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[[Image:Raphael_Morgan.jpg|right|frame|An undated photographSource: ''The Daily Gleaner'' (Kingston, Jamaica). [[July 22]], 1913.]]{{orthodoxyinamerica}}Very Rev . '''Raphael Morgan''' (born '''Robert Josias Morgan) (186?''', 186x/187? 187x - ?19xx) was a Jamaican-American [[priest]] of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], designated as '' '"[[Missionary|Priest-Apostolic]]" to America and the West Indies' ({{el icon}}: Ιεραποστολος)'',<ref group="note">According to Fr. Raphael's biography in the ''Who's Who of the Colored Race'', 1915, after he was ordained to the priesthood:<br>:"...at a special service he was duly commissioned [[Missionary|Priest-Apostolic]] from the Ecumenical and Patriarchal Throne of Constantinople to America and the West Indies."<br>(Mather, Frank Lincoln. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RFZ2AAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent].'' University of Michigan. Gale Research Co., 1915. p.226.)</ref><ref>Robert A. Hill, Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association. ''Letter Denouncing Marcus Garvey.'' In: '''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=CKJrUKdSZwkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: 1826-August 1919].''' University of California Press, 1983. pg.197.</ref> later the founder and superior of the ''Order of the Cross of [[Golgotha]]'',<ref group="note" name="Order">The ''"Order of...",'' could be any number of things including: # an honorarium bestowed upon him for service done in the Church;# an entitling which lets others know of his special mission in the Patriarchate/Diocese etc.;# a Society of monastics which transcends, because of rare circumstances, physical location; # it is also possible that this was a monastic brotherhood formed for Black Orthodox Christians, since Morgan was referred to as the ''“founder and superior”'' of that religious fraternity, although the formation of formal monastic orders is not traditionally practiced in the Orthodox tradition. The [[Orthodox Church]] does not have separate Orders (Franciscan, Carmelite etc.) each with an entirely independent rule/ethos of life.<br> Despite being mentioned on many occasions in association with Morgan, no other material has ever been found on the ''Order of the Cross of [[Golgotha]]''.</ref> and thought to be the first black Black Orthodox clergyman in America.  He spoke broken Greek, and therefore served mostly in English. Having recently been discovered, his life has garnered great interest, but much of his life still remains shrouded in mystery.  Fr . Raphael is said to have resided all over the world, including : "in Palestine, Syria, Joppa, Greece, Cyprus, MiyleneMytilene, Chios, Sicily, Crete, Egypt, Russia, Ottoman Turkey, Austria, Germany, England, France, Scandinavia, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Switzerland, Bermuda, and the United States."<ref name=MATHER>Mather, Frank Lincoln. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RFZ2AAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent].'' University of Michigan. Gale Research Co., 1915. pp.226-227.</ref>

Robert Josias Morgan was born in Chapelton, Clarence Parish, Jamaica either in the late 1860s or early 1870s to Robert Josias and Mary Ann (née Johnson) Morgan. He was born six months after his father's death, and named in his honour.Robert was raised in the Anglican tradition and was received elementary schooling locally.<ref name="MATHER"/>  In his teenage years he travelled to Colón, Panama, then to British Honduras, back to Jamaica, and then to the United States. He became a minister in the [[w:African Methodist Episcopal Church|African Methodist Episcopal Church]] (AME) and left as a [[missionary]] to Germany.<ref name="MATHER"/> ===Period in the Church of England===He then came to England, where he joined the [[w:Church of England|Church of England]] and was sent to Sierra Leona to the [[w:Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] Grammar School at Freetown. He studied Greek, Latin, and other higher-level subjects. Being poor, Robert had to work to support himself, and worked as second master of a public school in Freetown. He took course in the Church Missionary Society [[w:Fourah Bay College|College at Fourah Bay]] in Freetown, and was soon appointed a missionary teacher and [[w:Lay reader|lay-reader]] by the Episcopalian [[Bishop]] of Liberia, the Right Reverend [[w:Samuel David Ferguson|Samuel David Ferguson]].<ref name="MATHER"/> Robert later said during a trip to Jamaica in 1901 that he served five years in West Africa, of which he spent three years in missionary work.<ref name="West Africa">''The Daily Gleaner''. ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id10.html West Africa]''. October 9, 1901. p.7.</ref> After this Robert again visited England for private study, and then travelled to America to work amongst the African-American community as a lay-reader. He was accepted as a Postulant and as candidate for the Episcopalian [[deacon]]ate. During the canonical period of waiting period before ordination, Robert again returned to England to study at Saint Aidan's Theological College in [[w:Birkenhead|Birkenhead]], and finally prosecuted his studies at [[w:King's College London|King's College]] of the University of London.<ref name="MATHER"/> The colleges however do not contain records of his attendance.<ref group="note">It is possible that he academically audited the courses, attending the classes without receiving a formal grade.</ref>  ===Period in the Episcopal Church===He returned to America, and on [[June 20]], 1895 was [[ordination|ordained]] as [[deacon]]<ref group="note">Fr. Raphael's name is given on a list of Black Episcopal ordinations as follows: ''"1895: Robert Josias Morgan, d. June 20, Coleman; deposed; went abroad and was made a priest in Greek Church."'' (Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). ''Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present''. In: '''[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofafroame00brag History of the Afro-American group of the Episcopal church (1922)].''' Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Press, 1922. p.273.)</ref> by the Rt. Rev. [[w:Leighton Coleman|Leighton Coleman]],<ref>The ''New York Times''. ''[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D0DE1DF1639E333A25756C1A9649D946697D6CF Bishop Coleman of Delaware Dies].'' Sunday December 15, 1907. Page 13. (Obituary)</ref> Bishop of the [[w:Episcopal Diocese of Delaware|Episcopalian Diocese of Delaware]], and a well-known opponent of racism. Robert was appointed honorary curate in St Matthews' Church in Wilminton, Delaware, serving there from 1896 to 1897,<ref name=WHITE>White, Gavin. ''Patriarch McGuire and the Episcopal Church.'' In: Randall K. Burkett and Richard Newman (Eds.). '''Black Apostles: Afro-American Clergy Confront the Twentieth Century.''' G. K. Hall, 1978. pp.151-180.</ref> and procured a job as a teacher for a few public schools in Delaware. From 1897 he served at Charleston, West Virginia.<ref name="WHITE"/>

