8,921
edits
Changes
→Estrangement and Schism: 1409;
*1379 Beginning of Western "Great Schism," during which there are eventually 3 rival popes.
*1341-1351 [[Ninth Ecumenical Council|Councils in Constantinople]] vindicate [[Gregory Palamas|Palamite]] theology of hesychasm against [[Barlaam of Calabria|Barlaamist]] philosophy.
*1409 [[w:Council of Pisa|Council of Pisa]] is convened and presided over by [[w:Gui de Maillesec|Cardinal de Malesset]], [[w:Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina|Bishop of Palestrina]], and attended by 4 Latin patriarchs, 22 cardinals, 80 bishops and hundreds of lower clergy, whereby both reigning Popes Gregory XII of Rome and Benedict XIII of Avignon were deposed as heretics, being a recognition of the fact that Patriarchs and Popes were subordinate to the Councils of the Church.<ref>Stavros L. K. Markou. ''[http://prophecyhistory.com/?q=printpdf/307 An Orthodox Christian Historical Timeline].'' Retrieved: 25 February 2015.</ref><ref>Rev. A. H. Hore. ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924029361890 Eighteen centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church].'' London: James Parker & Co. 1899. p. 464.</ref>
*1414-1418 Council of Constance ends Western "Great Schism;" this council emphasized the [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over the authority of the pope.
*1415 The 13th Session of the [[w:Council of Constance|Council of Constance]] (June 15, 1415) decreed that the administering of the [[w:Communion under both kinds|Eucharist in Both Kinds]] to the [[Laity]] was to be forbidden, and that the [[Laity]] should receive the [[Eucharist]] under one kind only, that of the Bread, even though the Council itself noted that: ''"[[Christ]] instituted and administered to his disciples this venerable sacrament under both kinds of bread and wine; and that it was received by the faithful in the primitive church under both kinds."''<ref>Prof. Archibald Bower (Esq.) and Rev. Samuel Hanson Cox (D.D.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=NSbSAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The History of the Popes: From the Foundation of the See of Rome to A.D. 1758, Volume 3].'' Philadelphia: Griffith & Simon, 1845. pp.188-190.</ref><ref>Papal Encyclicals Online. [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum16.htm Council of Constance 1414-18: SESSION 13 - 15 June 1415].</ref><ref group="note">The Council also stated that no priest, under pain of excommunication, may communicate the people under the forms of both bread and wine:<br>
