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*==Post-Roman Schism (1054 Cardinal [[Humbert]] excommunicates -1453)==:''Main article: [[Michael Cerularius]], Patriarch Timeline of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))|Timeline of the [[Great Church History (Post-Roman Schism(1054-1453))]] between East and West.''*1059 Errors 1054 Cardinal [[Humbert of Berengar Silva Candida|Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]], patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of Tours condemned in Rome; the term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter DamianGreat Schism]] between East and West; First Letter of [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]]to Peter of Antioch. *1066 Normans invade England flying the banner 1059 Errors of the Pope Berengar of Tours condemned in Rome; term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, defeating King ascribed to [[Harold of EnglandPeter Damian]] at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the reformation of the church and society there to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics. *1071 1064 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] capture Jerusalem storm Anatolia taking Caesarea and defeat Byzantines at the [[w:Battle of Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]]Ani, beginning Islamification of Asia Minorconquering Armenia. *1071 Norman princes led by 1066 Normans invade England flying banner of Pope of Rome, defeating King [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert GuiscardHarold of England]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of Byzantine rule in the south.at Battle of Hastings. *1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Grgeory VII 1066-1171 Beginning reformation of RomeEnglish church and society to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics. *1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Gregory VIISeljuk Turks]] and launches defeat Byzantines at the Gregorian reforms (celibacy [[w:Battle of the clergy, primacy Manzikert|Battle of the papacy over the empireManzikert]], right beginning Islamification of the Pope to depose emperors).*1075 ''Asia Minor; Norman princes led by [[w:Dictatus papaeRobert Guiscard|Dictatus PapaeRobert Guiscard]]'' document advances Papal supremacy.*1088 Founding of monastery capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of St. [[Apostle Johnw:Catapanate of Italy|John Byzantine rule in the Theologiansouth]] on Patmos. *1095 Launching 1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Gregory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the [[w:First CrusadeGregorian Reform|First CrusadeGregorian reforms]](celibacy of the clergy, primacy of papacy over empire, right of Pope to depose emperors); Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. *1096 Persecution 1074 Death of [[Theodosius of Jews by Crusadersthe Kiev Caves]]. *1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes his 1075 ''Cur Deus homo'', marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East[[w:Dictatus papae|Dictatus Papae]]'' document advances Papal supremacy. *1098 Crusaders 1077 The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem and kill 3,000 citizens; Seljuks capture Nicea. *1084 Antiochis captured by the Seljuk Turks. *1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the 1088 Founding of monastery of [[w:Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|Latin Kingdom of JerusalemApostle John|John the Theologian]] and other crusader states known collectively as ''on Patmos; election of Pope [[w:OutremerPope Urban II|OutremerUrban II]]''.*1119 Order , a prominent member of Knights Templar foundedthe [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] . *1144 Bernard 1095 Launching of Clairvaux calls for a the [[w:Second First Crusade|Second First Crusade]] to rescue the besieged Latin kingdom . *1098 Anselm of JerusalemCanterbury completes ''Cur Deus homo'', and Louis VII marking a radical divergence of France and Konrad III Western theology of Germany join the Crusaders, but are defeated by Muslims; Muslims take Christian stronghold atonement from that of Edessathe East. *1098 Crusaders capture Antioch. *1149 Building on 1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the work of Byzantine Emperor [[Constantine IX]] in 1048, the crusaders began to renovate the [[Church w:Latin Kingdom of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church Latin Kingdom of the Holy SepulchreJerusalem]] and other crusader states known collectively as "[[w:Outremer|Outremer]] in a Romanesque style, adding a bell tower." *1180 Last formal1108 Death of Nicetas of [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Caves]], canonical acceptance Bishop of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in AntiochNovgorod. *1187 ca. 1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria [[w:SaladinPope Gabriel II of Alexandria|SaladinGabriel II]] retakes Jerusalem and destroys crusader army at initiates addition of Arabic as a liturgical language with his Arabic translation of the [[w:Battle of Hattin (1187)Divine Liturgy|Battle of HattinLiturgy]]. *1189 1144 [[w:Third Second Crusade|Third Second Crusade]] led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted ; Muslims take Christian stronghold of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick BarbarossaEdessa. *1191 Cyprus taken from 1149 Crusaders begin to renovate [[Church of the Byzantines by English King Richard I "Lion Heart."*1198 Cyprus sold by England to Frankish crusadersHoly Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Romanesque style, adding a bell tower. *1204 Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade 1159 [[Sacking w:John of ConstantinopleSalisbury|sack ConstantinopleJohn of Salisbury]] authors ''[[w:Policraticus|Policraticus]]'', laying waste to a treatise on government drawing from the city and stealing many holy [[relicsHoly Scripture|Bible]] , the [[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Codex Justinianus]], and other items; arguing for [[Great Schismw:Divine Right of Kings|Divine Right of Kings]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act.. *1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted by 1170 Miracle of the Ottoman Turks in 1669.*1235 Death weeping icon of St. the [[Sava Theotokos]] "of Serbia|Sava the Sign" at Novgorod; Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland; city of Serbia]]Dublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans. *1237 Golden Horde (Mongols) begin 1176 [[Church of_Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)w:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm|subjugation Sultanate of RussiaRum]].*1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince defeats Byzantine Empire in the [[Alexander Nevsky]] defeats Swedish army at w:Battle of Myriokephalon|Battle of the Neva.*1242 [[Alexander NevskyMyriokephalon]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights , marking end of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau; Al-Adil I, Muslim ruler of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by Christian Copts in the Battle city of Lake PeipusQift, hanging nearly 3, a major defeat for the Catholic crusaders000 of them. *1258 1179 Pope Alexander III convened the [[Michael VIII Palaiologosw:Third Council of the Lateran|Third Lateran Council]] seizes the throne , which was attended by a certain Nectarios of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest important [[w:Basilian monks|Basilian]] Monastery of the Greek peninsula from LatinsSt.*1259 Byzantines defeat Latin Principality Nicholas of Achaea at the Kasoulon near [[w:Battle of PelagoniaOtranto|Battle of Pelagonia]Otranto]], marking under Norman patronage, who made himself the beginning champion of the Greek Church, and vigorously supported their [[Byzantine recovery of GreeceRite|customs and doctrines]].<ref>K. Lake.*1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs''"The Greek Monasteries in South Italy III.*1261 Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] makes [[w"'' '''J Theol Studies''' (1903) os-V(17):Mystras|Mystras]] seat of the new 22-41. p. 35.</ref>*1180 Last formal acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch. *1182 [[w:Despotate of MoreaMaronite Catholic Church|Despotate of MoreaMaronites]], where a who assisted the Crusaders during the Crusades, reaffirm their affiliation with Rome in 1182; dedication of [[w:Monreale#The_Cathedral|Monreale Cathedral]] in Sicily, containing the largest cycle of Byzantine renaissance occurredmosaics extant in Italy. *1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch1186 Byzantine Empire recognizes independence of Bulgaria and Serbia. *1274 1187 [[Council of Lyonsw:Saladin|Saladin]] held, proclaiming union between the Orthodox East retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at [[w:Battle of Hattin (1187)|Battle of Hattin]], and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East.*1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople returns Christian holy places to [[John XI Beccus Church of ConstantinopleJerusalem|John XI BeccusOrthodox Church]] elected to replace Patriarch . *1189 [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinoplew:Third Crusade|Joseph I GalesiotesThird Crusade]], who opposed led by King Richard the [[Council Lion-Hearted of Lyons]].England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. *ca. 1280 ''1189 Ethiopian Emperor [[w:Kebra NagastGebre Mesqel Lalibela|Kebra NagastGebre Mesqel Lalibela]]'' ("Book orders construction of the Glory of Kings") compiled, a repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelings[[w:Lalibela|Lalibela]]. *1291 Fall 1204 [[Fourth Crusade]] [[Sacking of Acre; end of crusading in Holy Land.*1302 Papal Bull ''[[w:Unam sanctumConstantinople|Unam Sanctumsacks Constantinople]]'' issued by Pope , laying waste to the city and stealing many [[Boniface VIII of Rome|Boniface VIIIrelics]] proclaims Papal supremacy.*1336 and other items; [[MeteoraGreat Schism]] in Greece is established generally regarded as a center of Orthodox having been completed by this act; [[monasticismw:Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I Lascaris]].*1338 establishes the [[Gregory Palamasw:Empire of Nicaea|Empire of Nicaea]] (1296-1359) writes ''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[hesychasm. *ca.1207 [[w:Stephen Langton|hesychast spiritualityStephen Langton]] and divides the Bible into the defined modern chapters in use of the [[Jesus Prayer]]today. *1341-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) and John V Palaeologus (1341–91)ca.1220 English Bp.*1341-1351 Three sessions of the [[Ninth Ecumenical Councilhttp://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore ]] held in Constantinople, affirming is said to have been responsible for the final form of the "[[hesychasmSarum Use|hesychasticUse of Sarum]] theology ", which had the sterling reputation of Stbeing the best liturgy anywhere in the West. *1228 [[Gregory Palamasw:Sixth Crusade|Sixth Crusade]] results in 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabria]].*1344 Death of Amda SyonEgyptian sultan; Jerusalem ceded to Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Emperor of EthiopiaJaffa and Bethlehem.*1349 Prince 1231 [[Stephen Dushanw:Medieval Inquisition|Papal Inquisition]] of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar).*1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europeinitiated by Pope Gregory IX, at Gallipolicharged with suppressing heresy.*1359 1235 Death of St. [[Gregory PalamasSava of Serbia]]. *1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign 1237 Golden Horde begin [[Church of three Popes of RomeRussia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)|subjugation of Russia]]. *1383 St. 1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[Stephen of PermAlexander Nevsky]], missionary to the Zyrians, consecrated bishop. *1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks defeats Swedish army at Battle of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo PoljeNeva. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for 1242 [[Alexander Nevsky]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in [[w:Battle of the first timeIce|Battle of Lake Peipus]], a major defeat for the Catholic crusaders. *1396 First English Bible translated 1244 Jerusalem conquered and razed by John Wyclif.*1417 End of Western Great Schism at [[w:Khwarezm|Khwarezmian]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[Council of Constancew:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]]ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering Seventh Crusade. *1422 1247 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siegeAyyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]]] of Constantinopleconquer Jerusalem, driving out the Khwarezmian Turks. *1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with the West attempted at the 1258 [[Council of Florence]], where only St. [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to the demands of the delegates from Rome.*1444 [Michael VIII Palaiologos]] seizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from Latins. *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[w:Principality of Achaea|Principality of Achaea]] at the [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]], marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece. *ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]].