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→Renaissance and Modern Era
*1847 Restoration of [[w:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem]] by Pope Pius IX; [[w:1847 Agreement between the Holy See and Russia|1847 Agreement between the Holy See and Russia]].
*1848 ''[[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Filioque]] as [[heresy]], declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]."
*1853-56 [[w:Crimean War|Crimean War]] is fought between Russia on the one hand, and the Ottoman Empire, Britain, France, and (later) Sardinia on the other, ostensibly over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the [[Holy Land]], and over Russia's claim of protection over the Greek Christians in the Turkish Empire; the French Catholic Abp. of Paris [[w:Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour|Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour]] pronounded that this was a [[w:Just War|holy war]] against the Orthodox.<ref group="note">"It is a sacred deed, a God-pleasing deed, to ward off the Photian heresy [Orthodoxy], subjugate it and destroy it with a new crusade. This is the clear goal of today's crusade. Such was the goal of all the crusades, even if all their participants were not fully aware of it. The war which France is now preparing to wage against Russia is not a political war but a holy war. It is not a war between two governments or between two peoples, but is precisely a religious war, and other reasons presented are only pretexts." (Deacon Herman Ivanov-Treenadzaty. ''[http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/vatican_russia.aspx The Vatican and Russia].'' '''Orthodox Life''', Vol.XL, No.2 [March-April 1990], pp. 8-24.); (Quoted byIn: Monseigneur [[w:Charles Journet|Charles Journet]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=EjPENynt2E0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false "Exigences chretiennes en politique"].'' Ed. L.V.F. Paris, 1945. p.274.)</ref>
*1854 Declaration of Immaculate Conception of Mary as [[dogma]].
*1857-66 [[w:Jacques Paul Migne|J.P. Migne]] produces the ''[[w:Patrologia Graeca|Patrologia Graeca]]'' in 161 volumes, including both the Eastern Fathers and those Western authors who wrote before Latin became predominant in the Western Church in the 3rd century.