8,923
edits
Changes
→Plantaganet Era (1154-1485): 1173
*1169-71 [[w:Norman invasion of Ireland|Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland]]; city of Dublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans.
*1170 Abp. of Canterbury [[w:Thomas Becket|Thomas Becket]] is assassinated in December in Canterbury Cathedral, after having excommunicated the Abp. of York and the Bps. of London and Salisbury, who had held the coronation of Henry the Young King in York in June, in breach of Canterbury's privilege of coronation.[[Image:Flag of England.jpeg|right|thumb|[[w:Flag of England|Cross of St. George]], officially established as the national flag of England in the 16th c.]]
*1173 Death of [[w:Richard of Saint Victor|Richard of Saint Victor]], a Scotsman and prior of the famous Augustinian [[w:Abbey of St. Victor, Paris|abbey of Saint-Victor]] in Paris (1162-1173), who was one of the most important mystical theologians of 12th century Paris, then the intellectual center of Western Europe.
*1185 The present-day [[w:Lincoln Cathedral|Lincoln Cathedral]] is begun, after an earthquake destroyed its predecessor; the [[w:Knights Templar in England|Knights Templar in England]] consecrated [[w:Temple Church|Temple Church]] as their headquarters in London, a round church, patterned after the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
*1194 King [[w:Richard I of England|Richard I]] (''Cœur de Lion, the Lionheart'') of England introduced the [[w:Flag of England|Cross of St. George]], a red cross on a white ground, as the National Flag of England.<ref group="note">During the crusades Richard the Lionheart claimed to have seen a vision of St George bearing a red-cross banner. Although he himself did not enter Jerusalem (declaring himself unworthy to do so), in gratitude for the victory he repaired the church over the grave of St George of Lydda and there took the saint as his personal patron.<br>The earliest reference to the cross of St George as an English emblem (not flag) was in a roll of account relating to the Welsh War of 1277.<br>Edward the Confessor was "patron saint" of England until 1348 when the greater importance of St George was promoted by the establishment of the Chapel of St George at Windsor.<br>St George's cross did not achieve any sort of status as the national flag until the 16th century, when all other saints' banners were abandoned during the Reformation. The earliest record of St George's flag at sea, as an English flag in conjunction with royal banners but no other saintly flags, was 1545.</ref>