In 1898, the deacon Robert (Rev. R.J. Morgan) was raised transferred to the Missionary Jurisdiction of Ashville (now in the Anglican tradition and [[w:Episcopal Diocese of Western North Carolina|Diocese of Western North Carolina]]). By 1899 he was received elementary schooling locallylisted as being assistant minister at [http://www.diocesewnc.org/index. In his teenage years he travelled to Colón, Panama, then to British Hondurasphp?content=300.00&city=Morganton St. Stephen's Chapel] in Morganton, back to JamaicaNorth Carolina, and then to the United States[http://www.asecnc.org/StCyp.html St. He became a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Cyprian's Church and left as a [[missionary]] to Germanyin Lincolnton, North Carolina.<ref>Lumsden, Joy, MA (Cantab), PhD (UWI). ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id1.html Father Raphael: His Background and then came to EnglandCareer].'' September 29, where he joined the 2007.</ref><ref group="note">St. Cyprian's Episcopal Church of England and was sent to Sierra Leona to the established in 1886. The church once stood on West Church Missionary Society Grammar School at Freetownin Lincolnton. He studied GreekThe property consisted of a church, Latina parsonage, and other higher-level subjects. Being poor, Robert had to work to support himself, and worked a building used as second master of a public school. He took course in The church was torn down during the Church Missionary Society College at Fourah Bay, 1970's. The church remained primarily black and was soon appointed a missionary teacher and lay-reader by the Episcopalian not integrated until 1979. (Jason L. Harpe. ''[[Bishophttp://books.google.ca/books?id=UJx5c2FRfosC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Lincoln County Revisited]] of Liberia.'' Illustrated. Arcadia Publishing, 2003. pg.18.)</ref>

After some time, Robert again visited England for private studyIn 1901-1902 Rev. R. J. Morgan made a visit to his homeland Jamaica. In October 1901 he gave an address to the Jamaica Church Missionary Union, on West Africa and then America to mission work amongst the African-American community as a lay-reader. <ref name="West Africa"/> He was accepted as also gave a Postulant and as candidate for the Episcopalian lecture in [[deaconw:Port Maria|Port Maria]]ate. During the waiting period, Robert again returned to England to study at Saint AidenJamaica in October 1902, entitled ''s Theological College in Birkenhead"Africa - lts people, Tribes, Idolatry, but prosecuted his studies at KingCustoms."''<ref>''The Daily Gleaner''s College of the University of London. He returned to America, and on June 20 on the same year was ''[[ordination|ordainedhttp://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id10.html Port Maria: A Lecture]] by the Rt Rev Coleman''. October 7, Bishop of the Episcopalian Diocese of Delaware1902. p. Robert was appointed honorary curate in St Matthews's Church in Wilminton, and procured a job as a teacher for a few public schools29.</ref>

In 1898, the deacon Robert was transferred to the Missionary Jurisdiction of Ashville in western North Carolina. By the next year he was listed as being assistant minister at St Stephen's Chapel in Morganton and St Cyprian's Church in Lincolnton. Between 1900 and 19051906, Robert moved around much of the Eastern seaboard. From 1902 to 1905 Deacon Morgan served at Richmond, serving Virginia; in Delaware1905 at Nashville, Charleston Tennessee; and by 1906 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with his address care of the ''[http://www.crucifixionphiladelphia.org/#/home Church of the Crucifixion]''.<ref name="WHITE"/><ref group="note">The [http://www.crucifixionphiladelphia.org/#/home Church of the Crucifixion] is the second-oldest African-American congregation in Pennsylvania (South Carolina''after the [http://www.aecst.org/home.htm African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas], the oldest Black Episcopal congregation in the country''), Richmond (Virginia)the sixth oldest in the country, Nashville (Tennessee)and first Black parish formally admitted into union with Convention in 1847. A major Black cultural center in the late 19th and into the 20th Century, until finally ending up the Church of the Crucifixion played many key roles in African-American history for the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvaniaand the country.</ref>

At some point, during this period he joined an off-shoot of the Episcopalian Church, known as the ''"American Catholic Church"'' (''ACC''), a sect founded by [[w:Joseph René Vilatte|Joseph René Vilatte]].<ref group="note">The ''"American Catholic Church"'' (ACC) included the jurisdictions and groups which had come out of [[w:Joseph René Vilatte|Joseph René Vilatte's]] Episcopal ministry or were under his oversight. Among them were French and English speaking constituencies, and Polish and Italian ordinariates. The ACC began on August 20, 1894, at a synod held in Cleveland, Ohio, where Polish-speaking parishes joined the jurisdiction of Bishop Vilatte, however the ACC was actually incorporated in July 1915. </ref> He is listed in the records of the Episcopal Church of the USA as late as 1908, when he was suspended from ministry on the allegations of abandoning his post.

===Trip to Russia===By the turn of the 20th century, Robert already seriously began to question his faith, and began to intensive study of Anglicanism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy over a three year period, to find discover what he felt was the true religion. He decided on Orthodoxyconcluded that the Orthodox Church was "the pillar and ground of truth", resigned from the Episcopalian Church, and embarked on a an extensive trip to Russiaabroad beginning in the [[w:Russian Empire|Russian Empire]] in 1904.<ref name="MATHER"/>

Once there, Robert visited various [[monastery|monasteries]] and churches, including sites in Odessa, St. Petersburg, Moscow and [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev]], soon becoming quite the sensation. Sundry periodicals began publishing pictures and articles on him, and soon Robert became the Special Guest of the Tsar, which . He was allowed him to be present for the anniversary celebrations of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II's]] coronation, and the [[Memorial Services|memorial service]] said for the repose of the soul of the late Emperor Alexander III. Leaving Russia, Robert traveled Turkey, Cyprus, and the <ref>''The Daily Gleaner.'' ''[[Holy Land]], returning to America and writing an article to the http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id3.html Priest''Russian-American s Visit: Father Raphael of Greek Orthodox MessengerChurch: His Extensive Travels].'' in 1904 about his experience in RussiaJuly 22, 1913.</ref>