*1260 Subjugation of [[Church of Cyprus]] to the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. *1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] makes [[Mystras]] seat of the new [[w:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of Morea]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurred. *1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch. *1269 Orthodox patriarch returns to Antioch after a 171-year exile and usurpation by Latin patriarch. *1274 Second [[Councils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]] held, proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East.*1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople [[John XI Bekkos of Constantinople|John XI Bekkos]] elected to replace Patriarch [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]], who opposed [[Councils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]]; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]], martyred by the Latins. *ca. 1280 ''[[w:Kebra Nagast|Kebra Nagast]]'' ("Book of the Glory of Kings") compiled, a repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelings. *1281 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established [[Byzantine Empire]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and the Greeks and renouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year due to the [[w:Sicilian Vespers|Sicilian Vespers]]. *1291 Fall of Acre; end of crusading in Holy Land. *1298 [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Jerome]], and [[Gregory the Dialogist|Pope Gregory I]] are named collectively as the first Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Western Church. *1302 Papal Bull ''[[w:Unam sanctum|Unam Sanctum]]'' issued by Pope [[Boniface VIII of Rome|Boniface VIII]] proclaims Papal supremacy. *1326 Metr. [[Peter of Moscow|Peter]] moves his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow. *1332 [[w:Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia|Amda Syon]], Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces, allowing for the spread of Christianity to frontier areas. *1336 [[Meteora]] in Greece established as a center of Orthodox [[monasticism]]. *1338 [[Gregory Palamas]] writes ''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[hesychasm|hesychast spirituality]] and the use of the [[Jesus Prayer]]. *1340 [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra]] founded by [[Sergius of Radonezh]]. *1341-51 Three sessions of the [[Ninth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, affirming [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology of [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabria]]. *1342 Patriarchate of Antioch transferred to Damascus under [[Ignatius II of Antioch|Ignatius II]]. *1349 Prince [[Stephen Dushan]] of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar); principality of [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] (Halitsh) comes under Polish control. *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli. *1359 Death of [[Gregory Palamas]]. *1360 Death of [[John Koukouzelis]] the Hymnographer. *1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome. *ca. 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in the East, "among the Greeks." *1382-95 [[w:Wyclif's Bible|First English Bible]] translated by John Wyclif. *1383 [[Stephen of Perm]], [[missionary]] to Zyrians, consecrated bishop; appearance of [[Theotokos of Tikhvin]] icon. *1385 [[w:Union of Krewo|Kreva Agreement]] provides for conversion of Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland through a dynastic union. *1387 [[w:Christianization of Lithuania|Lithuania converts to Roman Catholicism]], while most [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] lands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox. *1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar]], prince of Serbia. *1390 Ottomans take [[w:Alaşehir|Philadelphia]], last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time. *1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinity|Holy Trinity]]. *1414-18 Council of Constance in Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over authority of pope. *1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of Constance]]. *1418 Latin monk [[w:Thomas à Kempis|Thomas à Kempis]] authors ''[[w:The Imitation of Christ (book)|The Imitation of Christ]]''. *1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople. *1423-24 [[w:Council of Siena|Council of Siena]] in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[w:Conciliarism|conciliarism]], emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council, but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy. *1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with West attempted at [[Council of Florence]], where only [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to demands of delegates from Rome. *1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[Mark of Ephesus]]. *1444 ''[[Donation of Constantine]] '' proved forgery.
*1991 Soviet Union collapses, ending :''Main article: [[w:Cold War|Cold WarTimeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))]]; representatives ''*1991 Representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches. *1992 Civil war begins in former Yugoslavia; synaxis Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople.*1993 Seventh Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission session meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document on ''"Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion"''(the "[[Balamand document]]"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Ecumenical Councils."'' *1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemns [[Freemasonry]] as a religion incompatible with Christianity; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible|Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms]]'' published; [[Church of Eritrea|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] becomes autocephalous.*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]"."*1995 Ecumenical Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"''; Pope John Paul II issues encyclical ''[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html Orientale Lumen]'', encouraging reunion between East and West. *1997 Visit 1996 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America reorganized by Ecumenical Patriarch the [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] to US; establishment , dividing the administration of dioceses of Bukoba, Madagascar, Ghana and Nigeriathe two continents into four parts.*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] held to discuss Orthodox participation in [[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."''
==Notes==*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.*The division {{Template:Timeline of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.}}
Added link to History of Orthodox Missions
<!--- This is a large page that blanks out when edited as a full page, please edit one section at a time. ---> {{Template:Timeline of Church History}}
{{Orthodoxchristianity}}
The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]]. ==New Testament era==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era)]] *ca. 27 BC - AD 180 [[Pax Romana]].*ca. 4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]]. *ca. 28 [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] begins ministry.*ca. 28-30 Three year ministry of [[Jesus Christ]].*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]] the deacon, first Christian martyr. *30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]].
==Apostolic era (33-100)== : Main article: ''[[Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (33-100))]]'' *ca. 30-33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high. *34 St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] founds the [[Church of Antioch|See of Antioch]]. *35 Name ''Christian'' first used in Antioch. *37 St. [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in [[Glastonbury]]. *40 [[Apostle Barnabas]] sent from Jerusalem to Antioch.*ca. 42 [[Apostle Paul]]'s ecstasy to the third heaven (2 Cor.12:2-4).*ca. 46-48 [[Apostle Paul]]'s first [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Barnabas]].*49 [[Apostolic Council of Jerusalem ]] rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians. *ca. 49-52 [[Apostle Paul]]'s second [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Silas]].*50 The [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic. *52 [[Apostle Thomas]] arrives in Kerala, introducing [[Church of India|Christianity to India]].*ca. 53-57 [[Apostle Paul]]'s third [[missionary]] journey (Acts 18:23 - 21:16).*ca. 59-62 [[Apostle Paul]]'s fourth [[missionary]] journey, voyage to Rome.*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]], the Lord's brother and bishop ; crucifixion of Jerusalem[[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras. *63 St. [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first Bishop bishop of Britain. *64-67 Persecution 68 First of ten major persecutions of Christians by the early Church, [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Nero.2C_64-68_A.D.|under Emperor Nero]].*64 Martyrdom 66 Flight of the Christian community in Jerusalem to [[Apostle Paulw:Pella, Jordan|Pella]] and other places in Romethe [[w:Decapolis|Decapolis]], and Antioch.*67 Martyrdom of the Apostles [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero. *69 St. [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated to the [[bishop|episcopacy]] in of Antioch. *70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes his [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; the [[w:Herod's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem ]] is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues; Johanan Ben Zacchai founds a college at Jamnia that became the seat of the Sanhedrin and the religious centre of Judaism from A.D. 70-135, enabling the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism. *71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans. *80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) Titus dedicates [[Josephusw:Colosseum|Colosseum]] writes , site of the martyrdom of many early Christians. *ca. 80-90 ''Antiquities[[Didache]]''written. *85 [[Acts of the Apostles]] is composed written by the [[Apostle Luke]]. *90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks the final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] or [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] Old Testament widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora. *95 [[Apostle John]] writes the [[Book of Revelation]]. *ca. 90-96-98 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Domitian|Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian]] (2nd). *96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John|that apostle]] as a supplement and further theological illumination .*ca. 100 Emergence of the [[Synoptic Gospelsw:Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs_2|Christian Catacombs]]. *100 Death of the [[Apostle John]] the Theologian.
==Ante-Nicene era (100-325)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))]]'' *107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]]. *108-124 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emperor Hadrian (3rd).*120 Beginning of time of the Apologists: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]], [[Tatian]], [[Athenagoras of Athens]], [[Theophilus]], [[Minucius Felix]], [[Tertullian]] and [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]].*124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]] present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens. *128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]]. *132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome. *135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day|holy day]] in Rome. *136 Emperor Hadrian crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering returning Jerusalem, and changes the city name of the city to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of the title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]]. *144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]]. *150 St. [[Justin Martyr]] describes the [[Divine Liturgy]]. *155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]]. *156 Beginning of [[Montanism]]. *165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]]. *166 Pope [[Soter of Rome|Soter]] inaugurates in Rome a separate annual feast for [[Pascha]], in addition to the weekly [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] celebrations of the [[Resurrection]], which is also held on a Sunday, in contrast to the [[Quartodeciman|Quartodecimans]]. *ca. 175 Tatian's [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the four canonical gospels into single narrative.*177-180 St[[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Persection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]] (161-180) (4th). *180 [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''; [[Dyfan]] first martyr in British Isles.*190 180-192 [[Pantaenusw:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] founds Greek translation of the [[Alexandrian schoolOld Testament]].*193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Catechetical School at AlexandriaSymmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]]. *197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy. *200 Martyrdom of St. [[Irenaeus of Lyons]]. *203 202 Emperor Septimus Severus issues an edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]]. *202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimius Severus]] (193-211) (5th).*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity. *ca. 209 Martyrdom of [[Alban]] in Britain. *210 [[Hippolytus of Rome]], bishop and martyr and last of Greek-speaking fathers in Rome, writes ''[[w:Refutation of all Heresies|Refutation of All Heresies]]'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].
