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[[Image:Raphael_Morgan.jpg|right|frame|An undated photographSource: ''The Daily Gleaner'' (Kingston, Jamaica). [[July 22]], 1913.]]{{orthodoxyinamerica}}Very Rev . '''Raphael Morgan''' (born '''Robert Josias Morgan) (186?''', 186x/187? 187x - ?19xx) was a Jamaican-American [[priest ]] of the [[Church_of_GreeceEcumenical Patriarchate]], designated as '' '"[[Missionary|Priest-Apostolic]]" to America and the West Indies' ({{el icon}}: Ιεραποστολος)'',<ref group="note">According to Fr. Raphael's biography in the ''Who's Who of the Colored Race'', 1915, after he was ordained to the priesthood:<br>:"...at a special service he was duly commissioned [[Missionary|Greek Orthodox ChurchPriest-Apostolic]]from the Ecumenical and Patriarchal Throne of Constantinople to America and the West Indies."<br>(Mather, Frank Lincoln. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RFZ2AAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent].'' University of Michigan. Gale Research Co., 1915. p.226.)</ref><ref>Robert A. Hill, Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association. ''Letter Denouncing Marcus Garvey.'' In: '''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=CKJrUKdSZwkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: 1826-August 1919].''' University of California Press, 1983. pg.197.</ref> later the founder and superiour superior of the ''Order of the Cross of [[Golgotha]]'', <ref group="note" name="Order">The ''"Order of...",'' could be any number of things including: # an honorarium bestowed upon him for service done in the Church;# an entitling which lets others know of his special mission in the Patriarchate/Diocese etc.;# a Society of monastics which transcends, because of rare circumstances, physical location; # it is also possible that this was a monastic brotherhood formed for Black Orthodox Christians, since Morgan was referred to as the ''“founder and seemingly superior”'' of that religious fraternity, although the formation of formal monastic orders is not traditionally practiced in the Orthodox tradition. The [[Orthodox Church]] does not have separate Orders (Franciscan, Carmelite etc.) each with an entirely independent rule/ethos of life.<br> Despite being mentioned on many occasions in association with Morgan, no other material has ever been found on the ''Order of the Cross of [[Golgotha]]''.</ref> and thought to be the first Black Orthodox clergyman in America.  He spoke broken Greek, and therefore served mostly in English. Having recently been discovered, his life has garnered great interest, but much of his life still remains shrouded in mystery.  Fr . Raphael is said to have resided all over the world, including: "in Palestine, Syria, Joppa, Greece, Cyprus, MiyleneMytilene, Chios, Sicily, Crete, Egypt, Russia, Ottoman Turkey, Austria, Germany, England, France, Scandinavia, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Switzerland, Bermuda, and the United States."<ref name=MATHER>Mather, Frank Lincoln. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RFZ2AAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent].'' University of Michigan. Gale Research Co., 1915. pp.226-227.</ref>

Robert Josias Morgan was born in Chapelton, Clarence Parish, Jamaica either in the late 1860s or early 1870s to Robert Josias and Mary Ann (née Johnson) Morgan. He was born six months after his father's death, and named in his honour.Robert was raised in the Anglican tradition and was received elementary schooling locally.<ref name="MATHER"/>  In his teenage years he travelled to Colón, Panama, then to British Honduras, back to Jamaica, and then to the United States. He became a minister in the [[w:African Methodist Episcopal Church|African Methodist Episcopal Church]] (AME) and left as a [[missionary]] to Germany.<ref name="MATHER"/> ===Period in the Church of England===He then came to England, where he joined the [[w:Church of England|Church of England]] and was sent to Sierra Leona to the [[w:Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] Grammar School at Freetown. He studied Greek, Latin, and other higher-level subjects. Being poor, Robert had to work to support himself, and worked as second master of a public school in Freetown. He took course in the Church Missionary Society [[w:Fourah Bay College|College at Fourah Bay]] in Freetown, and was soon appointed a missionary teacher and [[w:Lay reader|lay-reader]] by the Episcopalian [[Bishop]] of Liberia, the Right Reverend [[w:Samuel David Ferguson|Samuel David Ferguson]].<ref name="MATHER"/> Robert later said during a trip to Jamaica in 1901 that he served five years in West Africa, of which he spent three years in missionary work.<ref name="West Africa">''The Daily Gleaner''. ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id10.html West Africa]''. October 9, 1901. p.7.</ref>