For three yearsLeaving Russia, Robert studied under Greek priests for his traveled Turkey, Cyprus, and the [[baptismHoly Land]], returning to America and writing an article to the ''Russian-American Orthodox Messenger'' (''Vestnik'') in 1904 about his experience in Russia. In January of 1906this open letter, Morgan expressed hope that the Anglican Church could unite with the Orthodox Churches, clearly moved by his experience in Russia.<ref group="note">Upon Morgan's departure from Russia, he is documented as wrote a letter, which was reprinted in the October/November 1904 English supplement to the ''assistingVestnik'' in (Russian Orthodox American Messenger), the official publication of the Christmas [[Divine LiturgyOrthodox Church in America|liturgyRussian Archdiocese in America]]. As Here is the text of that letter:<br>:I, Robert Josias Morgan, a legally consecrated cleric of the American Episcopal Church, find it necessary to make it publicly known, that I am not a Bishop, as it was announced in some magazines and daily papers…<br>:… I am not a Bishop, but a legally consecrated deacon. I came to Russia in no way to represent anything, and I was not sent by anybody. I came as a simple tourist, chiefly with the object to see the churches and the monasteries of this country, to enjoy the ritual and the service of the holy Orthodox Church, about which I heard so much abroad. And I am perfectly satisfied with everything I saw and witnessed.<br>:The piety and the fear of God amongst the Russian clergy, both superior and lower, and of the lay people in general are too great to be spoken of. I like Russia, and as to the people I have simply grown to love them for their gentleness, their politeness, their amiability and kindness. It would seem as if the Christian religion penetrated the whole life of the people. This can be observed both in the private home life and the social life. You have but to go to Church in this country, and you immediately see, that there is nothing too valuable for the people to be offered to God. Note how they pray, how patiently they stand through the long Church services…<br>:Now, having spent here about a month, I leave your country with a feeling of profound gratitude and take back to North America all the good impressions I received here. And when there were no I shall speak boldly and loudly about the brotherly feelings entertained here in the bosom of the holy Orthodox Church towards its [[seminaryw:Episcopal Church (United States)|seminariesAnglican sister of North America]] in America until 1911, and about the prayers which are offered here daily for the union of all the [[Catholic]] Christendom.<br>:My constant humble prayer is for the union of all Churches, and especially the union of the Anglican faith with the Orthodox [[Church of Russia]]. I solicited the Metropolitans and the Bishops to grant me their blessing in 1907 Robert was sent regard to Constantinople with two letters: this prayer and obtained it. Now I pray daily and eagerly for a better mutual understanding between the character and their union. God grant a recommendation from blessing to this cause and a Fr Demetrios Petritis for his baptism hearing to our prayers and supplications. Let us solicit the prayers of the Saints. Let us seek the intercession of the holy [[ordinationTheotokos|Mother of God]] into priesthood. Virgin Mary, pray for us!<br>:In conclusion I must say, that my stay in Russia did me personally much good: I feel now firmer and stronger spiritually than I did before I came.<br>:God bless the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church of this country! God bless the Emperor and all the reigning family! God grant them a letter long life, peace and prosperity!<br>:I am sincerely yours in God and in the name of support from Mary,<br>:Robert Josias Morgan.<br>(Matthew Namee. ''"[http://orthodoxhistory.org/?cat=58 Robert Josias Morgan visits Russia, 1904]."'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Chrisitan History in the Greek community Americas). September 15, 2009.)</ref> People of that parish that stated he could serve African descent were generally well-received within the Russian Empire, Morgan believed. [[w:Abram Petrovich Gannibal|Abram Hannibal]] had served under Emperor Peter the Great, and rose to lieutenant general in the Russian Army. Visiting artists, foreign service officials, and athletes, such as an assistant priest if he failed famous horse jockey [[w:James Winkfield|Jimmy Winkfield]], were likewise welcomed. With his experience of Russia and Russian Orthodoxy fresh in his mind, Morgan returned to set up the United States and continued his spiritual quest.<ref name=Oliver>Fr. Oliver Herbel. ''Morgan, Raphael.'' '''[http://www.mywire.com/a Black church/African-American-National-Biography/Morgan-Raphael/9463563?&pbl=27 The African American National Biography]''' at '''mywire.com'''. 1-Jan-2008.</ref>

===Study and Trip to Ecumenical Patriarchate===For another three years, Robert was interviewed by studied under Greek priests for his [[Metropolitanbaptism]] Joachim of Pelagonia, one <ref name="MATHER"/> eventually deciding to seek entry and ordination in the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of the few bishops America|Greek Orthodox Church]]. In January of 1906, he is documented as ''assisting'' in the Christmas [[Ecumenical PatriarchateDivine Liturgy|liturgy]] that could speak English. <ref group="note">The ''Philadelphia Inquirer'' reported on [[metropolitanJanuary 8]] concluded , 1906, that ''“Rev. R.J. Morgan of the American Catholic Church, an off-shoot of the Protestant Episcopal Church, assisted.”''</ref> In 1907 the Philadephia Greek community referred Robert should be baptisedto the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] in Constantinople armed with two letters of support. One was a recommendation from Fr. Demetrios Petrides, chrismatedthe Greek priest then serving the Philadelphia community, ordaineddated [[June 18|18 June]] 1907, who described Morgan as a man sincerely coming into Orthodoxy after long and sent back to America in order to diligent study, and recommending his baptism and [[ordination]] into the priesthood. The second letter of support was from the "Ecclesiastical Committee"carry the light of the Philadelphia Greek Orthodox Church, stating he could serve as an assistant priest if he failed to form a separate Orthodox faith parish among his racial brothersfellow Black Americans.<ref group=". In early August, Robert was baptised Raphael before 3000 people, and on note">Summaries of the two letters are given in the feast Synodal Minutes of the [[DormitionJuly 19|19 July]] of the , 1907, presided over by Patriarch [[TheotokosJoachim III of Constantinople|Joachim III]], ordained a priestwho introduced the subject of Morgan's baptism and ordination. As is stated in the second letter, Morgan's goal was to establish an Orthodox community of Blacks (''' ''"...να πηξη ιδιαν ορθοδοξον κοινοτητα μεταξυ των εν Αμερικη ομοφυλων αυτου Νιγρητων..."'' ''').</ref>

Fr Raphael In Constantinople, Robert was sent back to America with vestmentsinterviewed by [[Metropolitan]] [[Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia]], one of the few bishops of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] that could speak English and among the most learned of the Constantinopolitan hierarchs of that time. Metropolitan Joachim examined Robert, noting that he had a ''"deep knowledge of the teachings of the Orthodox Church", '' and that he also had a crosscertificate from the President of the Methodist Community, duly notarized, stating that he was a man ''"of high calling and 20 pounds sterlingof a religious life". He was allowed ''<ref name=MANOLIS>Manolis, Paul G. ''Raphael (Robert) Morgan: The First Black Orthodox Priest in America''. '''Theologia: Epistēmonikon Periodikon Ekdidomenon Kata Trimēnian'''. (En Athenais: Vraveion Akadēmias Athēnōn), 1981, vol.52, no.3, pp.464-480.</ref> Citing the Biblical exhortation ''"...the one who comes to hear Me I will certainly not cast out"'' (John 6:37), the [[confessionsmetropolitan]] concluded that Robert should be [[Baptism|baptised]], but denied [[ChrismChrismation|Holy Chrismchrismated]] and an , [[antimensionOrdination|ordained]], presumably and sent back to attach his missionary ministry America in order to ''"carry the light of the Philadelphia churchOrthodox faith among his racial brothers".''

