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*1415 The 13th Session of the [[w:Council of Constance|Council of Constance]] (June 15, 1415) decreed that the administering of the [[w:Communion under both kinds|Eucharist in Both Kinds]] to the [[Laity]] was to be forbidden, and that the [[Laity]] should receive the [[Eucharist]] under one kind only, that of the Bread, even though the Council itself noted that: ''"[[Christ]] instituted and administered to his disciples this venerable sacrament under both kinds of bread and wine; and that it was received by the faithful in the primitive church under both kinds."''<ref>Prof. Archibald Bower (Esq.) and Rev. Samuel Hanson Cox (D.D.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=NSbSAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The History of the Popes: From the Foundation of the See of Rome to A.D. 1758, Volume 3].'' Philadelphia: Griffith & Simon, 1845. pp.188-190.</ref><ref>Papal Encyclicals Online. [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum16.htm Council of Constance 1414-18: SESSION 13 - 15 June 1415].</ref><ref group="note">The Council also stated that no priest, under pain of excommunication, may communicate the people under the forms of both bread and wine:<br>
:<small>This holy synod also decrees and declares, regarding this matter, that instructions are to be sent to the most reverend fathers and lords in Christ, patriarchs, primates, archbishops, bishops, and their vicars in spirituals, wherever they may be, in which they are to be commissioned and ordered on the authority of this sacred council and under pain of excommunication, to punish effectively those who err against this decree.</small><br>
Roman Catholic Church executes Jan Hus. The charges against him: Practicing Orthodoxy.
Papal Encyclicals Online. [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum16.htm Council of Constance 1414-18: SESSION 13 - 15 June 1415].</ref><ref group="note">The XXI session of the [[w:Council of Trent|Council of Trent]] (July 1562) further discussed the "The Doctrine Of Communion Under Both Kinds And The Communion Of Little Children". Besides declaring that "communion under either form is sufficient for salvation", and "the Church may, according to circumstances, times and places, determine or change whatever she may judge most expedient", reinforces the decree from the Council of Constance:<br>
:<small>"...the reasons which moved the holy Catholic Church to decree that laymen and priests not celebrating are to communicate under the one species of bread only, are so stringent that under no circumstances is the use of the chalice to be permitted to anyone"</small><br>
* f) Priest Sergius Zahartsuk (martyred at Nabruz on 6th May 1943).
* g) Monk [http://www.impantokratoros.gr/70435C17.en.aspx Ignatius] (martyred at the Monastery of Saint Onouphrios at Giobletsna on 10 Aug 1942)."</small></ref>
*2004 Return of relics of Ss. [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to Constantinople from Rome (after having been stolen by Crusaders); the [http://www.olconference.com/OL_PastConEE1.html Orientale Lumen EuroEast I] conference is held in Istanbul, May 10-13, 2004;<ref group="note">This was the 11th of a series of Orientale Lumen Conferences, since they began in 1997. ''Orientale Lumen EuroEast I'' was jointly announced by the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], the [[w:Pontifical Oriental Institute|Pontifical Oriental Institute]], the [http://orientale-lumen.blogspot.com/ Catholic and Orthodox Society of St. John Chrysostom], and [http://ecpubs.com/ Eastern Christian Publications]. The thematic focus of the 80 participants of [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3236/is_2_41/ai_n29153469/?tag=content;col1 Orientale Lumen Euro-East I] was ''"Liturgy as the Foundation of Dialogue."'' The meeting transpired over the anniversary of the founding of Constantinople on May 11,330 A.D.</ref> the [http://www.moehlerinstitut.de/sites/eng/12orthoe/12akie.html Saint Irenaeus Joint Orthodox-Catholic Working Group] is established at Paderborn (Germany), composed of 26 theologians, 13 Orthodox and 13 Roman Catholics, attempting to go through Church history chronologically to understand and analyze the development of the interrelationship between [[Primacy and Unity in Orthodox Ecclesiology|primacy and synodality]] in terms of both theology and [[praxis]].<ref group="note">Since its foundation in 2004, the [http://www.moehlerinstitut.de/sites/eng/12orthoe/12akie.html Saint Irenaeus Joint Orthodox-Catholic Working Group] has held annual meetings at: Paderborn (2004), Athens (2005), Chevetogne (2006), Belgrade (2007), Vienna (2008), Kiev (2009), and Magdeburg (2010).</ref> In the same year, Patriarch Alexei II of Moscow expressed his discontent over the tensions caused by a series of unfriendly moves by the Vatican. He referred to the creation of four Catholic dioceses in Russia, two dioceses in Kazakhstan and two episcopal sees in the traditionally Orthodox regions of Ukraine. From the point of view of canon law, this meant the actual creation of parallel local churches.<ref>[https://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/420130.html Report of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexei II at the Bishop's Council on October 3, 2004]</ref>