After this Robert was raised in the Anglican traditionagain visited England for private study, and was received elementary schooling locally. In his teenage years he then travelled to Colón, Panama, then to British Honduras, back to Jamaica, and then America to work amongst the United StatesAfrican-American community as a lay-reader. He became was accepted as a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church Postulant and left as a missionary to Germanycandidate for the Episcopalian [[deacon]]ate. During the canonical period of waiting period before ordination, and then came Robert again returned to England, where he joined the Church of England and was sent to Sierra Leona to the Church Missionary Society Grammar School study at Freetown. He studied Greek, LatinSaint Aidan's Theological College in [[w:Birkenhead|Birkenhead]], and other higher-level subjectsfinally prosecuted his studies at [[w:King's College London|King's College]] of the University of London. Being poor, Robert had to work to support himself, and worked as second master <ref name="MATHER"/> The colleges however do not contain records of a public schoolhis attendance. He took course in <ref group="note">It is possible that he academically audited the Church Missionary Society College at Fourah Baycourses, and was soon appointed attending the classes without receiving a missionary teacher and lay-reader by the Episcopalian Bishop of Liberiaformal grade.</ref>

After some time===Period in the Episcopal Church===He returned to America, Robert again visited England for private studyand on [[June 20]], and then America to work amongst the African-American community 1895 was [[ordination|ordained]] as [[deacon]]<ref group="note">Fr. Raphael's name is given on a lay-readerlist of Black Episcopal ordinations as follows: ''"1895: Robert Josias Morgan, d. He June 20, Coleman; deposed; went abroad and was accepted as made a Postulant and as candidate for the Episcopalian deaconatepriest in Greek Church. During the waiting period"'' (Bragg, Robert again returned Rev. George F. (D.D.). ''Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to England to study at Saint Aidenthe Present''. In: ''s Theological College in Birkenhead, but prosecuted his studies at King's College [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofafroame00brag History of the University Afro-American group of Londonthe Episcopal church (1922)].''' Baltimore, Md. He returned to American: Church Advocate Press, and on June 20 on the same year was ordained 1922. p.273.)</ref> by the Rt . Rev . [[w:Leighton Coleman|Leighton Coleman]],<ref>The ''New York Times''. ''[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D0DE1DF1639E333A25756C1A9649D946697D6CF Bishop Colemanof Delaware Dies].'' Sunday December 15, 1907. Page 13. (Obituary)</ref> Bishop of the [[w:Episcopal Diocese of Delaware|Episcopalian Diocese of Delaware]], and a well-known opponent of racism. Robert was appointed honorary curate in St Matthews's Church in Wilminton, Delaware, serving there from 1896 to 1897,<ref name=WHITE>White, Gavin. ''Patriarch McGuire and the Episcopal Church.'' In: Randall K. Burkett and Richard Newman (Eds.). '''Black Apostles: Afro-American Clergy Confront the Twentieth Century.''' G. K. Hall, 1978. pp.151-180.</ref> and procured a job as a teacher for a few public schoolsin Delaware. From 1897 he served at Charleston, West Virginia.<ref name="WHITE"/>