Once home===Baptism and Ordination===[[File:Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia.jpg|left|thumb|125px|Metr. [[Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia]], around Fr. Raphael's ordaining bishop.]]On Friday [[August 2]], 1907 the fall [[Holy Synod]] approved that the [[Baptism]] take place the following Sunday in the ''Church of the Lifegiving Source'' at the [[w:Church of St. Mary of the Spring (Istanbul)|Patriarchal Monastery]] at Valoukli, in Constantinople.<ref group="note">The Patriarchal Monastery at Valoukli is where the cemetery with the graves of the [[List of Patriarchs of Constantinople|Patriarchs]] is found.</ref> Metropolitan [[Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia]] was to officiate at the sacrament, and the [[Godparent|sponsor]] was to be Bishop Leontios (Liverios) of Theodoroupolis, Abbott of the Monastery at Valoukli. On Sunday August 4, 1907, Fr Robert was baptised "Raphael baptised his wife " before 3000 people;<ref name="MATHER"/> subsequently he was ordained a [[deacon]] on [[August 12]], 1907 by Metropolitan Joachim; and childrenfinally ordained a [[Presbyter|priest]] on the feast of the [[Dormition]] of the [[Theotokos]], [[August 15]], 1907. <ref group="note">In 1909a letter from the Chief Archivist of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, dated [[April 4]], his wife filed for divorce1973, on it was confirmed that the alleged charges records of cruelty the Patriarchate show that Morgan was baptized and failure renamed "Raphael". (Manolis, Paul G. ''Raphael (Robert) Morgan: The First Black Orthodox Priest in America''. '''Theologia: Epistēmonikon Periodikon Ekdidomenon Kata Trimēnian'''. (En Athenais: Vraveion Akadēmias Athēnōn), 1981, vol.52, no.3, pp.467.)</ref> According to support their childrenthe contemporary [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] periodical ''L'Echo d' Orient'', which sarcastically described Morgan's Baptism of triple immerson, the Metropolitan conducted the sacraments of Baptism and Ordination in the English language, following which Fr. Raphael chanted the [[Divine Liturgy]] in English.<ref>''Une Conquete du Patriarcat Oecumenique.'' ''' ''Echos d'Orient'' '''. Vol. XI. No.68, 1908, pp.55-56.</ref> Fr. She left with their son Cyril Raphael Morgan's conversion to Delaware County, where she remarriedthe Greek Orthodox Church made him the first African American Orthodox priest.

Two years later, Fr . Raphael sailed was sent back to CyprusAmerica with vestments, presumably to be tonsured a [[monkcross]], and 20 pounds sterling for his traveling expenses. Interestingly, he He was allowed to remain a priesthear [[Confession|confessions]], but denied [[Chrism|Holy Chrism]] and an [[antimension]], presumably to attach his missionary ministry to the Philadelphia church. Possibly somewhere around this timeThe minutes of the Holy Synod from [[October 2]], 1907, he founded made it clear in fact that Fr. Raphael was to be under the Order jurisdiction of the Cross Rev. Petrides of GolgothaPhiladelphia, until such time as he had been trained in liturgics and was able to establish a separate Orthodox parish.<ref name="MANOLIS"/>

Near ===Return to America===[[File:ALEXANDER-VICTOR-CARTIER.jpg|right|thumb|125px|Rev. Alexander C. Victor Cartier, 8th Rector of ''The African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas'' (1906–1912).]]Ellis Island records indicate the end arrival in New York from Naples, Italy, of 1913the priest, Fr Raphael visited his homeland of JamaicaRaffaele Morgan, in December 1907.<ref>Lumsden, staying for several month until sometime the next yearJoy. ''[http://jamaicanhistorymonth2007.moonfruit. While therecom/#/father-raphael/4520858082 Robert Josias Morgan, he met a group of Syriansaka Father Raphael].'' '''Jamaican History Month 2007.''' February 16, who were complaining of a lack of Orthodox church on the island2007. </ref> Once home, Fr . Raphael did baptized his best to contact wife and children in the Orthodox Church. This is noted in the Syrian-American diocese minutes of the Russian church, writing to St Holy Synod of [[Raphael of BrooklynFebruary 9]], but as most 1908, which acknowledges receipt of their descendants are now communicants in the Episcopal Church, this presumably came to no availa communication from Fr. In December, a Russian warship came to port, and he concelebrated the Divine Liturgy with the sailors, their chaplain, and his new-found SyriansRaphael.

The main work last mention of Fr. Raphael in Patriarchal records is in the minutes of the Holy Synod of [[November 4]], 1908, which cite a letter from Fr. Raphael recommending an Anglican priest of his visitPhiladelphia, howevernamed "A.C.V. Cartier", <ref group="note">A.C.V. Cartier was ordained to the Episcopal deaconate by Bishop [[w:Charles Quintard|Charles Quintard]] in 1895, and ordained to the Episcopal priesthood in the same year by Bishop Quintard. (Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). ''Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present''. In: '''[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofafroame00brag History of the Afro-American group of the Episcopal church (1922)].''' Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Press, 1922. p.273.)</ref> as a candidate for conversion to Orthodoxy and ordination as a lecture circuit that he ran throughout Jamaicapriest. Cartier was rector of the [http://www.aecst.org/home.htm African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas], in Philadelphia, from 1906-12.<ref group="note">[[George Alexander McGuire]] was rector of The African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas in Philadelphia from 1902-05. He was succeeded as rector by A.C.V. Citing a lack Cartier (1906-12), the man whom Morgan recommended to the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] for Orthodox churchesordination.</ref> Saint Thomas' served the African American elite of Philadelphia and was one of the most prestigious congregations in African American Christianity, having been started in 1794 by [[w:Absalom Jones|Absalom Jones]], one of the founders, together with [[w:Richard Allen (bishop)|Richard Allen]], Fr Raphael would speak at churches of various denominationthe [[w:w:African Methodist Episcopal Church|African Methodist Episcopal Church]].<ref name=Martin>Tony Martin. ''[http://books.google. The topics would usually cover his travelsca/books?id=NgIYlUbaoAoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false McGuire, George Alexander].'' '''Encyclopedia of the Holy LandHarlem Renaissance'''. Volume 2. Cary D. Wintz, Paul Finkelman (Eds.). Taylor & Francis, and Holy Orthodoxy2004. p.776. At some point</ref> According to the letter, he even made it Cartier desired as an Orthodox priest to undertake missionary work among his hometown fellow blacks. Due to the fact that the jurisdiction over the Greek Church of Chapeltonthe [[diaspora]] had been ceded by the Ecumenical Patriarchate to the [[Church of Greece]] in 1908, the request was forwarded there. However according to whom he remarked Greek-American historian Paul G. Manolis, a search of the Archives of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece did not turn up any correspondence with Fr. Raphael. His letter about A.C.V. Cartier is the only indication we have from Church records of his missionary efforts among his people.<ref name change, ="I will always be Robert to youMANOLIS"./>

