[John Climacus]]; [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspires development of [[Gregorian Chant]] through his liturgical reforms.
*601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] converts King [[Ethelbert of Kent]] and establishes see of Canterbury.
*662 Death of [[Maximus the Confessor]].
*663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative.
*664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, harmonizing Celtic adopting Roman calendar and Roman liturgical practices tonsures in EnglandNorthumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York; death of [[Cedd]].
*668 [[Theodore of Tarsus]] appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
*669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe.
*670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by [[Caedmon]] of [[Whitby Abbey|Whitby]].
*672 The First Synod of Hertford called by [[Theodore of Tarsus]], adoption of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon.
*673 The Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]].
*680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism.
*680 [[w:First Bulgarian Empire|First Bulgarian Empire]] established after a successful war with Byzantium.
*687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raiders; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]].
*688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus.
*690c. The Witenagamot of England forbade appeals from the Local Church to the Patriarch of Rome.
*691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem.
*692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]].
*742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
*746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from the Arabs.
*747 The Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Patriarch ; [[Council of Clovesho]]I adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of St. Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.
*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]].
*750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims.
*754 Death of [[Boniface]].
*756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]].
*768 Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of ElbodugusElfoddw of Gwynedd.
*769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons.
*772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity.
*781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe.
*785 The Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield.
*786 [[w:Beatus of Liébana|Beatus of Liébana]] publishes ''Commentary on the Apocalypse''.
*787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield.
*792 The Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism.
*793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England.
*794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinipolitan Creed]].
*796 [[Alcuin]] made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by [[Charlemagne]].
*800 [[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilisation away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland.
*800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem.*801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]].*803 [[Council of CloveshoII]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples.*810 Pope Leo III refused permission for the [[Filioque]] to be inserted in the Creed.
*814 Bulgarians lay siege to Constantinople; conflict erupts between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.
*824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960.