In 1898, the deacon Robert (Rev. R.J. Morgan) was transferred to the Missionary Jurisdiction of Ashville (now in western the [[w:Episcopal Diocese of Western North Carolina|Diocese of Western North Carolina]]). By the next year 1899 he was listed as being assistant minister at [http://www.diocesewnc.org/index.php?content=300.00&city=Morganton St . Stephen's Chapel ] in Morganton , North Carolina, and [http://www.asecnc.org/StCyp.html St . Cyprian's Church ] in Lincolnton, North Carolina. Between 1900 and 1905<ref>Lumsden, Robert moved around much of the Eastern seaboardJoy, serving in Delaware, Charleston MA (South CarolinaCantab), Richmond PhD (VirginiaUWI). ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id1.html Father Raphael: His Background and Career].'' September 29, Nashville (Tennessee)2007.</ref><ref group="note">St. Cyprian's Episcopal Church was established in 1886. The church once stood on West Church in Lincolnton. The property consisted of a church, a parsonage, and a building used as a school. The church was torn down during the 1970's. The church remained primarily black and was not integrated until finally ending up in Philadelphia1979. (Jason L. Harpe. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=UJx5c2FRfosC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Lincoln County Revisited].'' Illustrated. Arcadia Publishing, Pennsylvania2003.pg.18.)</ref>

In 1901-1902 Rev. R. J. Morgan made a visit to his homeland Jamaica. In October 1901 he gave an address to the Jamaica Church Missionary Union, on West Africa and mission work.<ref name="West Africa"/> He also gave a lecture in [[w:Port Maria|Port Maria]], Jamaica in October 1902, entitled ''"Africa - lts people, Tribes, Idolatry, Customs."''<ref>''The Daily Gleaner''. ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id10.html Port Maria: A Lecture]''. October 7, 1902. p.29.</ref> Between 1900 and 1906, Robert moved around much of the Eastern seaboard. From 1902 to 1905 Deacon Morgan served at Richmond, Virginia; in 1905 at Nashville, Tennessee; and by 1906 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with his address care of the ''[http://www.crucifixionphiladelphia.org/#/home Church of the Crucifixion]''.<ref name="WHITE"/><ref group="note">The [http://www.crucifixionphiladelphia.org/#/home Church of the Crucifixion] is the second-oldest African-American congregation in Pennsylvania (''after the [http://www.aecst.org/home.htm African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas], the oldest Black Episcopal congregation in the country''), the sixth oldest in the country, and first Black parish formally admitted into union with Convention in 1847. A major Black cultural center in the late 19th and into the 20th Century, the Church of the Crucifixion played many key roles in African-American history for the City of Philadelphia and the country.</ref>  At some point, during this period he joined an off-shoot of the Episcopalian Church, known as the ''"American Catholic Church"'' (''ACC''), a sect founded by [[w:Joseph René Vilatte|Joseph René Vilatte]].<ref group="note">The ''"American Catholic Church"'' (ACC) included the jurisdictions and groups which had come out of [[w:Joseph René Vilatte|Joseph René Vilatte's]] Episcopal ministry or were under his oversight. Among them were French and English speaking constituencies, and Polish and Italian ordinariates. The ACC began on August 20, 1894, at a synod held in Cleveland, Ohio, where Polish-speaking parishes joined the jurisdiction of Bishop Vilatte, however the ACC was actually incorporated in July 1915. </ref> He is listed in the records of the Episcopal Church of the USA as late as 1908, when he was suspended from ministry on the allegations of abandoning his post.

===Trip to Russia===By the turn of the 20th century, Robert already seriously began to question his faith, and began to intensive study of Anglicanism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy over a three year period, to find discover what he felt was the true religion. He decided on Orthodoxyconcluded that the Orthodox Church was "the pillar and ground of truth", resigned from the Episcopalian Church, and embarked on a an extensive trip to Russiaabroad beginning in the [[w:Russian Empire|Russian Empire]] in 1904.<ref name="MATHER"/>

Once there, Robert visited various [[monastery|monasteries ]] and churches, including sites in Odessa, St. Petersburg, Moscow and [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev]], soon becoming quite the sensation. Sundry periodicals began publishing pictures and articles on him, and soon Robert became the Special Guest of the Tsar, which . He was allowed him to be present for the anniversary celebrations of [[Nicholas_II_of_RussiaNicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II's]] coronation, and the [[Memorial_ServicesMemorial Services|memorial service]] said for the repose of the soul of the late Emperor Alexander III. Leaving Russia, Robert travelled Turkey, Cyprus, and the <ref>''The Daily Gleaner.'' ''[[Holy Land]], returning to America and writing an article to the http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id3.html Priest''Russian-American s Visit: Father Raphael of Greek Orthodox MessengerChurch: His Extensive Travels].'' in 1904 about his experience in RussiaJuly 22, 1913.</ref>