*225 Death of [[Tertullian]].
*232 Heraclas becomes Pope ca. 225-250 ''[[w:Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia Apostolorum]]'' written.*227 [[Origen]] begins ''Commentary on Genesis'', completes work on ''First Principles''.*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]] (6th); martyrdom of St. [[Hippolytus of Rome]].*238 During reigns of Gordian and Patriarch of Alexandria on [[w:Philip the Arab|Philip the death of DemetriusArab]] Church preaches openly and increasingly attracts well-educated converts.*ca. 240 [[Origen]] produces [[Hexapla]].*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome in opposition to Church.*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes the in Egypt first Christian hermit. *247 Rome celebrates thousandth anniversary, witnessing a period of increased persecution of Christians.*248 [[Origen]] writes ''Against Celsus'' that the [[Pax Romana|Roman Empire was ordained by God]]. *249-251 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under the Emperor Decius]] (7th). *251257-253 260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor GaiusValerian]] (253-260) (8th). *253-260 Persecution under Emperor Valerian258 Martyrdom of [[Cyprian of Carthage]].*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ; Synod in Rome condemns Sabellianism and Subordinationism. *264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].*265 ''[[Homoousios]]'' used for first time by Modalist Monarchians of Cyrene.*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]] (9th). *270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]]; [[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Tyre]] writes ''Against the Christians''. *284 [[Diocletian]] becomes Roman emperor, persecutes Church and martyrs an estimated one million Christians; martyrdom of [[Cosmas and Damian (Rome)|Cosmas and Damian]], Andrew Stratelates ("the General") and 2,593 soldiers with him in Cilicia.*285 St. [[Anthony the Great]] flees to desert. *300 Christian population reaches about 6,200,000, or 10.5% of the desert to pursue a life population of prayerthe Roman Empire.*301 St. [[Gregory the IlluminatorEnlightener]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith. *304 302 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia. *303 Outbreak of the [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution]] (303-311) (10th); martyrdom of [[George the Trophy-bearer]]. *ca. 305-311 [[AlbanLactantius]], protomartyr writes ''[[Divinae Institutiones]]''. *ca. 306 [[w:Synod of Elvira|Synod of BritainElvira]] requires clerical celibacy and sets severe disciplinary penalties for apostasy and adultery, killed by Roman authoritiesbecoming the pattern in the West.*308 Pope [[w:Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus]] opposes leniency for Christians who lapsed under persecution.*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379). *311 Rebellion Galerius issues Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; [[Donatism|DonatistsDonatist]] rebellion in Carthage. *312 Conversion [[Labarum|Vision]] and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]], who defeats ; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] and becomes , making Constantine Emperor of the West; martyrdom of [[Lucian of Antioch]].*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by St. [[Constantine the Great]] and his co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire and specifically naming toleration for Christianity. *314 Condemnation [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]] as a heresy. *315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held.*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by St [[Athanasius, influencing the condemnation Great]]; beginnings of [[Arianism|Arian Controversy]]. *318 St. [[Pachomius the Great]], disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]]. *320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by St. [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. *320-21 Licinius' measures against Christians in the East enforced.*321 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] declares [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] a holiday in honor of the [[Resurrection]].*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds a church on the site of the martyrdom of St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome. *324 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] defeats Licinius and becomes sole emperor.
==Nicene era (325-451)== : ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))]]'' *325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]].*326 Discovery , also establishing the supremacy of honor of the Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. *326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress St. [[Helen]]a.*326 ; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian. *328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria. *329 St. [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains St. [[Frumentius of Axum|Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to the [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia. *330 Byzantium refounded as ''Constantinople is founded as the / New Rome'', Christian capital of the Roman Empire; Amoun , and is dedicated to the [[Macarius the GreatTheotokos]] found by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert. *336-338 [[Athanasius the Great]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of St. [[Pachomius the Great]], awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in Europe. *340 Conversion 337 Death of [[WulfilaConstantine the Great|Constantine]] to . *340 Conversion of [[ArianismWulfila]], subsequently missionizing the Goths with his to [[heresy|hereticalArianism]] doctrine. *348 Death of St. 341 [[Pachomius the GreatCouncil of Antioch]]held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. *350 St345 Death of [[Nicholas of Myra]]. *348 Death of [[NinianPachomius the Great]] establishes the church and [[Spyridon of Trimythous]]. *350 [[Ninian]] establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the [[missionary ]] effort to the Picts. *356 Death 351 Apparition of St. the [[Anthony the GreatCross]]over Jerusalem. *358 St355 Death of [[Nino of Cappadocia]]. *356 Death of [[Basil Anthony the Great]] founds the monastery . *357 [[Council of Sirmium]] issues ''Blasphemy of Sirmium''. *358 [[Basil the Great]] founds monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]]. *360 St. 359 Councils of [[Council of Seleucia|Seleucia]] and [[Council of Rimini|Rimini]]. *360 [[Martin of Tours]] founds first French monastery at Liguge.*361 ; first church of [[Julian the ApostateHagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] inaugurated by Emperor [[w:Constantius II|Constantius II]] becomes Roman emperor. *367 St362 Antiochian schism (362-414). *361-63 [[Athanasius of AlexandriaJulian the Apostate]] writes his becomes Roman emperor and attempts to restore paganism. *363 Emperor [[Paschaw:Jovian|Jovian]]l letter, listing for reestablishes Christianity as the first time official religion of the Empire. *364 [[canonCouncil of Laodicea]] of the held. *367 [[New TestamentAthanasius of Alexandria]] of the writes [[Holy ScripturesPascha]].*373 Death of St. l letter, listing for the first time the [[Athanasius the Greatcanon]].*374 Election of the [[Ambrose New Testament]]; death of [[Hilary of Milan|AmbrosePoitiers]] as bishop of Milan. *375 St. 373 Death of [[Basil Athanasius the Great]] writes ''and [[On Ephrem the Holy SpiritSyrian]]]'', confirming the divinity . *374 Election of the [[Holy SpiritAmbrose of Milan|Ambrose]]as bishop of Milan. *375 [[Basil the Great]] writes ''[[On the Holy Spirit]]''. *376 Visigoths convert to [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity. *380 Christianity 379 Death of [[Basil the Great]]; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of Bishop of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor St. [[Theodosius the Great]]; [[Council of Saragossa]] condemns [[Priscillianism]]. *381 [[Second Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] and [[AppollinarianismApollinarianism]], declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical Council]], and completing the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]].*386 ; [[Panagia Soumela MonasteryCouncil of Aquileia]] founded in Trebizond, Pontus, Asia Minor, after the wonderworking icon of the Virgin Mary of Soumela, believed to have been painted by the [[Apostle Lukeled by [[Ambrose of Milan]], appears at Mt. Melasdeposes Arian bishops. *395 St. 382 Pope [[Augustine Siricius of Hippo|AugustineRome]] becomes bishop of Hippofirst to bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''. *398 St. 383 Death of [[John Chrysostom]] becomes [[ArchbishopFrumentius of Axum]] , bishop of ConstantinopleAxum and Apostle to Ethiopia.*400 Translation 384 Council of the Bordeaux condemns [[Holy ScripturesPriscillian]] into Latin as the [[Vulgate]] by St. *385 Death of [[JeromeGregory of Nyssa]]. *401 St. 386 Death of [[Augustine Cyril of HippoJerusalem]] writes ''Confessions''.*403 Abduction of 387 [[Patrick Augustine of IrelandHippo|PatrickAugustine]] baptized by [[Ambrose of Milan]] to Ireland to serve as a slave. *407 391 Death of [[John ChrysostomGregory the Theologian]] in exile. *410 Fall 391-92 Closing of Rome to all non-Christian temples in the VisigothsEmpire; escape of St. [[Patrick of IrelandTheodosius the Great (emperor)|PatrickTheodosius the Great]] back ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to Britaincease. *411 392 Death of [[PelagiusMacarius the Great]] condemned at a council in Carthage. *412 St. 393 [[Cyril Council of Alexandria|CyrilHippo]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.a pagan festival. *415 394 [[PelagiusEpiphanius of Salamis]] cleared at a attacks teachings of [[synodOrigen]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda)as heretical; Council of Constantinople held; St. [[John CassianDonatism|Donatist]] founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[PelagiusCouncil of Bagai]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate himin Africa held. *418 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing 395 [[Augustine of Hippo|AugustinianAugustine]] anthropology.*426 St. becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; placing of the cincture of the [[Augustine of HippoTheotokos]] writes ''The City in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople. *395 Re-division of Empire with death of God''Emperor Theodosius the Great. *428 397 [[NestoriusCouncils of Carthage|Council of Carthage]] becomes patriarch publishes Biblical canon; death of Constantinople.*431 [[Third Ecumenical CouncilMartin of Tours]] held in Ephesus, condemning and [[NestorianismAmbrose of Milan]] and . *398 [[PelagianismJohn Chrysostom]], confirming the use of the term ''becomes [[TheotokosArchbishop]]'' to refer to of Constantinople. *ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the Virgin Mary; the council also grants Scetis by Patriarch [[autocephalyTheophilus of Alexandria]] to the . *399 [[Church Anastasius I of CyprusRome]]; and other bishops condemn doctrine of [[PalladiusOrigen]] is sent by the Pope of Rome as a missionary bishop to Ireland. *432 Return of 401 [[Patrick Augustine of Ireland|PatrickHippo]] to Ireland to begin missionary work.*433 The writes ''Confessions''; Pope [[Formulary Innocent I of PeaceRome]] completes the work of the supports [[Third Ecumenical CouncilJohn Chrysostom]] by reconciling and condemns [[Cyril of Alexandriapelagianism]] with . *402 [[John Porphyry of AntiochGaza]]obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in Gaza. *444 Death 403 Abduction of St. [[Cyril Patrick of AlexandriaIreland|Patrick]].*445 Founding to Irelande; visit of [[Victricius of the monastery at Armagh Rouen]] to Britain; [[Synod of the Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John Chrysostom]]. *404 Martyrdom of [[Telemachus]], resulting in northern Ireland.*449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights. *405 Translation of [[Holy Scriptures]] into Latin as the [[Vulgate]] by [[Jerome]]. *407 Death of [[John Chrysostom]] in exile. *410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] back to Britain; Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence. *410 [[Council of Seleucia]] declares Mesopotamian [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent of Orthodox bishops. *411 [[Pelagius]] condemned at council in Carthage; [[Rabbula of Edessa|Rabbula]] becomes bishop of Edessa. *412 [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws [[Donatism]]; Bishops Lazarus of Aix-en-Provence and Herod of Arles expelled from sees on a charge of [[Manichaeism]]; ''[[Byzantine Creation Era#Alexandrian Era|Alexandrian Creation Era]]'' date finalized at 25 March, 5493 BC. *414 Resolution of Antiochian division. *415 [[Pelagius]] cleared at [[synod]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); [[John Cassian]] founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Pelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate him. *418 Foundation of the Arian [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]], as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle. *418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] [[anthropology]]. *426 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''. *428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as [[missionary]] bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; death of [[Sisoes the Great]]. *430 [[Peter the Iberian]] founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. *431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends [[Palladius]] to Ireland. *432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin [[missionary]] work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Picts. *433 [[Formulary of Peace]] completes work of [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]]. *435 Death of [[John Cassian]] and [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis. *438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published. *439 Carthage falls to Vandals. *444 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; Pope [[Leo the Great]] abolishes Gallican vicariate. *445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of the bishop of Rome. *447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]]. *449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)]] the [[Monophysitism|EutychesMonophysite]]. *450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion death of Britian (traditional date)[[Peter Chrysologus]].