The last documentation of Fr Raphael comes from a letter to the ''Daily Gleaner'' on [[October 4]]In 1909, 1916. Hehis wife filed for divorce, representing a group of like-minded Jamaican-Americans, wrote in to protest on the lectures alleged charges of Black Nationalist Marcus Garvey. Garvey's views on Jamaicacruelty, they felt, were damaging infidelity and failure to both the reputation of support their homeland and its peoplechildren. Garvey's response came ten days laterShe left with their son Cyril to Delaware County, in which he called the letter a conspiratorial fabrication meant to undermine the success and favour he had gained while in Jamaica and in the United Stateswhere she remarried.

===Monastic Tonsure===In 1911 Fr. Raphael sailed to Cyprus, presumably to be tonsured a [[hieromonk]]. Possibly somewhere around this time, he founded the ''Order of the Cross of [[Golgotha]]'' (O.C.G.).<ref group="note" name="Order"/> However, Fr. Oliver Herbel ([[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|AOC]]) has suggested that in 1911 Fr. Raphael was [[Tonsure|tonsured]] in Athens.<ref>Fr. Oliver Herbel ([[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|AOC]]). ''[http://www.ocanews.org/Herbeljurisdiction4.22.09.html Jurisdictional Disunity and the Russian Mission].'' '''Orthodox Christians for Accountability'''. [[April 22]], 2009.</ref> As is noted above however, the Archives of the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Greece]] contain no information about Fr. Raphael. ===Lecture Tour in Jamaica===The ''Jamaica Times'' article of [[April 26]], 1913, wrote that Fr. Raphael was headquartered at Philadelphia where he wanted to build a chapel for his missionary efforts, that he had recently visited Europe to collect funds to this end, and had the intention of extending his work to the West Indies.<ref>''The Jamaica Times''. ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id1.html Only Negro Who is a Greek Priest].'' April 26, 1913.</ref> Near the end of 1913, Fr. Raphael visited his homeland of Jamaica, staying for several months until sometime the next year. While there, he met a group of Syrians, who were complaining of a lack of Orthodox churches on the island. Fr. Raphael did his best to contact the Syrian-American diocese of the Russian church, writing to St [[Raphael of Brooklyn]], but as most of their descendants are now communicants in the Episcopal Church, this presumably came to no avail. In December, a Russian warship came to port, and he concelebrated the [[Divine Liturgy]] with the sailors, their chaplain, and his new-found Syrians. The main work of his visit, however, was a lecture circuit that he ran throughout Jamaica. Citing a lack of Orthodox churches, Fr. Raphael would speak at churches of various denomination. The topics would usually cover his travels, the Holy Land, and Holy Orthodoxy. At some point, he even made it to his hometown of Chapelton, to whom he remarked of his name change, ''"I will always be Robert to you".''<ref>''The Daily Gleaner.'' ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id6.html Gives Lecture. Fr. Raphael Talks of His Travels Abroad.]'' August 15, 1913.</ref> According to the ''Daily Gleaner'' edition of [[November 2]], 1914, Fr. Raphael had just set sail back for America to start mission work under his Faith.<ref group="note">''"Father Raphael, Priest of the Greek Orthodox Church, who has been in the island for some time, sailed for America last week. It is understood that he will return shortly to his native land and start mission work under his Faith. As is well known, the seat of the Greek Church to which father Raphael belongs is not far from the theatre of war, so there is no hope of the Father returning to his Mother Church in a hurry. Father Raphael is a native of Clarendon."'' (''The Daily Gleaner.'' November 2, 1914. p.13.)</ref> ===Last Known Records===In 1916 Fr. Raphael was still in Philadelphia, having made the Philadelphia Greek parish his base of operations.<ref>Namee, Matthew. ''[http://orthodoxhistory.org/?p=244 The First Black Orthodox Priest in America].'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas). July 15, 2009.</ref> The last documentation of Fr. Raphael comes from a letter to the ''Daily Gleaner'' on [[October 4]], 1916. Representing a group of about a dozen other like-minded Jamaican-Americans, he wrote in to protest the lectures of Black Nationalist Marcus Garvey.<ref group="note">Fr. Raphael signed the letter as ''' ''"Father Raphael, O.C.G., Priest-Apostolic, the Greek-Orthodox Catholic Church."'' ''' Other signatories included: Dr. Uriah Smith, Ernest P. Duncan, Ernest R. Jones, H.S. Boulin, Phillip Hemmings, Joseph Vassal, Henry H. Harper, S.C. Box, Aldred Campbell, Hubert Barclay, John Moore, Victor Monroe, Henry Booth, and many others. The full text of the signed letter is printed in:<br>Robert A. Hill, Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association. ''Letter Denouncing Marcus Garvey.'' In: '''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=CKJrUKdSZwkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: 1826-August 1919].''' University of California Press, 1983. pp.196-197.</ref> Garvey's views on Jamaica, they felt, were damaging to both the reputation of their homeland and its people, enumerating several objections to Garvey's stated preference for the prejudice of the American whites over that of English whites.<ref name=Oliver/> Garvey's response came ten days later, in which he called the letter a conspiratorial fabrication meant to undermine the success and favour he had gained while in Jamaica and in the United States. Little is known of Fr . Raphael's life after this point, except from some interviews conducted in the 1970s between Greek-American historian Paul G. Manolis and surviving members of his parishthe [http://www.annunciation-elkinspark.org/ Greek Community of the Annunciation/Evangelismos] in Philadelphia, who recalled the black priest who was evidently a part of their community for a period of time. One elderly woman , Grammatike Kritikos Sherwin, remembered that Fr Raphael's daughter left to attend Oxford; another parishioner, Kyriacos Biniaris, recalls that Morgan, whose hand "he kissed many times", spoke broken Greek and served with Fr. Petrides reciting the liturgy mostly in English; whilst another, a George LeakurisLiacouras, recalled that after serving in Philadelphia for some years, Fr . Raphael left for Jerusalem, never to return.<ref group="note">If this is true, one possibility is that Fr. Raphael remained with the monastic [[Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre]], of the Greek Orthodox [[Church of Jerusalem]].</ref><ref name="MANOLIS"/>  The [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] has no record either of Fr. Raphael Morgan, nor of Fr. Demetrios Petrides, as the first records for the Philadelphia community in the archives only began in 1918.