For three yearsLeaving Russia, Robert studied under Greek priests for traveled Turkey, Cyprus, and the [[Holy Land]], returning to America and writing an article to the ''Russian-American Orthodox Messenger'' (''Vestnik'') in 1904 about his baptismexperience in Russia. In January of 1906this open letter, Morgan expressed hope that the Anglican Church could unite with the Orthodox Churches, clearly moved by his experience in Russia.<ref group="note">Upon Morgan's departure from Russia, he is documented as wrote a letter, which was reprinted in the October/November 1904 English supplement to the ''assistingVestnik'' in (Russian Orthodox American Messenger), the official publication of the [[Christmas]] [[liturgyOrthodox Church in America|Russian Archdiocese in America]]. As there were no seminaries Here is the text of that letter:<br>:I, Robert Josias Morgan, a legally consecrated cleric of the American Episcopal Church, find it necessary to make it publicly known, that I am not a Bishop, as it was announced in America until 1911some magazines and daily papers…<br>:… I am not a Bishop, but a legally consecrated deacon. I came to Russia in 1907 Robert no way to represent anything, and I was not sent by anybody. I came as a simple tourist, chiefly with the object to Constantinople see the churches and the monasteries of this country, to enjoy the ritual and the service of the holy Orthodox Church, about which I heard so much abroad. And I am perfectly satisfied with two letterseverything I saw and witnessed.<br>: The piety and the fear of God amongst the Russian clergy, both superior and lower, and of the lay people in general are too great to be spoken of. I like Russia, and as to the people I have simply grown to love them for their gentleness, their politeness, their amiability and kindness. It would seem as if the Christian religion penetrated the whole life of the people. This can be observed both in the private home life and the social life. You have but to go to Church in this country, and you immediately see, that there is nothing too valuable for the people to be offered to God. Note how they pray, how patiently they stand through the long Church services…<br>:Now, having spent here about a recommendation from month, I leave your country with a Fr Demetrios Petritis feeling of profound gratitude and take back to North America all the good impressions I received here. And when there I shall speak boldly and loudly about the brotherly feelings entertained here in the bosom of the holy Orthodox Church towards its [[w:Episcopal Church (United States)|Anglican sister of North America]], and about the prayers which are offered here daily for the union of all the [[Catholic]] Christendom.<br>:My constant humble prayer is for the union of all Churches, and especially the union of the Anglican faith with the Orthodox [[Church of Russia]]. I solicited the Metropolitans and the Bishops to grant me their blessing in regard to this prayer and obtained it. Now I pray daily and eagerly for his baptism a better mutual understanding between the character and their union. God grant a blessing to this cause and a hearing to our prayers and ordination into priesthoodsupplications. Let us solicit the prayers of the Saints. Let us seek the intercession of the holy [[Theotokos|Mother of God]]. Virgin Mary, pray for us!<br>:In conclusion I must say, that my stay in Russia did me personally much good: I feel now firmer and stronger spiritually than I did before I came.<br>:God bless the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church of this country! God bless the Emperor and all the reigning family! God grant them a letter long life, peace and prosperity!<br>:I am sincerely yours in God and in the name of support from Mary,<br>:Robert Josias Morgan.<br>(Matthew Namee. ''"[http://orthodoxhistory.org/?cat=58 Robert Josias Morgan visits Russia, 1904]."'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Chrisitan History in the Greek community Americas). September 15, 2009.)</ref> People of that parish that stated he could serve African descent were generally well-received within the Russian Empire, Morgan believed. [[w:Abram Petrovich Gannibal|Abram Hannibal]] had served under Emperor Peter the Great, and rose to lieutenant general in the Russian Army. Visiting artists, foreign service officials, and athletes, such as an assistant priest if he failed famous horse jockey [[w:James Winkfield|Jimmy Winkfield]], were likewise welcomed. With his experience of Russia and Russian Orthodoxy fresh in his mind, Morgan returned to set up the United States and continued his spiritual quest.<ref name=Oliver>Fr. Oliver Herbel. ''Morgan, Raphael.'' '''[http://www.mywire.com/a Black church/African-American-National-Biography/Morgan-Raphael/9463563?&pbl=27 The African American National Biography]''' at '''mywire.com'''. 1-Jan-2008.</ref>