==Byzantine era (451-843)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))]]'' *451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming that Christ has doctrine of two perfect and indivisible but distinct natures; this eventually led to a in Christ, and recognizing [[schismChurch of Jerusalem]], with the as patriarchate.*452 [[Church Proterios of Alexandria]] being divided into Chalcedonian convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonian factions, with a similar schism occurring in Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[Church of AntiochJohn the Forerunner]] along with it; . *457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Church of Jerusalem|JerusalemPaschalion]] is recognized as a patriarchate ; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by the patriarch of Constantinople. *459 Death of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Council of ChalcedonSymeon the Stylite]]. *452 461 Death of [[Proterios of AlexandriaLeo the Great]] (replacement of and [[Dioscorus Patrick of Alexandria|DioscorusIreland]]), convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian groups. *459 Death of 462 [[Symeon the StyliteIndiction]]. moved to [[September 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]] founded. *466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates the bishop of Mtskheta to the rank of [[Catholicos ]] of Kartli, thus rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].*476 Fall ; death of the Western Roman Empire when [[w:Romulus AugustusShenouda the Archimandrite|Romulus AugustusShenouda the Great]], abbott of White Monastery in Egypt, considered the last Emperor founder of [[Church of the Western Roman Empire was deposed by Germanic chieftain OdoacerAlexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]]. *477 ca. 471 Patr. [[Timothy AelurusAcacius of Constantinople]] of Alexandria, exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egyptfirst called ''Oikoumenikos'' ("Ecumenical"). *482 Byzantine emperor 473 Death of [[Zeno|Zeno IEuthymius the Great]] issues the ''. *475 Emperor [[w:HenotikonBasiliscus|HenotikonBasiliscus]]'' edict (''Act issues letter to bishops of Union'')empire, in an attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of [[Orthodoxysupporting [[Monophysitism]] and . *477 [[MonophysitismTimothy II Aelurus of Alexandria|Timothy Aelurus]]of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt. *484 Acacian Schism: 482 Byzantine emperor [[w:Pope Felix IIIZeno (emperor)|Pope Felix IIIZeno I]] excommunicates issues ''[[w:Pope Peter III of Alexandria|Peter MongusHenoticon]], patriarch of Alexandria, and ''. *484 [[w:Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople|AcaciusAcacian Schism]], patriarch . *484 Founding of Constantinople, causing a schism between eastern and western Christianity that lasted 35 years (to 519).*484 Founding of the [[Monastery [Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar SabbasMonastery]] in by [[Sabbas the Judean wildernessSanctified]]; [[Synod of Beth Papat Lapat]] in Persia declares the [[Nestorianism|Nestorian doctrine]] as the official theology of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], centered in Edessaeffectively separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church. *488 Death of Peter the Fuller, the non-Chalcedonian Patriarch of Antioch.*489 Emperor [[489 Emperor [[Zeno(emperor)|Zeno I]] closed the closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]. *490 St. [[Brigid of Kildaire|Brigid]] founds the monastery of Kildare in Ireland. *494 Pope [[w:Pope Gelasius I|Pope Gelasius Iof Rome]] delineated the delineates relationship between church Church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I|Anastasius]]; during the Acacian schism he asserted the primacy of Rome over the entire Church, setting the model for subsequent popes’ claims of papal supremacy. *496 [[w:Pope Gelasius I|Pope Gelasius IRemigius of Rheims]] dedicated [baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity. *ca. 500 [February 14|February 14[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] as [[w:Valentinewrites ''The Mystical Theology's Day|Saint Valentine's Day. *506 [[Church of Armenia]], banning separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. *507 Clovis I defeats the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia (note the Saints' feast day is Arian Visigoths at [[July 30w:Battle of Vouillé|July 30Battle of Vouillé]] near Poitiers, ending their power in the Eastern Orthodox Church)Gaul. *ca. 500 518 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the AreopagiteSeverus of Antioch]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for Monophysitism; Patr.*502 Start of [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid wars|Byzantine-Sassanid warsJohn II of Constantinople]] lasting until 562.is addressed as ''Oikoumenikos Patriarches'' ("Ecumenical Patriarch"). *518 519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of [[w:Severus of Antioch|Severus Patriarch Acacian Schism]]. *521 Birth of [[Columba of AntiochIona]] (512-518) appointed by Emperor . *527 [[Anastasius I|AnastasiusDionysius Exiguus]], is deposed by Emperor calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of [[Justin ISt. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] for his Monophysitism.*519 The Eastern and Western churches are reconciled with on the end of Sinai peninsula by [[Justinian the Acacian schismGreat]]. *521 St. 529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Columba Benedict of IonaNursia]] is born. *527 Dionysius Exiguus working on the founds monastery of [[Gregorian CalendarMonte Cassino]] calculated the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly.*529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; St. [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of Monte Cassino and codifies Western codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; the death of [[Church of Theodosius the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the NativityGreat]] is burnt down in the Samaritan revolt of 529. . *529 -534 [[Justinianthe Great|Justinian]]'s]] ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]] (Body of Civil Law)'' is issued from 529 to 534, a collection . *530 [[Brendan the Navigator]] lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of fundamental works in jurisprudence including: ''Irish monks. *532 [[Justinian the Codex Justinianus; Digesta (Pandects); Institutiones; and Novellae''; this served to revive Roman law and ultimately became the foundation of all civil law, influencing ecclesiastical law as well.*532 [[JustinianGreat]] orders the building of a new cathedral, beginning of the construction of the [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] (532-537); death of [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]. *533 Mercurius is elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election. *533 Foundation of 534 Roman Empire destroys the Diocese Arian kingdom of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor JustinianVandals. *534 Final edition 536 [[Mennas of the ''Constantinople]] summons a synod anathematizing [[http://enSeverus of Antioch]].wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis#Codex_Justinianus Codex Justinianus] (Code *537 Construction of Justinian)'' is published[[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople completed.*538 Emperor [[Justinian the Great]], including numerous provisions securing the status of Orthodox Christianity as the state religion of the empire, uniting Church via deportations and stateforce, with laws against heresy, paganism, and Judaismmanages to get [[Pentarchy|all five patriarchates]] offcially into communion.*534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom 539 [[Ravenna]] becomes exarchate of the Vandals; Malta becomes a [[Byzantine province (534-870)Empire]]. *536 Patriarch 541 [[Mennas of ConstantinopleJacob Baradeus]] (536-552) summoned a synod in May-June 536 where organizes the [[w:Severus of AntiochOriental Orthodox|SeverusNon-Chalcedonian Church]] was anathematized; in western Syria (the sentence was ratified by "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt. *543 Doctrine of [[Justinianapokatastasis]]condemned by Synod of Constantinople. *537 Construction of 544 [[Hagia Sophia Jacob Baradeus]] consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (ConstantinopleSyriac)|Hagia SophiaSyriac Orthodox Church]] in Constantinople is completed by Emperor St. [[Justinian|Justinian and the Great]].*539 Chalcedonian [[Ravenna (Italy)|RavennaChurch of Antioch]] becomes an exarchate ; founding of the Byzantine Empire (539-751)monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]]. *541 545 [[Jacob BaradeusDavid of Wales]], bishop moves primatial see of Edessa, organizes the Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's). *546 [[Oriental OrthodoxColumba of Iona|Non-Chalcedonian ChurchColumba]] founds monastery of Derry in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and EgyptIreland. *543 The doctrine of 547 [[apocatastasisDavid of Wales]] is condemned by does obeisance to the Synod Patriarch of ConstantinopleJerusalem. *544 553 [[Jacob BaradeusFifth Ecumenical Council]] consecrated Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians— ''[[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syrian Orthodox ChurchThree Chapters]] and '' of [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox ChurchTheodore of Mopsuestia]]; Founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by St. , [[Ciaran Theodoret of Clonmacnoise|CiaranCyrrhus]].*546 St. , and [[[Columba Ibas of Iona|ColumbaEdessa]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland.*553 are condemned for their [[Fifth Ecumenical CouncilNestorianism]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''Three Chapters'' of , and [[Theodore of MopsuestiaOrigen]], [[Theodoret and his writings are also condemned. *553 Bishops of Cyrrhus]]Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters'', causing [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their pro-[[Nestorianism|NestorianSchism of the Three Chapters]] naturein those areas, and leading to independence of [[OrigenPatriarch of Venice]] and his writings are also condemned.*553 The from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]; Ostrogoth Kingdom is kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]] and the Italian peninsula was, for a short time, reintegrated into the empire.*556 St. . *554 [[Church of Armenia]] officially [[Columba of Ionaschism|Columbabreaks]] founds monastery of Durrow with West in Ireland.*563 Re-consecration 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)Fourth Ecumenical Council|Hagia SophiaChalcedon]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; Stwas rejected. *556 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[IonaRoman the Melodist]] and establishes his . *557 [[monasteryBrendan the Navigator]] therefounds monastery at Clonfert, founding his Ireland. *563 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes [[monastery]] there, founding mission to the Picts. *569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt.*570 Birth of Muhammad, founder ; [[David of Wales]] holds [[IslamSynod of Victoria]]to re-assert anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi.*580 Monte Cassino sacked by the Lombards576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; the Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian (Greek)]] and Greece.*589 At [[Council Church of ToledoAlexandria (Coptic)|Monophysite (Coptic)]] in Spain, the .*577 Patr. [[FilioqueJohn Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] is added to responible for the first collection of Canon Law, the ''[[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedNomocanon]]] in an attempt to combat '', of the [[ArianismOrthodox Church]]. *590 Irish missionary St579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily. *580 [[ColumbanusMonte Cassino]] founds monasteries in France (Luxeuil in Burgundy)sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece. *593 587 Visigoth King [[Anastasius the Sinaitew:Reccared I|Anastasius the SinaiteReccared]] renounces [[Arianism]] is restored as Orthodox Patriarch in favor of Antioch[[Orthodoxy]]. *596 St. 589 [[Gregory the DialogistCouncil of Toledo]] sends St. adds [[Augustine of Canterbury|AugustineFilioque]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert the pagans[[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]]. *ca. 600 ''590 [[The Ladder of Divine AscentColumbanus]]'' written by Stfounds monasteries in France. *593 [[John ClimacusAnastasius I of Antioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]]; Strestored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. *596 [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspired the development of what is still known at Gregorian chant through his liturgical reforms.*601 sends [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] converts King Stalong with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. *597 Death of [[Ethelbert Columba of KentIona]] and establishes the see of Canterbury. *615 Death of 598 [[ColumbanusGlastonbury Abbey]] in Italyfounded. *626 ca. 600 ''[[Akathist|Akathist HymnThe Ladder of Divine Ascent]] to the Virgin Mary '' written. *627 Pope St. by [[John Climacus]]; [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends Paulinus to found the see inspires development of York and convert King [[Edwin of NorthumbriaGregorian Chant]]through his liturgical reforms. *627 Emperor 601 [[HeracliusAugustine of Canterbury]] conquers the Persian capital Ctesiphon recovering the converts King [[True CrossEthelbert of Kent]], with religious celebrations in Jerusalem and the Second and establishes see of Canterbury. *602 [[Elevation Augustine of the Holy CrossCanterbury]]meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury. *635 Founding of 604 [[LindisfarneMellitus]] Monastery by St. becomes first bishop of London and founds first [[Aidan of Lindisfarnew:St Paul's Cathedral|AidanSt. Paul's Cathedral]], a monk from ; death of [[IonaGregory the Dialogist]]. *605 Death of [[Augustine of Canterbury]]. *610 [[Heraclius]]; Cynegils, king changes official language of Wessexthe Empire from Latin to [[w:Medieval Greek|Greek]], converts to Christianity.*636 Capture of [[Jerusalemalready the ''lingua franca'' of the vast majority of the population. *612 [[Holy Sponge]] and [[Holy Lance]] brought to Constantinople from Palestine. *614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of Persia; [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] damaged by fire, [[True Cross]] captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred. *615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy. *617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege. *626 [[Akathist|Akathist Hymn]] to the Virgin Mary written. *627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], recovering [[True Cross]] and breaking Sassanid power. *630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]]. *633 Death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem]]. *635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity. *636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]]. *640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]] by the Muslim Arabs. *638 Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem.*639 Muslim conquest of Syria. *641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.
*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt.
*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] civilization in Egypt. *648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]]. *649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus. *650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox ChristianityOrthodoxy. *653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]]. *654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs. *655 Martyrdom of [[Martin the Confessor]]. *657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England. *662 Death of St. [[Maximus the Confessor]]. *663 Emperor [[Constans II ]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative. *664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, harmonizing Celtic adopting Roman calendar and Roman liturgical practices tonsures in EnglandNorthumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York.*668 St. [[Theodore of Tarsus]] is appointed as archbishop of Canterbury. *669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe. *670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by St. [[Caedmon]] of [[WhitbyAbbey|Whitby]]. *672 First Synod of Hertford called by [[Theodore of Tarsus]], adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. *673 Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]]. *680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming the [[Christology]] of St. [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a natural (human) will and a divine will; Patriarch Patr. [[Sergius I of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius I of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of the Monothelite Monothelitism. *682 Foundation of [[heresyMonkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]]in England. *685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of [[Anastasius of Sinai]]. *685 [[John Maron]] elected first Maronite patriarch, founding the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]]. *687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raidersVikings; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]]. *688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. *ca. 690 Witenagamot of England forbids church appeals to Rome. *691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem. *692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or the ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]]. *694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] defeated by [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent. *697 [[Council of Birr]] accepts Roman [[Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of Iona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomnáin]]. *698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome. *ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]]. *707 Death of [[John Maron]]. *710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967. *712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete]]. *ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England). *715 [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]] built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque constructed over site of [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Justinian]]; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts. *716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage.*716 St. ; [[Boniface]]'s first [[missionary ]] journey to Frisia. *717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[Iona]]. *717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]. *719 [[w:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian church]] to [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic church]]. *723 [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. *726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against the [[iconography|icons]]. *730 [[Leo the Isaurian]] orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. *731 Venerable [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''. *732 Muslim invasion of Europe is stopped by the Franks at the [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]]. *733 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope [[Gregory III of Rome]]'s support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning. *735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status. *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ECLOGA Law Code''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; death of [[Willibrord]]. *742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. *747 Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. *750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]] '' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims. *751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. *752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. *754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins the dissolution of the monasteries. *754 Death of St[[Boniface]]. *756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. *768 Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of Elfoddw of Gwynedd. *769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons. *772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. *781 King [[BonifaceCharlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]], Apostle of GermanyYork to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. *785 Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield. *787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] is held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming the [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, declaring that worship is due to God aloneone in the north at Pincanhale, and that the honor paid to icons passes to its prototypeother in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. *792 Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. *793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. *794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]. *800 [[Charlemagne]] is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland. *800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to the Frankish king Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. *801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. *803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. *810 Pope Leo III bans use of [[Filioque]]. *814 Conflict between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] over iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo. *826 St. [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. *828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. *ca. 829-842 Icon of the Virgin Mary-[[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]]. *836 Death of St. [[Theodore the Studite]].*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches.