During the ''16th Annual Ancient Christianity and African-American Conference'' in 2009, Matthew Namee presented a 23-minute lecture on the heretofore recently discovered life of Fr . Raphael Morgan. He postulates postulated that even if Fr . Raphael's missionary efforts failed outside of his immediate family, he may be indirectly responsible for the conversion of thousands, via contact with Episcopal priest [[George Alexander McGuire]] (1866-1934).

Records '''Fr. Raphael and George McGuire'''<br>[[File:GEORGE-ALEXANDER-MCGUIRE.jpg|left|thumb|125px|Rev. George Alexander McGuire, 7th Rector of ''The African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas'' (1902–1905).]]Namee questions whence the idea came for McGuire to form namely an ''Orthodox'' church. Fr. Raphael Morgan and George McGuire had some striking similarities, including the facts that both:* served concurrently or consecutively at [http://www.stphilipsrichmond.org/ St PaulPhilip's Episcopal Church ] in Virginia,<ref group="note">[http://www.stphilipsrichmond.org/ St. Philip’s Episcopal Church] of Richmond, Virgina indicate that Virginia lists Morgan as having been the rector of their parish for a short while time in 1901 Robert J. Morgan was He is listed as the Rectorrector from “1901-April 1901.” Morgan’s predecessor at St. However, being only Philip’s was a certain “Reverend [[deaconGeorge Alexander McGuire|George Alexander McQuire]], this would mean that Robert's position ” who served the parish from April 1898 to November 1900.</ref> * were ordained in the Episcopal Church around the same time,<ref group="note">Rev. Morgan was ordained to the Episcopal deaconate on June 20, 1895, by Bishop Leighton Coleman. George McGuire was only temporaryordained to the Episcopal deaconate on June 29, 1896 by Bishop Boyd Vincent, during an interregnum and to the Episcopal priesthood in 1897 by the same. (Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). ''Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present''. In: '''[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofafroame00brag History of the Afro-American group of sortsthe Episcopal church (1922)].''' Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Press, 1922. p.273. The previous )</ref> and * both later served in Philadelphia, each having had some contact with Rev. A.C.V. Cartier of the [[rectorhttp://www.aecst.org/home.htm African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas]] was . Namee concludes that with so many coincidences, it is impossible for these two men to not have known one George Alexander another; and therefore it must be from some influence - either in conversation with Fr. Raphael or through evangelism - that McGuire, an Episcopal priestreceived his inspiration and came to know the Orthodox Church.

In 1920, George An additional point is that Garvey already knew of Fr. Raphael when McGuire became an associate of Marcus Garvey and joined his Black Nationalist movementorganization in 1920 (since Fr. In 1921, he was made a bishop of Raphael had written the American Catholic Church by Joseph René Vilatteletter in 1916 protesting Garvey's lectures), which makes it likely that McGuire and soon after founded the African Orthodox Church, a [[non-canonical]] Black Nationalist church. Today, it is best known for its canonisation of Jazz legend John ColtraneGarvey had discussed Morgan at some point.

George One deterrent from this theory comes in the familiarity that McGuire soon spread his African had with the Orthodox Church throughout by his ''consecrator'', Joseph René Vilatte.<ref group="note">In his quest to obtain valid [[w:Apostolic succession|Apostolic Orders]], Fr. McGuire had himself re-ordained Bishop in the United States''American Catholic Church'', and soon even made a presence being consecrated on the African continent September 28, 1921, in such countries as UgandaChicago, KenyaIllinois, and Tanzaniaby Archbishop [[Joseph René Vilatte]], assisted by bishop Carl A. Nybladh who had been consecrated by Vilatte. However, around the time of the Second World War[[Orthodox Church]] considers Villate to be an [[Episcopi vagantes]].</ref> At various points, Vilatte come into contact with both the African churches were cut off from the American [[Russian_Orthodox_Church|Russian]] and [[Syriac_Orthodox_Church|Syriac]] Orthodox Churches in the posta move for Catholic-Orthodox reconciliation, having even been accepted for a while by Bishop [[Vladimir (Sokolovsky-war period had drifted far enough way to request and come under Avtonomov) of the omophorion Aleutians|Vladimir]] of the Church [[Alaska]] in May of Alexandria1891.

Namee questions whence the idea came for McGuire to form namely an '''African OrthodoxChurch'' church. Fr Raphael Morgan and '<br>George McGuire have a few similaritiesbecame an associate of Marcus Garvey and his Black Nationalist [[w: both were Black CaribbeansUniversal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League|UNIA]] movement, served concurrently or consecutively being appointed the first Chaplain-General of the organization at St Philip's its inaugural international convention in New York in VirginiaAugust 1920. On September 28, 1921, were ordained around he was made a bishop of the same timeAmerican Catholic Church by [[w:Joseph René Vilatte|Joseph René Vilatte]], and later served soon after founded the [[w:African Orthodox Church|African Orthodox Church]], a non-canonical Black Nationalist church, in Philadelphiathe Anglican tradition. Namee concludes that with so many coincidences Today, it is impossible best known for these two men to not have known one another; and therefore it must be from some influence - either in conversation or evangelism, that McGuire came to know the Orthodox Churchits canonisation of Jazz legend John Coltrane.