===Study and Trip to Ecumenical Patriarchate===For another three years, Robert was interviewed by studied under Greek priests for his [[Metropolitanbaptism]] Joachim of Pelagonia, one <ref name="MATHER"/> eventually deciding to seek entry and ordination in the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of the few bishops America|Greek Orthodox Church]]. In January of 1906, he is documented as ''assisting'' in the Christmas [[Ecumenical_PatriarchateDivine Liturgy|Œcumenical Patriarchateliturgy]] that could speak English. <ref group="note">The metropolitan concluded ''Philadelphia Inquirer'' reported on [[January 8]], 1906, that ''“Rev. R.J. Morgan of the American Catholic Church, an off-shoot of the Protestant Episcopal Church, assisted.”''</ref> In 1907 the Philadephia Greek community referred Robert should be baptisedto the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] in Constantinople armed with two letters of support. One was a recommendation from Fr. Demetrios Petrides, chrismatedthe Greek priest then serving the Philadelphia community, ordaineddated [[June 18|18 June]] 1907, who described Morgan as a man sincerely coming into Orthodoxy after long and sent back to America in order to diligent study, and recommending his baptism and [[ordination]] into the priesthood. The second letter of support was from the "Ecclesiastical Committee"carry the light of the Philadelphia Greek Orthodox Church, stating he could serve as an assistant priest if he failed to form a separate Orthodox faith parish among his racial brothersfellow Black Americans.<ref group=". In early August, Robert was baptised Raphael before 3,000 people, and on note">Summaries of the two letters are given in the Feast Synodal Minutes of the [[DormitionJuly 19|19 July]] of the , 1907, presided over by Patriarch [[TheotokosJoachim III of Constantinople|Joachim III]], ordained a priestwho introduced the subject of Morgan's baptism and ordination. As is stated in the second letter, Morgan's goal was to establish an Orthodox community of Blacks (''' ''"...να πηξη ιδιαν ορθοδοξον κοινοτητα μεταξυ των εν Αμερικη ομοφυλων αυτου Νιγρητων..."'' ''').</ref>

Fr Raphael In Constantinople, Robert was sent back to America with vestmentsinterviewed by [[Metropolitan]] [[Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia]], one of the few bishops of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] that could speak English and among the most learned of the Constantinopolitan hierarchs of that time. Metropolitan Joachim examined Robert, noting that he had a ''"deep knowledge of the teachings of the Orthodox Church", '' and that he also had a crosscertificate from the President of the Methodist Community, duly notarized, stating that he was a man ''"of high calling and 20lb of a religious life".''<ref name=MANOLIS>Manolis, Paul G. ''Raphael (Robert) Morgan: The First Black Orthodox Priest in SterlingAmerica''. '''Theologia: Epistēmonikon Periodikon Ekdidomenon Kata Trimēnian'''. He was allowed (En Athenais: Vraveion Akadēmias Athēnōn), 1981, vol.52, no.3, pp.464-480.</ref> Citing the Biblical exhortation ''"...the one who comes to hear Me I will certainly not cast out"'' (John 6:37), the [[Confessionmetropolitan]] concluded that Robert should be [[Baptism|baptised]], but denied [[ChrismChrismation|Holy Chrismchrismated]] and an , [[antimensionOrdination|ordained]], presumably and sent back to attach his missionary ministry America in order to ''"carry the light of the Philadelphia churchOrthodox faith among his racial brothers".''