==Late Byzantine era (843-14531054)==*846 Muslim raid :''Main article: [[Timeline of Rome.Church History (Late Byzantine Era (843-1054))]]''*852 St. 843 [[AnsgarTriumph of Orthodoxy]] founds the occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 St. 850 [[Photius Third Finding of the Head of St. John the GreatForerunner|Third Finding]] becomes patriarch of Constantinoplethe head of [[John the Forerunner]]. *861 Ss. 852 [[Cyril Ansgar]] founds churches at Hedeby and Methodius]] depart from Constantinople to Ribe in Denmark. *858 [[Church_of_Russia#Conversion_of_the_Slavs|missionize Photius the SlavsGreat]]; council presided over by papal legates held in becomes patriarch of Constantinople which confirms St. *ca. 860 [[Photius w:Christianization of the GreatRus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]] as patriarch. *862 Ratislav of Moravia converts to Christianity.*863 First translations of 861 [[Holy Scripture|BiblicalCyril and Methodius]] and liturgical texts into depart from Constantinople to [[Church Slavonicof Russia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]] ; Council of Constantinople attended by Ss. 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms [[Cyril and MethodiusPhotius the Great]]as patriarch and passes 17 canons. *863 The Venetians steal relics 862 [[Rastislav of St Mark from AlexandriaMoravia]] converts to Christianity. *864 Prince [[Boris 863 First translations of Bulgaria]] is [[baptismHoly Scripture|baptizedBiblical]].*867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by and liturgical texts into [[Photius the Great|PhotiusChurch Slavonic]], which anathematizes Pope by [[Cyril and Methodius]]. *863 Venetians steal relics of [[Nicholas I of RomeApostle Mark]] for his attacks on the work from Alexandria. *864 Baptism of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and the use by papal missionaries of the heretical Prince [[FilioqueBoris of Bulgaria]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing the news of his excommunication; [[Basil the MacedonianSynaxis]] has Emperor of the [[Michael IIITheotokos]] murdered and usurps in Miasena in memory of the Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch return of Constantinopleher icon. *869-870 The 865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Robber Council Boris of 869-870Bulgaria|Boris I]] is held, deposing St. converts to [[Photius the GreatOrthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] from the Constantinopolitan see . *866 Vikings raid and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council."capture York in England. *870 Conversion of Serbia.*877 Death of St. [[Ignatius I of Constantinople]], who appoints St. 867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]] to succeed him.*877 Arab Muslims conquer all of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital.*879-880 , which anathematizes Pope [[Eighth Ecumenical CouncilNicholas I of Rome]] held in Constantinople, confirming for his attacks on work of Greek [[Photius the Great|Photiusmissionaries]] as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizing additions to the in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFilioque]], and declaring that the prerogatives and jurisdiction ; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equalexcommunication; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of RomeBasil the Macedonian]].*883 Muslims burn the monastery of Monte Cassino.*885 has Emperor [[Mount AthosMichael III the Amorian|Michael III]] gains political autonomymurdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople. *885 867 Death of St. Methodius, apostle to the Slavs. *911 Vision of the [[TheotokosKassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]] to St. , Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''[[Andrew the Fool-for-ChristHymn of Kassiani]] '', chanted during [[Protection of the Mother of God|protectingHoly Week]] Constantinople from an invasion of Slavson Holy Wednesday. *911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg869-870 [[Robber Council of 869-870]] held, Grand Prince of Rus'. *912 Normans become Christian.*944 City of Edessa recovered by the Byzantine army, including [[Icon Not Made By Handsdeposing [[Photius the Great]].from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council." *ca. 950 870 Conversion of Serbia; death of [[Monastery Rastislav of Hosios LoukasMoravia]] founded near Stiris in Greece.*957 St. ; martyrdom of [[Olga of Kievw:Edmund the Martyr|OlgaEdmund]] baptized in Constantinople, King of East Anglia. *962 Denmark becomes a Christian nation with the 877 Death of [[baptismIgnatius of Constantinople]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"), who appoints [[Photius the Great|Photius]] to succeed him. *963 St. 878 King [[Athanasius of Athosw:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] establishes of Wessex defeats Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavraw:Danelaw|Danelaw]]). *968 879-880 [[Rila MonasteryEighth Ecumenical Council]] founded.*973 Moravia assigned to held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[Photius the Diocese Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of PragueConstantinople, putting anathematizes additions to the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church.*978 Death of King [[Edward the MartyrNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]].*988 [[Baptism , and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of Rus']] begins with the conversion of St. [Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[Vladimir John VIII of KievRome]]. *995 St. 885 [[Olaf of NorwayMount Athos]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdomgains political autonomy. *1000 Christianization 885 Death of Greenland [[Cyril and IcelandMethodius|Methodius]]. *1008 Conversion of Sweden.*1009 Patriarch 886 [[[Sergius II of Constantinoplew:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]] removes the name of Pope , (now called [[Sergius IV of Romew:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]] from the ) adopted in Bulgarian Empire; St [[diptychsw:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] , King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes. *910 [[Church Benedict of ConstantinopleNursia|Benedictine]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioquew:Cluny Abbey|Abbey of Cluny]]founded in France. *1009 899 Death of [[Church of Alfred the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church Great]]. *911 [[Protection of the Holy SepulchreMother of God|Holy Protection of the Virgin Mary]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [. *912 Normans become Christian; [[w:DruzeNicholas Mystikos|DruzeNicholas I Mysticus]]becomes Patriarch of Constantinople. *1014 927 [[FilioqueChurch of Bulgaria]] recognized as [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] used for the first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII Church of RomeConstantinople|Benedict VIIIConstantinople]] at the coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.. *1015 Death of St. 931 Abbott [[Vladimir w:Odo of Cluny|Odo of KievCluny]].*1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.*1022 Death of St. reforms monasteries in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, starting the [[Simeon w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] within the New Theologian[[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine order]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor. *1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced 935 Martyrdom of [[Wenceslas]], prince of the Czechs. *944 City of Edessa recovered by a Byzantine protectoratearmy, which begin reconstruction of including [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Image Not-made-by-hands|Holy SepulchreIcon Not Made By Hands]].*1036 Byzantine 945 [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes Abbot of [[w:Michael IV the PaphlagonianGlastonbury Abbey|Emperor Michael IVGlastonbury]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the . *957 [[Church Olga of the Holy Sepulchre (JerusalemKiev]] baptized in Constantinople. *960 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] re-captures [[w:Crete|Crete]] for Byzantines; [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], reforming monasteries and enforcing rule of [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedict]]. *962 Denmark becomes Christian nation with [[baptism]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth")|Church ; [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor. *963 [[Athanasius of Athos]] establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]]. *965 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] gains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines. *969 Death of [[Olga of Kiev]]; Emperor [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II Phokas]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs. *972 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] grants [[Mount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]). *973 [[w:Great Moravia|Moravia]] assigned to the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church. *975 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] in a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem. *978 Death of King [[Edward the Martyr]]. *980 Revelation of the ''[[Axion Estin]]'' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the [[Archangel Gabriel]] to a monk on [[Mount Athos]]. *980-5 The [[Western Rite|Western Rite]] Monastery of Amalfion is founded on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]]. *987 Sixth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine War]], where [[Vladimir of Kiev]] dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:Basil II|Basil II]] with an internal revolt, agreeing to accept [[Orthodox Christianity]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *988 '[[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of [[Vladimir of Kiev]] who is baptized at [[w:Chersonesos|Chersonesos]], the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II. *992 Death of [[Michael of Kiev|Michael]], first Metropolitan of Kiev. *995 [[Olaf of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom.*1000 Conversion of Greenland and Iceland. *1008 Conversion of Sweden. *1009 Patr. [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychs]] of [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]]. *1009 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze]]. *1012 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship. *1014 [[Filioque]] used for first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. *1015 Death of [[Vladimir of Kiev]]. *1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity. *1022 Death of [[Simeon the New Theologian]]. *1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]]. *1034 Patriarch [[Alexius I Studites of Constantinople|Alexius I Studites]] writes the first complete ''Studite [[Typikon]],'' for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[Typikon]] introduced into the Rus' lands by [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]]. *1036 Byzantine [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IV]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor sent to protect pilgrims. *1043 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.*1045-50 [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminiscent of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian GuardRomanesque architecture|Varangian GuardRomanesque]] of the Byzantine Emperor (Eastern Vikings/Rus) sent to protect pilgrims. *1048 Re-consecration of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].
*1051 [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves]] founded.
*1448 [[Church of Russia]] unilaterally declares its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia ]] on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allowed allows the union to be proclaimed. *1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending the Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Renaissance|Renaissance]].[[Media:Example.ogg]]
==Post-Imperial era (1453-1821)==
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))]]''*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]]. *1480 Spanish Inquisition1455-56 ''Confession of Faith'' by Patr.Gennadius of Constantinople. *1456-1587 Byzantine [[w:Pammakaristos Church|Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos]] became the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar(year 7,000, according to the [[Byzantine Creation Era|Byzantine Date of Creation]]). *1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]]. *1516 Desiderius Erasmus publishes "[[w:Textus Receptus|Textus Receptus]]" of New Testament on the basis of six late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. *1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Martin Luther nails his ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to the door at Wittenburg, sparking Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria.*1522 Martin Luther's translates [[New Testament]] in German and principle of ''[[w:Sola scriptura|Sola Scriptura]]'' becomes formal principle of Protestant Reformation. *1526 [[Non-Possessors]] attack Tsar Vassily (Basil) III for divorcing his wife, and are driven underground. *1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.*1536 Publication of John Calvin's ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''. *1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia; formal founding of the 1529 First Ottoman [[w:Society Siege of JesusVienna|JesuitsSiege of Vienna]]. *1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives in Ethiopia.*1542 Ethiopians , marking Ottoman Empire's apex and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran end of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.*1547 Council of Trent held to answer the Protestant ReformationOttoman expansion in central Europe.
*1551 [[Council of the Hundred Chapters]] in Russia.
*1552 1555 Abp. Gurian begins mission to Kazan. *1557 Death of St[[Basil the Blessed]]. *1568 Pope Pius V recognizes four Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Eastern Church, [[John Chrysostom]], [[Basil the BlessedGreat]], [[Gregory the Theologian|Gregory of Nazianzus]], and [[Fool for ChristAthanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]]. *1555 Archbishop Gurian missionary in Kazan (until 1564)1569 [[w:Union of Lublin|Union of Lublin]] unites Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the [[w:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], placing the [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Orthodox lands of Belarus, and modern Ukraine under direct Roman Catholic rule. *1564 Jesuits arrive in Poland1571 Restoration of [[Church of Cyprus]] to Orthodox rule. *1569 Martyrdom 1573-81 Correspondence of StPatr. [[Philip Jeremias II (Tranos) of MoscowConstantinople|Philip, Metropolitan Jeremias II of MoscowConstantinople]], at the hands of Ivan IV Groznywith Lutherans. *1575 [[Church of Constantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]].*1581 Ostrozhsky Bible printed by Prince Kurbsky and Ivan Fedorov.
*1582 Institution of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Pope Gregory XIII.