However, one deterrent from this theory comes in the familiarity he had with the Bishop George McGuire soon spread his African Orthodox Church by McGuire's ''consecrator''throughout the United States, Joseph René Vilatte. At various pointsand soon even made a presence on the African continent in such countries as [[Archdiocese of Kampala and All Uganda|Uganda]], Vilatte come into contact with both the [[Russian_Orthodox_ChurchArchdiocese of Kenya|RussianKenya]] , and [[Syriac_Orthodox_ChurchArchdiocese of Irinopolis|SyriacTanzania]] Orthodox Churches . Between 1924-1934 McGuire built the AOC into a thriving international church. Branches were eventually established in a move Canada, Barbados, Cuba, South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Miami, Chicago, Harlem, Boston, Cambridge (Massachusetts), and elsewhere. The official organ of AOC, ''The Negro Churchman,'' became an effective link for Catholicthe far-Orthodox reconciliationflung organization.<ref name="Martin"/> However, around the time of the Second World War, having even been accepted for a while by Bishop the African churches were cut off from the American and in the post-war period had drifted far enough way to request and come under the [[Vladimir (Sokolovsky-Avtonomov) omophorion]] of the Aleutians|Vladimir[[Church of Alexandria]] . Thus in 1946 the Holy Synod of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa officially recognized and received the "African Orthodox Church" in Kenya and Uganda.<ref group="note">These became the ''[[AlaskaArchdiocese of Kenya]] in May '', and the ''[[Archdiocese of 1891Kampala and All Uganda]]''.</ref>

==Further Reading=Legacy===*ManolisScholar Gavin White, writing in the 1970's, states that if Morgan tried to organize an African-American Greek Orthodox church in Philadelphia, its memory has vanished, Paul Gand nothing whatsoever is known about Morgan in later years. However he hastens to add that: :"...there can be no doubt that McGuire knew all about Morgan and it is very probable that he knew him personally. It is just possible that it was Morgan who first introduced McGuire to the Episcopal Church in Wilmington; it was almost certainly Morgan who introduced McGuire to the idea of Eastern episcopacy.<ref name="WHITE"/> This concurs with Matthew Namee's conclusion above, that it was Fr. Raphael who was George Alexander McGuire's inspiration to form namely an "Orthodox" church. In time the African-based portion of McGuire's ''"African Orthodox Church"'' in Kenya and Uganda, eventually did end up under the canonical jurisdiction of the [[Church of Alexandria|Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa]] in 1946. And although those two churches were already upon their own set path towards full canonical Orthodoxy, McGuire was an important part of that process at one stage, and Fr. Raphael Morgan in turn, was behind McGuire's inspiration to form an "Orthodox" church. In this regard, by planting the seed, it can be said that Fr. Raphael was also in some small measure, indirectly or incidentally, a part of that process in Africa as well.<ref group="note">Orthodoxy in East Africa had a rather unique origin as it was not the result of missionary evangelism, nor was it originally inspired by European/White introduction. Orthodox Christianity was unlike all other denominations, appealling to East Africans, such as the [[w:Kikuyu|Kikuyus]], especially because it was never associated with racism, colonialism or religious imperialism. (RobertMetropolitan [[Makarios (Tillyrides) of Kenya]]. ''[http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/church_history/makarios_tillyrides_east_africa.htm The Origin of Orthodoxy in East Africa].'') </ref> In the end, while Fr. Raphael Morgan's work among Jamaicans in Philadelphia appears to have been transitory, nevertheless he did serve as an important precedent for current African American interest in Orthodoxy,<ref group="note">As one historian has commented: "There seems to be some traction between historical Orthodoxy and African Christianity, rediscovered by African American intellectuals like Fr. Raphael Morgan and Professor [[Albert J. Raboteau|Raboteau]]. The First Black African American tradition in the [[Orthodox Priest Church]] is obviously an exception to the rule. Consider Raboteau's colleague at Princeton, [[w:Cornel West|Cornell West]], who has most eloquently addressed Constantinian Christianity in Americahis ''Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight against Imperialism''(2004). For West and other liberal intellectuals, Orthodoxy's historical connections with empire ([[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]]) and state ([[Phyletism|modern nationalism]]) is a major turn-off. But for other intellectuals that have arrived to Orthodoxy through Anglicanism/Episcopalianism, the Orthodox tradition is softer and philosophically fundamental." (Kourelis, Kostis. ''Theologia"[http: Epistēmonikon Periodikon Ekdidomenon Kata Trimēnian//kourelis.blogspot.com/2009/10/philadelphia-greeks-and-their-black.html Philadelphia Greeks and Their Black Priest.]"'''''Objects-Building-Situation: Musings on Architecture, Art and History, with Special Focus on Mediterranean Archaeology.''' Thursday, October 29, 2009.)</ref> especially that of Father [http://unexpectedjoychurch.org/administration.html Moses Berry], director of the [http://www.oaahm.org/index.html Ozarks African American Heritage Museum], who served as the priest to the [http://unexpectedjoychurch.org/ Theotokos, the “Unexpected Joy,” Orthodox Mission] ([[OCA]]) in Ash Grove, Missouri. <ref name=Oliver/> ==See also==* [[Joachim (En AthenaisPhoropoulos) of Pelagonia]].* [[George Alexander McGuire]].* [[Brotherhood of St. Moses the Black]].* [[Albert J. Raboteau]]. ==Notes==<references group="note" /> ==References== <div><references/></div> ==External Links==* [http: Vraveion Akadēmias Athēnōn//www.annunciation-elkinspark.org/ Annunciation/Evangelismos Greek Orthodox Church], Philadelphia, PA. ''(Fr. Raphael's home parish, ca.~1907-1916)''* [[w:Orthodox Christianity in Uganda|Orthodox Christianity in Uganda]] at Wikipedia.* Sean D. Hamill. ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/30/us/30religion.html Black Priest Shares Past, 1981Enlightening White Town], vol'' in: '''The New York Times: Religion Journal.52''' January 29, no2010.3''(Print edition: January 30, 2010, ppon page A12 of the New York edition.)'' (Re: Fr.464-480Moses Berry). ISSN: 1105-154X