Once home===Baptism and Ordination===[[File:Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia.jpg|left|thumb|125px|Metr. [[Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia]], around Fr. Raphael's ordaining bishop.]]On Friday [[August 2]], 1907 the Fall [[Holy Synod]] approved that the [[Baptism]] take place the following Sunday in the ''Church of the Lifegiving Source'' at the [[w:Church of St. Mary of the Spring (Istanbul)|Patriarchal Monastery]] at Valoukli, in Constantinople.<ref group="note">The Patriarchal Monastery at Valoukli is where the cemetery with the graves of the [[List of Patriarchs of Constantinople|Patriarchs]] is found.</ref> Metropolitan [[Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia]] was to officiate at the sacrament, and the [[Godparent|sponsor]] was to be Bishop Leontios (Liverios) of Theodoroupolis, Abbott of the Monastery at Valoukli. On Sunday August 4, 1907, Fr Robert was baptised "Raphael baptised his wife " before 3000 people;<ref name="MATHER"/> subsequently he was ordained a [[deacon]] on [[August 12]], 1907 by Metropolitan Joachim; and childrenfinally ordained a [[Presbyter|priest]] on the feast of the [[Dormition]] of the [[Theotokos]], [[August 15]], 1907. <ref group="note">In 1909a letter from the Chief Archivist of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, dated [[April 4]], his wife filed for divorce1973, on it was confirmed that the alleged charges records of cruelty the Patriarchate show that Morgan was baptized and failure renamed "Raphael". (Manolis, Paul G. ''Raphael (Robert) Morgan: The First Black Orthodox Priest in America''. '''Theologia: Epistēmonikon Periodikon Ekdidomenon Kata Trimēnian'''. (En Athenais: Vraveion Akadēmias Athēnōn), 1981, vol.52, no.3, pp.467.)</ref> According to support their childrenthe contemporary [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] periodical ''L'Echo d' Orient'', which sarcastically described Morgan's Baptism of triple immerson, the Metropolitan conducted the sacraments of Baptism and Ordination in the English language, following which Fr. Raphael chanted the [[Divine Liturgy]] in English.<ref>''Une Conquete du Patriarcat Oecumenique.'' ''' ''Echos d'Orient'' '''. Vol. XI. No.68, 1908, pp.55-56.</ref> Fr. She left with their son Cyril Raphael Morgan's conversion to Delaware County, where she remarriedthe Greek Orthodox Church made him the first African American Orthodox priest.

Two years later, Fr . Raphael sailed was sent back to CyprusAmerica with vestments, presumably to be tonsured a monk[[cross]], and 20 pounds sterling for his traveling expenses. Interestingly, he He was allowed to remain a priesthear [[Confession|confessions]], but denied [[Chrism|Holy Chrism]] and an [[antimension]], presumably to attach his missionary ministry to the Philadelphia church. Possibly somewhere around this timeThe minutes of the Holy Synod from [[October 2]], 1907, he founded made it clear in fact that Fr. Raphael was to be under the Order jurisdiction of the Cross Rev. Petrides of GolgothaPhiladelphia, until such time as he had been trained in liturgics and was able to establish a separate Orthodox parish.<ref name="MANOLIS"/>

Near the end ===Return to America===[[File:ALEXANDER-VICTOR-CARTIER.jpg|right|thumb|125px|Rev. Alexander C. Victor Cartier, 8th Rector of 1913, Fr Raphael visited his homeland ''The African Episcopal Church of Jamaica, staying for several month until sometime St. Thomas'' (1906–1912).]]Ellis Island records indicate the next year. While therearrival in New York from Naples, he met a group of SyriansItaly, who were complaining of a lack of Orthodox church on the islandpriest, Raffaele Morgan, in December 1907.<ref>Lumsden, Joy. Fr Raphael did his best to contact the ''[[Antiochian_Orthodox_Christian_Archdiocese_of_North_America|Antiochian Archdioceses of North America]]http://jamaicanhistorymonth2007.moonfruit.com/#/father-raphael/4520858082 Robert Josias Morgan, writing to St [[aka Father Raphael of Brooklyn]].'' '''Jamaican History Month 2007.''' February 16, 2007.</ref> Once home, but seeing most of their descendants are communicants Fr. Raphael baptized his wife and children in the Orthodox Church of England, this presumably came to no avail. In December, a Russian warship came to port, and he concelebrated This is noted in the Divine Liturgy with minutes of the sailorsHoly Synod of [[February 9]], their chaplain1908, and his new-found Syrianswhich acknowledges receipt of a communication from Fr. Raphael.