*1589 1583 [[Sigillion of 1583]] issued against [[Gregorian Calendar]] by council convened in Constantinople. *1587-Present. The relatively modest [[Autocephalyw:Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the [[Church of RussiaConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1589 [[Autocephaly]] recognized; and [[primatecanonical territory]] of the [[Church of Russia]] styled recognized, as ''Patr. Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of [[patriarchPatriarch]]''of Moscow and of All Russia. *1596 [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Constantinople]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church. *ca. 1600-1700 Conversion of Albania to Islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, the ''Djize''. *1625 ''Confession of Faith'' by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written. *1627 Pope [[Cyril LukarisLucaris]] of Alexandria presents the famous [[Codex Alexandrinus]] to King Charles I of England for "safe keeping." *1633 Ethiopian emperor [[w:Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]] expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic missionaries from Ethiopia. *1642 [[Council of Jassy]] (Iaşi) revises [[Peter Mogila]]'s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain [[Deuterocanon|deuterocanonical ]] books. *1647 1646 [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] joins 63 Ruthenian Orthodox church erected in Tunisia.*1652 School and hospital established in Old Cairo by Patriarch Joannikiospriests from the Carpathian Mountains to Roman Catholic Church on terms similar to [[Union of Brest]]. *1652-1658 Patriarch [[Nikon of Moscow]] revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as the [[Old Believers]]. *1672 [[w:Synod of Jerusalem|Synod of Jerusalem]] convened by Patr. [[Dositheos II of Jerusalem|Dositheos Notaras]], refuting article by article the Calvinistic confession of [[Cyril Lucaris]], defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining the Orthodox Biblical canon; acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia). *1682 The ''Sabaite [[Typikon]]'' was published in its final form in Russia; from 1682 to 1888 the Greek and Russian Churches shared a common [[Typikon]]. *1685-87 The [[w:Slavic Greek Latin Academy|Slavic Greek Latin Academy]] is organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, under the guidance of two Greek brothers, [[Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud]], on the premises of the [[w:Zaikonospassky monastery|Zaikonospassky Monastery]] with over 70 students. *1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijingby [[Church of Russia]]. *1698 Consecration of the first Orthodox [[Church of China|Church in China]], in the name of Sophia (Divine Wisdom), when Emperor Kangxi ordered a Buddhist temple to be cleared for Russian inhabitants in Beijing.*1700 The ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' calendar in Russia, in use since AD 988 was changed to the [[Julian Calendar]] by Peter the Great; Peter the Great published an ''Ukase'' on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China by .*1700-02 Submission of the dioceses of Lemberg (Lviv) and Luzk (Lutsk) in the [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galician]] area of Ukraine to Roman Catholic Church completes [[Union of RussiaBrest-Litovsk]], so that two-thirds of the Orthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic. *1715 Metropolitan Metr. [[Arsenios of Thebaid]] sent to England by Pope [[Samuel of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-Juror]] Anglican bishops.*1715-1956 [[Russian Orthodox Mission in China|Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China]].*1716-25 Correspondence of Ecumenical Patriarch and Russian Czar with English Non-Jurors. *1721 Czar [[Peter I of Russia]] replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]]. *1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schism, in which many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s.*1760 1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar with the ''[Holy Trinity St[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]]'' (AD).*1731 Death of [[Innocent of Irkutsk]]. *1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]]. *1755 Synod of Constantinople declares Roman Catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from Roman Catholicism. *1756 ''[[Sigillion of 1756]]'' issued against the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Patr. Seraphim-Diveyevo Convent[[Cyril V of Constantinople]] founded in Russia. *1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida; Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] among claimants. *1767-1815 [[w:Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the Jesuits]] in Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, particularly in Russia. *1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland. *ca. 1770 About 1,200 Kiev region Uniate churches return to Orthodoxy under political pressure from Russia. *1774 Russia and Ottoman Empire sign [[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]], bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians. *1779 Death of St. [[Kosmas Aitolos]]. *1782 First publication of the ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1793-95 Over 2,300 Uniate churches became Orthodox under Tsarina Catherine the Great. *1794 [[Missionaries]], including St. [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of St. [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos. *1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] publishes ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice. *1798 Patriarch [[Anthimus of Jerusalem]] contended that the [[w:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] was part of the [[w:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] granted by [[God]] to protect [[Orthodoxy]] from the taint of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and of Western [[w:Secularism|secularism]] and [[w:Irreligion by country|irreligion]].*1800 ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens. *1809-10 Rotunda and edicule exterior 1805 Death of [[Church Macarius Notaras of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Corinth|Church Makarius of Corinth]], a central figure in the Holy Sepulchre[[Kollyvades Movement|Kollyvades]] rebuilt after fire in Ottoman Baroque stylemovement. *1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]]. *1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.
==Modern era (1821-1917)==
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))]]''*1821 Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence declared on the Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; execution martyrdom of Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation. *1823 Miracle-working icon of Panagia Evangelistria is excavated on the Greek island of Tinos, according to a vision from Stca. Pelagia, becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at 1830 [[Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)Slavophile movement]]begins in Russia. *1829 Treaty 1831 Return of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence3,000, culminating 000 [[Uniate]]s with the [[Orthodox Church]] at Vilnius in the creation of the modern Greek state1831. *1832 [[Church of Serbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]. *1833 [[Church of Greece]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; death of St. [[Seraphim of Sarov]]. *1847 Restoration 1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes [[w:Latin Patriarch Union of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate of JerusalemBrest-Litovsk]] by Pope Pius IXin all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-enter the Orthodox Church. *1848 ''[[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Filioque]] as [[heresy]], declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]." *1850 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Greece]]. *1851 Translation into English of [[Septuagint]] by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the keys to the [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]]. *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] permanent. *1853-56 [[w:Crimean War|Crimean War]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, begins beginning over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy Land. *1854 [[Immaculate Conception]] declared [[dogma ]] by [[Roman Catholic Church]]. *1859 [[w:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von Tischendorf]] discovers [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] at [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]].*1860 Death of [[Alexei Stepanovich Khomiakov|Alexei Khomiakov]], co-founder of the [[Slavophile movement]]. *1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks; death of [[Jacob Netsvetov]].*1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1867 Sale 1869 Russian synod authorizes corrected text of Alaska to United States[[Western Rite]] liturgy and Benedictine offices. *1870 [[Papal Infallibility]] declared [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] dogma necessary for salvation by the First Vatican Council. *1871 [[Nicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in Japan. *1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[phyletism]] to be [[heresy]]; [[Church of Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]] by a decree of the Sultan. *1875 Uniate diocese of [[w:Chełm|Chelm]] in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy. *1876 [[Theophan the Recluse]] begins issuing a translation of the ''[[Philokalia]]'' in Russian. *1879 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Serbia]]; death of St. [[Innocent of Alaska]]. *1881 Wave 1882 Synod of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migration Constantinople gives conditional approval to use of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices; [[Mitrophan Ji]] becomes the first Chinese ordained a priest in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)[[Church of China]]. *1885 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Romania]]; [[w:Revised Version|English Revised Version]] published; [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] officially removes all of [[Apocrypha]] from [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]]. *1888 ''[[Typikon]] of the Great Church of Christ'' is published with revised church services, prepared by Protopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch, while the ''Sabaite (monastic) [[Typikon]]'' continues to be used in Russia.*1889 Federation of [[w:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic Churches]], not in communion with Rome, at the [[w:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]]. *ca. 1890 ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' further revised by [[Theophan the Recluse]]. *1891 Death of [[Ambrose of Optina]]. *1895 Reply of Synod of Constantinople to Pope Leo XIII. *1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] deposed; [[Western Rite]] diocese organized in Czechoslovakia by [[Church of Russia]]. *1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]]. *1900 [[Chinese Martyrs of the Boxer RebellionChina|Martyrdom of Orthodox Christians]] in Chinese Boxer Rebellion(Yihetuan Movement). *1901 [[Evangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|"Evangelakia" riots]] in Athens Greece in November, over translations of [[New Testament]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (Modern) Greek]], resulting in fall of both government and Metropolitan of Athens. *1904 [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]], Bp. [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]], and Fr. [[John Kochurov]] to permit adaption of services taken from Anglican Book of Common Prayer for use by Orthodox people. *1905 Seat Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]; Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]] decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]] returning to [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America.*1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]. *1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]]; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of Russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from Book of Common Prayer and sets out criteria. *1908 Fr. [[Nikodemos Sarikas ]] sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans. *1908 Death of St. [[John of Kronstadt]]. *1912 Death of St. [[Nicholas of Japan]].*1915-18 [[w:Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide]] in Turkey.
==Communist era (1917-1991)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))]]''*1917 British forces capture Jerusalem from Ottoman Empire[[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; .*1917-40 [[w:Bolshevik RevolutionPersecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws Persecution of the [[Orthodox Church of in Russia]] into chaosbegins, with 130,000 priests arrested, 95, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America000 of whom were executed by firing squad. *1918 St. Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov]], Tsar of Russia murdered together with his wife St. [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children. *1919-1922 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Pontic Greek Genocide|Pontic Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond. *1920 Death of St. [[Nektarios of Aegina]]; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement. *1921 [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, and Patriarch of Alexandria with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as the ''Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and All Africa]]''; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] formed ; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow; [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague|Gorazd (Pavlik)]] consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia; an all-Ukrainian Synod is called in Kyiv and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is formeddeclared independent from the Moscow Patriarchate (MP).*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares [[autocephaly]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[Solovetsky Monastery]] converted by Lenin's decree to the [[w:British Mandate Solovki|"Solovki Special Purpose Camp"]], one of the earliest forced-labor camps of Palestinethe Gulag where 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of laity; the predominatly Christian city of [[w:Great Fire of Smyrna|British Mandate of PalestineSmyrna is destroyed]] begins, ending 1900 years of Christian civilization. *1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection.*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Poland]]; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire. *1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas; death of [[Tikhon of Moscow]]. *1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a [[Western Rite]] diocese in Poland of [[Church of Russia]] under Bp. Alexis of Grodno; [[John Maximovitch]] tonsured by [[ROCOR]] Metr. [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]]. *1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to Bishops of Russian church in America to be consecrated authorize formation of [[American Orthodox Catholic Church]], including a bishop [[Western Rite]] [[missionary]] outreach. *1929 Kingdom of Italy and Papacy ratify [[w:Lateran Treaty|Lateran Treaty]], recognizing sovereignty of Papacy within the African Orthodox Church; Orthodox Archbishopric new state of Johannesburg establishedthe [[w:Vatican City|Vatican City]]. *1931 Reception of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]]. *1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to [[Uganda ]] to meet [[Christopher Reuben Spartas|Reuben Spartas]], establishing African Orthodox Church there. *1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]]. *1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; episcopal consecration of [[John Maximovitch]]. *1935 Critical edition of [[Septuagint]] published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute); [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendar]] schism when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[Church of Greece]] stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act. *1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Church of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]. *1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using [[Western Rite]]. *1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[w:Great Purge|Great Purge]].
*1937 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Albania]].