'''Contemporary Sources'''*ATOR (''African Times and Orient Review''), (Feb. - Mar. 1913), p.163.* Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). ''Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present''. In: '''[http://www.joyousjamarchive.comorg/fatherraphaeldetails/indexhistoryofafroame00brag History of the Afro-American group of the Episcopal church (1922)].html Father Raphael] Lumsden''' Baltimore, JoyMd.: Church Advocate Press, MA (Cantab)1922.* Bragg, PhD Rev. George F. (UWID.D.).*''Afro-American Clergy List. Priests''. In: '''[http://ancientfaithwww.archive.comorg/specialsdetails/16th_ancient_christianity_africanafroamericanchur00bragiala Afro-american_conferenceAmerican Church Work and Workers].''' Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Print, 1904.* Hill, Robert A., Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association. ''[http:/matthew_namee/ Frbooks. Raphael Morgan: America's First Black Orthodox Priest] Namee, Matthewgoogle. 16th Annual Ancient Christianity ca/books?id=CKJrUKdSZwkC&printsec=frontcover& Africansource=gbs_navlinks_s The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: 1826-American ConferenceAugust 1919]. 03 June'' University of California Press, 20091983.ISBN 9780520044562*Mather, Frank Lincoln. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RFZ2AAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Who's who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent].''. University of Michigan. Gale Research Co., 1915. * ''The Daily Gleaner''. ''[http://bookswww.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id10.html West Africa]''. October 9, 1901. p.7.* ''The Daily Gleaner.'' ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id3.html Priest's Visit: Father Raphael of Greek Orthodox Church: His Extensive Travels].'' July 22, 1913.* ''The Daily Gleaner.'' ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id6.html Gives Lecture. Fr. Raphael Talks of His Travels Abroad.]'' August 15, 1913.* ''The Daily Gleaner.'' November 2, 1914. p.13.* ''The Jamaica Times''. ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id1.html Only Negro Who is a Greek Priest].'' April 26, 1913.* ''Une Conquete du Patriarcat Oecumenique.'' ''' ''Echos d'Orient'' '''. Vol. XI. No.68, 1908, pp.55-56. :(''Publication of the Roman Catholic Uniate Assumptionist Fathers, located in Chalcedon;'' for an online translation of the French article, see: Fr. [[User:ASDamick|Andrew S. Damick]]. ''"[http://orthodoxhistory.org/2009/12/the-sorcerer-on-the-golden-horn/ The Sorcerer on the Golden Horn]."'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas). December 15, 2009.)* [[w:Monroe Work|Work, Monroe N.]], (Ed.). ''The Negro Yearbook, an Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro, 1921-1922''. The Negro Year Book Publishing Company: [[w:Tuskegee University|Tuskegee Institute]], 1922. (''1921 edition, p.213.'') '''Modern Sources'''* Herbel, Fr. Oliver ([[Orthodox Church in America|OCA]]). ''[http://www.ocanews.org/Herbeljurisdiction4.22.09.html Jurisdictional Disunity and the Russian Mission].'' '''Orthodox Christians for Accountability'''. [[April 22]], 2009.* Herbel, Fr. Oliver ([[Orthodox Church in America |OCA]]). ''Morgan, Raphael.'' '''[http://www.googlemywire.com/booksa/African-American-National-Biography/Morgan-Raphael/9463563?id=RFZ2AAAAMAAJ&pgpbl=PA226&lpg=PA226&dq=who27 The African American National Biography]''' at '''mywire.com'''s+who+. 1-Jan-2008.* Herbel, Fr. Oliver ([[Orthodox Church in America |OCA]]). Ph.D. Dissertation: “Turning to Tradition: Intra-Christian Converts and the Making of an American Orthodox Church,” 349 pp., under the direction of Michael McClymond (2009).* Herbel, Fr. Oliver ([[Orthodox Church in America |OCA]]). “The Relationship of the African Orthodox Church to the Orthodox Churches and Its Importance for Appreciating the Brotherhood of+St. Moses the+colored+race+Black,” Black Theology (forthcoming).* ''[[w:Joseph René Vilatte|Joseph René Vilatte]]'' at Wikipedia.* Kourelis, Kostis. ''"[http://kourelis.blogspot.com/2009/10/philadelphia-greeks-and-their-black.html Philadelphia Greeks and Their Black Priest.]"'' '''Objects-Building-Situation: Musings on Architecture, Art and History, with Special Focus on Mediterranean Archaeology.''' Thursday, October 29, 2009. * Lumsden, Joy, MA (Cantab), PhD (UWI). ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/index.html Father Raphael].''* Lumsden, Joy. ''[http://jamaicanhistorymonth2007.moonfruit.com/#/father-raphael+morgan&source/4520858082 Robert Josias Morgan, aka Father Raphael].'' '''Jamaican History Month 2007.''' February 16, 2007.* Manolis, Paul G. ''Raphael (Robert) Morgan: The First Black Orthodox Priest in America''. '''Theologia: Epistēmonikon Periodikon Ekdidomenon Kata Trimēnian'''. (En Athenais: Vraveion Akadēmias Athēnōn), 1981, vol.52, no.3, pp.464-480. ISSN: 1105-154X* Martin, Tony. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=blNgIYlUbaoAoC&otsprintsec=mPXZ6sHp28frontcover&sigsource=5ddkczyQWij83-qA6_xs6AcPUTA&hlgbs_navlinks_s#v=enonepage&eiq=6AJESrOhF5SNtgf0m-ScAQ&saf=Xfalse McGuire, George Alexander].'' '''Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance'''. Volume 2. Cary D. Wintz, Paul Finkelman (Eds.). Taylor &oiFrancis, 2004.* Metropolitan [[Makarios (Tillyrides) of Kenya]]. ''[http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/church_history/makarios_tillyrides_east_africa.htm The Origin of Orthodoxy in East Africa].'' '''Orthodox Research Institute'''.* Namee, Matthew. ''[http://orthodoxhistory.org/?p=book_result244 The First Black Orthodox Priest in America].'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas). July 15, 2009.* Namee, Matthew. ''[http://ancientfaith.com/specials/16th_ancient_christianity_african-american_conference/matthew_namee/ Fr. Raphael Morgan: America's First Black Orthodox Priest.]'' '''16th Annual Ancient Christianity &ctAfrican-American Conference'''. June 03, 2009.* Namee, Matthew. ''"[http://orthodoxhistory.org/?cat=result&resnum=2 Google Books Link58 Robert Josias Morgan visits Russia, 1904]."'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Chrisitan History in the Americas). September 15, 2009.*Namee, Matthew. ''"[http://en.wikipediaorthodoxhistory.org/wikitag/african-orthodox-church/Joseph_Rene_Vilatte Joseph René VilatteFr. Raphael Morgan against Marcus Garvey] Wikipedia."'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Chrisitan History in the Americas). March 29, 2010.* White, Gavin. ''Patriarch McGuire and the Episcopal Church.'' In: Randall K. Burkett and Richard Newman (Eds.). '''Black Apostles: Afro-American Clergy Confront the Twentieth Century.''' G. K. Hall, 1978. pp.151-180.