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assigning the appellation (called "the Terrible") to the correct Ivan, IV.
The idea of Moscow being the '''Third Rome''' was popular since the early Russian Tsars. Within decades after the [[Fall of Constantinople]] to Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on [[May 29]], 1453, some were nominating Moscow as the "Third Rome," or new "New Rome." Stirrings of this sentiment began during the reign of Ivan III (called "the Terrible"), Grand Duke of Moscow, who had married Sophia Paleologue. Sophia was a niece of [[Constantine XI]], the last Eastern Roman Emperor, and Ivan could claim to be the heir of the fallen Eastern Roman Empire.
It is noteworthy that before Ivan III, Stefan Dušan, king of Serbia, and Ivan Alexander, king of Bulgaria, both related to the Byzantine dynasty, facing the decline of the Byzantine empire in the XIV century, made similar claims. Bulgarian manuscripts advanced the idea that Trnovo, the capital of the Bulgarian empire, was the new Constantinople. These plans were never realized as the Ottomans defeated Serbs at Kosovo Polje in 1389, and put an end to the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396 with the occupation of the Despotate of Vidin. However, the rhetoric developed to this respect earlier in Trnovo was imported to Moscow by [[Cyprian of Moscow|Cyprian]], a [[clergy]]man of Bulgarian origin, who became [[Metropolitan]] of Moscow in 1381.
Since Roman princesses had married Tsars of Moscow, and, since Russia had become, with the fall of Byzantium, the most powerful Orthodox Christian state, the tsars were thought of as succeeding the Byzantine Emperor as the rightful ruler of the (Christian) world. The word ''tsar'', like ''kaiser'', is derived from the word ''caesar''.
Grand Duke Ivan IV (called "the Terrible") was proclaimed the first Russian Tsar on [[January 16]], 1547. On [[November 2]], 1721, Peter I restyled himself as ''Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia''. The new title was supposed to reflect both the traditional claims of his predecessors and his success in establishing Imperial Russia as a new European power.
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