*1938 Death of [[St. Vladimir's Silouan the Athonite]]; [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)Diocese]] and founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary Orestes (South Canaan, PennsylvaniaChornock)of Agathonikeia|Orestes Chornock]] founded; death , were received into the jurisdiction of Stthe Ecumenical Patriarchate. *1941 Martyrdom of [[Silouan the AthoniteGorazd (Pavlik) of Prague]]by Nazis. *ca. 1941-45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists kill 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. *1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the election of [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] as Patriarch patriarch of Moscow. *1943-44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] eliminated, tortured and drowned by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - [[w:Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian Rebel Army]], aided by [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of Nazi military units that were later condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal, and who was imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA. *1944 Fr. [[Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) of Saint-Denis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky)]] completes restoration of [[Divine Liturgy according to St. Germanus of Paris|Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris]]. *1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]. *1945-90 Persecution of the [[Church of Albania|Orthodox Church in Albania]]. *1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda.*1947 ; state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolves the [[Dead Sea ScrollsUnion of Brest-Litovsk]] are discovered near Qumran in Egyptand integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church into the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia. *1948 Establishment 1947 Death of [[w:State Alexis (Kabaliuk) of IsraelCarpathia|State of IsraelAlexei Kabalyiuk]] and end of , who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in [[w:British Mandate of PalestineZakarpattia Oblast|British Mandate of PalestineTranscarpathia]]; in the early 20th century. *1948 [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II); [[w:World Council of Churches|World Council of Churches]] is founded; Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Church]] from [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches. *1949 Soviet authorities revoke the [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] of 1646, creating the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow.*1950 [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a dogma. *1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]. *1952 New Monastery of Panagia Soumela built in -60 With the village of Kastania, [[w:Mau Mau Uprising|Mau-Mau Movement]] in MacedoniaKenya (''British East Africa Protectorate''), Greece, housing the wonderworking icon [[Orthodox Church]] is banished by the Colonial Government.*1953 Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of Panagia Soumela, becoming a center of religious pilgrimageNew York|Antony (Bashir)]] accepts three [[Western Rite]] parishes into Syrian Metropolitanate in America. *1957 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of China]]. *1958 Creation Patriarch of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and 1907 for use by [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the America; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North AmericaJohn Maximovitch]] with , who authorizes the reception use of multiple [[Western Rite]] parishes into Orthodoxythe restored Gallican rite. *1959 Archbishop Abp. [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; autocephaly granted to the [[Church of Ethiopia]] by Coptic Pope [[Cyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria]]. *1961 Creation of [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]]; death of [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Simferopol and Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes.*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Roman Catholic Church]], including restriction of ancient [[Tridentine Mass]] and introduction of the Novus Ordo. *1961 Death of St. [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first 1963 Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes. *1963 1900th ; 1000th anniversary celebration of martyrdom founding of [[Apostle MarkMount Athos]]; second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes. *1964 Meeting of Pope [[Paul VI of Rome]] and Patriarch Patr. [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] in Jerusalem; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov]] established by resolution of His Holiness Patriarch [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis I]] and the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]]. *1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the excommunications [[excommunication]]s of 1054.*1966 The [[w:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]] almost totally destroyed the young [[Church of China|Chinese Orthodox Church]].*1967 [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]] unilaterally declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Serbia]] (as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state, closing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1970 [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian-American Metropolia]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]], renamed as the Orthodox Church in America, returning control of [[Church of Japan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]]; glorification of [[Herman of Alaska|Herman of Alaska]] in separate services by the ROCOR and the OCA; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus]] baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya. *1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]] Greek Orthodox Theology Patriarchal School on Heybeliada Island near Istanbul closed by Turkish authorities.*1974 1600th anniversary of death of [[Athanasius the Great]]. *1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]]; Joint Commission of Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is established.*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland.
*1979 Pope [[John Paul II]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate.
*1979 Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]]. *1980 First plenary session of the International 1981 Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission meets for the Theological Dialogue first time in Patmos and RhodesEspoo, Finland. *1982 Second Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue publishes in Munich first official common document, ''"The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1984 Third Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue meets in Khania, Crete. *1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Divine Revelation."'' *1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1987 Fourth Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission issues common document ''"Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church"'' in Bari, Italy. *1987 Visit ; visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to Vatican. *1987 Group of twenty parishes of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former Campus Crusade for Christ leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and [[Jon Braun]], are received into [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]] in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues the Vaticanstatement ''"Scripture and Tradition."'' *1988 Millennial 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia.*1988 Fifth Joint Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the ; Orthodox Church and the -Roman Catholic Church meets in Valamo, Finland and Joint Commission publishes common document ''"The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"''; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. [[Daniel (Bambang Dwi) Byantoro|Daniel Byantoro]] begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there." *1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America.*1989 Glorification ; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''; glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon of Moscow]]; Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946. *1990 Sixth Joint Theological Commission session meets in Freising, Germany[[Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kiev Patriarchate]] (UOC-KP) self-proclaims its independance from the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|UAOC]] (both groups unrecognized).
==Post-Communist era (1991-Present)==
*1999 Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia destroyed and desecrated during NATO peacekeeping presence.
*2000 Eighth Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission session meets in Baltimore, discusses text on ''"The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism,"'', but is suspended; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Word and Sacraments (Mysteria) in the Life of the Church"''.*2001 [[Church of Armenia]] celebrates 1700th Anniversary of Christianity in Armenia (in 301 AD, King Tiridates III declared Christianity as Armenia’s state religion); Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for the Fourth Crusade; [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Non-Chalcedonian]] Patriarchates of Alexandria agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches. *2002 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation. "'' *2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by [[Church of Antioch]]; Coptic priest Fr. [[Zakaria Botros]] begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions. *2004 Pope [[John Paul II]] returns [[relics]] of Ss. [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to the [[Church of Constantinople]]; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission statement ''"Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Initiation into the Church."'' *2006 Pope [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of ConstantinopleBenedict XVI]] consecrates church in Havanavisits Ecumenical Patriarchate, Cuba; consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by drawing criticism from [[Church of RussiaMount Athos]]; Wonderworking Abp. [[Theotokos Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Tikhvin|Tikhvin IconAthens]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Holy Eucharist in the United StatesLife of the Church."'' *2006 Publication 2007 Restoration of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and Russian[[ROCOR]]; Pope synod of over 50 bishops of the [[Benedict XVIChurch of Ukraine]] drops announce that the UOC-MP is ''Patriarch "an autonomous, historical part of the WestRussian Orthodox Church"'' title and formally dismisses doctrine of Limbo; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; Ninth -Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches meets in BelgradeRavenna, Serbia; Pope Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents [[Benedict XVIw:Walter Kasper|Cardinal Walter Kasper]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from and Metr. [[Mount AthosJohn (Zizioulas) of Pergamon]], agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; Abp. Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) Church of AthensConstantinople|EP]] visits Vatican). *2007 Restoration of 2008 ''[[full communionOrthodox Study Bible]] between (with [[Moscow PatriarchateSeptuagint]]'') published; [http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=995&tla=en Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople] in October of the Primates of the fourteen Orthodox Churches, signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "''the continuation of preparations for the Holy and Great Council''".*2009 The 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13; Death of popular Elder [[ROCORJoseph of Vatopedi]], [[July 1]].
==Notes==
*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
*The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.
*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.
==See also==
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations]]
*[[History of Orthodox Missions]]
==Published works== The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history: '''From an Orthodox perspective''' * Angold, Michael (Ed.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&printsec=frontcover Eastern Christianity]''. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 722 pp. ISBN 9780521811132* [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] (Ecumenical Patriarch). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=citwDOTiWV8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today].'' Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130* [[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich]]. ''[http://www.svspress.com/product_info.php?products_id=203&osCsid=b1daf845e88be28003d36749c5127b7a The Orthodox Church].'' Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518 * Clark, Katherine. ''The Orthodox Church.'' '''Simple Guides: Religion (series)'''. Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (''Concise, accessible introduction'')* [[Olivier Clement|Clément, Olivier]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MhJGJbPKpz4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I].'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782* [[Georges Florovsky|Florovsky, Georges]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=UO1rAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Christianity and Culture].'' 2nd ed. Nordland Pub. Co., 1974. 245 pp. (ISBN 0913124044; ISBN 9780913124048)* Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ufw_AAAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time].'' Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)* Maloney, George A. (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976. * Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=khL2qJ7gLPwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition].'' InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''. * Tsai, Kathryn (Dr.). ''A Timeline of Eastern Church History.'' [[St. John of San Francisco Monastery (Manton, California)|Divine Ascent Press]], CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924 * [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)* [[Meletios (Webber)|Webber, Meletios]] (Archimandrite). ''[http://www.conciliarpress.com/bread-water-wine-oil.html Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God].'' Conciliar Press. 2007.<br>* Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vc0wBCU70NwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200]''. '''The Church in History Vol. I: Part I'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199* [[John Meyendorff|Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John]]. ''Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD''. '''The Church in History Vol. II'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563* Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205* Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587
'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective''' * Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399) * Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122) * Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994) * Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057) * Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166) * Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295) * Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_MH-_ZQuZrgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity].'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins].'' Cambridge 2006.* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church.''. (ISBN 0198264569) * Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105) * Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X) * [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803) * Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X) * Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)
* Walton, Robert C. ''Chronological and Background Charts of Church History''. (ISBN 0310362814)
==External links== *[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church] *History of Orthodox Christianity ''(QuickTime movies)'' ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] - Journey begins with the founding of the Church, the spread of Christianity to "nations" by the Apostles, the Gospel and the institution of Sacraments ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] - After the stabilization of the Church, the journey continues through the period of the Nicene Creed, Patristic Scriptures, Divine Liturgy and Icons. During this same period, however, the official division of East and West is witnessed and concludes with a gradual rift in matters of faith, dogma, church customs, politics and culture ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] - The Church becomes the only institution perceived by Greeks as the preserver *[http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/ Timeline of their national identity during 400 years Patriarchal History]. Order of Turkish ruleSt. By Andrew the end Apostle. Archons of the 19th centuryEcumenical Patriarchate. ''(Pop-up Video Presentation, a worldwide Orthodox community is born and the Church expands its influence to major social and philanthropic concernsin Sections)'' *[[Categoryw:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]][[Category:Featured Articles]]
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