*2005 Major controversy in Ukraine involving the almost exclusively western Ukraine-based [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Greek Catholic Church moving its administrative centre on from Lviv to Kiev, constructing a large cathedral there, and its plans to establish a patriarchate, criticized by the Orthodox [[Church of Ukraine]] and other Orthodox; in his first major policy statement as pope, Pope [[Benedict XVI]] issued [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccatheduc/documents/rc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html an instruction] barring actively [[Homosexuality|gay]] priests from seminaries, the only exception being for those with a "transitory problem" that had been overcome at least three years prior to ordination to the diaconate.<ref>CONGREGATION FOR CATHOLIC EDUCATION. ''[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccatheduc/documents/rc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders].'' Rome, 4 November 2005, Memorial of St Charles Borromeo, Patron of Seminaries. Cardinal Zenon Grocholewski (Prefect).</ref><ref>IAN FISHER and LAURIE GOODSTEIN. ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/22/international/europe/22vatican.html New Vatican Rule Said to Bar Gays as New Priests].'' NY Times. September 22, 2005.</ref><ref>Peter Gould. ''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4479466.stm Vatican fuels gay clergy debate].'' BBC News. Monday, 28 November 2005, 18:33 GMT.</ref><ref>''[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28677174/ Less gay behavior in seminaries, Vatican says].'' MSNBC (Associated Press). 1/15/2009 2:26:40 PM ET.</ref><ref>PAUL VITELLO. ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/31/nyregion/31gay.html?_r=1 Prospective Catholic Priests Face Sexuality Hurdles].'' NY Times. May 30, 2010.</ref>
*2006 Pope Benedict XVI drops title ''Patriarch of the West'';<ref>''"[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20060322_patriarca-occidente_fr.html Communiqué concernant la suppression du titre «Patriarche d’Occident» dans l'Annuaire pontifical 2006]".'' Vatican.va. Retrieved 2010-09-26.</ref><ref group="note">From 1863 until 2005, the ''Annuario Pontificio'' included also the title "Patriarch of the West". This title was first used by [[w:Pope Theodore I|Pope Theodore I]] in 642, and was only used occasionally. Indeed, it did not begin to appear in the pontifical yearbook until 1863. On 22 March 2006, the Vatican released a statement explaining this omission on the grounds of expressing a "historical and theological reality" and of "being useful to ecumenical dialogue". The title Patriarch of the West symbolized the pope's special relationship with, and jurisdiction over, the Latin Church—and the omission of the title neither symbolizes in any way a change in this relationship, nor distorts the relationship between the Holy See and the Eastern Churches, as solemnly proclaimed by the Second Vatican Council.</ref> Pope Benedict XVI visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from the common Assembly of the twenty Sacred Monasteries of [[Mount Athos]];<ref>''[http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/athos_popevisit2006.aspx The Official Statement from Mt. Athos on the Pope's Visit to the Phanar].'' [[Karyes (Athos)|Karyae]], 30 December 2006.</ref> in Ephesus, during the 2006 visit of [[Benedict XVI]] to Turkey and to the [[Phanar]], he supported the [[Unia]], stating ''"according to him the best way to unity in the Church is that of [[Unia]]."''<ref>[[Andrew (Trempelas) of Dryinoupolis|Andrew of Dryinoupolis, Pogoniani and Konitsa]], and, [[Seraphim (Mentzelopoulos) of Piraeus|Seraphim of Piraeus and Faliro]]. ''[http://orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/epistle-to-pope-francis.pdf A Letter to Pope Francis Concerning His Past, the Abysmal State of Papism, and a Plea to Return to Holy Orthodoxy].'' HOLY AUTOCEPHALOUS ORTHODOX CATHOLIC CHURCH OF GREECE (THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF DRYINOUPOLIS, POGONIANI AND KONITSA, and, THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF PIRAEUS AND FALIRO). April 10, 2014. p. 34.</ref> Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican, the first head of the [[Church of Greece]] to visit the Vatican, reciprocating the Pope's visit to Greece in 2001, and signing a ''[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2001/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20010504_joint-declaration_en.html Joint Declaration on the importance of the Christian roots of Europe]'' and protecting fundamental human rights; the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] and [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] Churches confronted [[w:Secular humanism|Secular Humanism]] at the conference ''"[http://www.pro-oriente.at/?site=ps20060511124020 Giving a Soul to Europe]"'' (Vienna, May 3-5, 2006),<ref group="note">The conference was organized jointly by the [[w:Pontifical Council for Culture|Pontifical Council for Culture]] and the [http://www.mospat.ru/en/department/today/ Department for External Church Relations of the Moscow Patriarchate].</ref> discussing the challenges facing Christianity, specifically materialism, consumerism, agnosticism, secularism and relativism, all based on liberal humanist ideology, constituting a real threat to Christianity today;<ref group="note">From the perspective of the Church [[w:Secular humanism|Secular Humanism]] is defined as a religious philosophical worldview based on [[atheism]], [[w:Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]], [[evolution]], and [[w:Moral relativism|ethical relativism]], attempting to function as a civilized society with the total exclusion of [[God]] and His moral principles. At the conference Bishop [[Hilarion (Alfeyev) of Vienna|Hilarion Alfeyev]] called in most resolute terms for '''an institutionalized Orthodox-Catholic alliance''', without which, he said, it would not be possible to defend traditional values in Europe: ''"What we are witnessing is the final attack of militant secularism on the remains of Christian civilization in Europe."'' Note that at its 50th anniversary World Humanist Congress in 2002, the [[w:International Humanist and Ethical Union|International Humanist and Ethical Union]] (IHEU) published its ''"[[w:Amsterdam Declaration|Amsterdam Declaration]]",'' the defining statement of worldwide secular Humanism, embracing Humanist, atheist, rationalist, secular, skeptic, Ethical Culture, freethought and similar organisations worldwide.</ref> Pope [[Benedict XVI]] met with Bp. Agathangelos of Fanarion and Greek Orthodox Seminarians from the [[Apostoliki Diakonia]] theology college in Greece who were visiting Rome, urging them to confront the challenges that threaten the faith by working to unify all Christians.
:* The response ''“And also with you,”'' is now rendered ''“And with your spirit.”''</ref>
*2012 The Assembly of Catholic Ordinaries of the Holy Land (ACOHL) issues a directive stating that within two years (by 2015) all Eastern Catholics and the [[w:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate in the Holy Land]] will officially adopt the Greek Orthodox Julian calendar date for the celebration of [[Pascha]].<ref>Christophe Lafontaine. ''[http://en.lpj.org/2012/10/23/latin-patriarchate-will-celebrate-easter-2013-according-to-the-julian-calendar/ Latin Patriarchate will celebrate Easter 2013 according to the Julian Calendar].'' Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Oct 23, 2012.</ref><ref>Judith Sudilovsky. ''[http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1300518.htm Tale of two Easters: Holy Land Catholics, Orthodox to celebrate as one].'' Catholic News Service. Feb-7-2013.</ref><ref group="note">For Easter 2015 and the following years, a decree formulated by the ACOHL will be submitted to the Holy See for approval. This decree is to state that all the Catholic Churches of the Holy Land will permanently adopt the Julian calendar for the celebration of Easter with the consequential adjustment of the liturgical calendar for the beginning of Lent and the feast of Pentecost. Meanwhile, the Bishops of the Catholic Churches of the Holy Land have the option of starting the implementation in 2013. This is the case with the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem.</ref>
*2014 Metropolitans [[Seraphim (Mentzelopoulos) of Piraeus|Seraphim of Piraeus]] and [[Andrew (Trempelas) of Dryinoupolis|Andrew of Dryinoupolis]], of the [[Church of Greece]], write a ''[http://orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/epistle-to-pope-francis.pdf lengthy epistle]'' sent to to [[Pope]] Francis on April 10, 2014, concerning his past, the abysmal State of Papism, and a plea to return to Holy Orthodoxy.<ref>[[Andrew (Trempelas) of Dryinoupolis|Andrew of Dryinoupolis, Pogoniani and Konitsa]], and, [[Seraphim (Mentzelopoulos) of Piraeus|Seraphim of Piraeus and Faliro]]. ''[http://orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/epistle-to-pope-francis.pdf A Letter to Pope Francis Concerning His Past, the Abysmal State of Papism, and a Plea to Return to Holy Orthodoxy].'' HOLY AUTOCEPHALOUS ORTHODOX CATHOLIC CHURCH OF GREECE (THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF DRYINOUPOLIS, POGONIANI AND KONITSA, and, THE HOLY METROPOLIS OF PIRAEUS AND FALIRO). April 10, 2014. 87 pp.</ref><ref>{{el icon}} ὁ Δρυϊνουπόλεως, Πωγωνιανῆς καί Κονίτσης ΑΝΔΡΕΑΣ, καί ὁ Πειραιῶς ΣΕΡΑΦΕΙΜ. ''[http://www.imp.gr/images/Epikairothta_2014/PAPAS%20EPISTOLH%20ellhnika.pdf Επιστολή προς τον Πάπα].'' ΑΥΤΟΚΕΦΑΛΟΣ ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΟΣ ΚΑΘΟΛΙΚΗ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ - (ΙΕΡΑ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΣ ΔΡΥΪΝΟΥΠΟΛΕΩΣ ΠΩΓΩΝΙΑΝΗΣ & ΚΟΝΙΤΣΗΣ καί ΙΕΡΑ ΜΗΤΡΟΠΟΛΙΣ ΠΕΙΡΑΙΩΣ). Tῇ 10ῃ Ἀπριλίου 2014. 121 pp.</ref>
==See also==