The main work last mention of Fr. Raphael in Patriarchal records is in the minutes of the Holy Synod of [[November 4]], 1908, which cite a letter from Fr. Raphael recommending an Anglican priest of his visitPhiladelphia, howevernamed "A.C.V. Cartier", <ref group="note">A.C.V. Cartier was ordained to the Episcopal deaconate by Bishop [[w:Charles Quintard|Charles Quintard]] in 1895, and ordained to the Episcopal priesthood in the same year by Bishop Quintard. (Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). ''Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present''. In: '''[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofafroame00brag History of the Afro-American group of the Episcopal church (1922)].''' Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Press, 1922. p.273.)</ref> as a candidate for conversion to Orthodoxy and ordination as a lecture circuit that he ran throughout Jamaicapriest. Cartier was rector of the [http://www.aecst.org/home.htm African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas], in Philadelphia, from 1906-12.<ref group="note">[[George Alexander McGuire]] was rector of The African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas in Philadelphia from 1902-05. He was succeeded as rector by A.C.V. Citing a lack Cartier (1906-12), the man whom Morgan recommended to the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] for Orthodox churchesordination.</ref> Saint Thomas' served the African American elite of Philadelphia and was one of the most prestigious congregations in African American Christianity, having been started in 1794 by [[w:Absalom Jones|Absalom Jones]], one of the founders, together with [[w:Richard Allen (bishop)|Richard Allen]], Fr Raphael would speak at churches of various denominationthe [[w:w:African Methodist Episcopal Church|African Methodist Episcopal Church]].<ref name=Martin>Tony Martin. ''[http://books.google. The topics would usually cover his travelsca/books?id=NgIYlUbaoAoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false McGuire, George Alexander].'' '''Encyclopedia of the Holy LandHarlem Renaissance'''. Volume 2. Cary D. Wintz, Paul Finkelman (Eds.). Taylor & Francis, and Holy Orthodoxy2004. p.776. At some point</ref> According to the letter, he even made it Cartier desired as an Orthodox priest to undertake missionary work among his hometown fellow blacks. Due to the fact that the jurisdiction over the Greek Church of Chapeltonthe [[diaspora]] had been ceded by the Ecumenical Patriarchate to the [[Church of Greece]] in 1908, the request was forwarded there. However according to whom he remarked Greek-American historian Paul G. Manolis, a search of the Archives of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece did not turn up any correspondence with Fr. Raphael. His letter about A.C.V. Cartier is the only indication we have from Church records of his missionary efforts among his people.<ref name change, ="I will always be Robert to youMANOLIS"./>

The last documentation of Fr Raphael comes from a letter to the ''Daily Gleaner'' on October 4In 1909, 1916. Hehis wife filed for divorce, representing a group of like-minded Jamaican-Americans, wrote in to protest on the lectures alleged charges of Black Nationalist Marcus Garvey. Garvey's views on Jamaicacruelty, they felt, were damaging infidelity and failure to both the reputation of support their homeland and its peoplechildren. Garvey's response came ten days laterShe left with their son Cyril to Delaware County, in which he called the letter a conspiratorial fabrication meant to undermine the success and favour he had gained while in Jamaica and in the United Stateswhere she remarried.

===Monastic Tonsure===In 1911 Fr. Raphael sailed to Cyprus, presumably to be tonsured a [[hieromonk]]. Possibly somewhere around this time, he founded the ''Order of the Cross of [[Golgotha]]'' (O.C.G.).<ref group="note" name="Order"/> However, Fr. Oliver Herbel ([[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|AOC]]) has suggested that in 1911 Fr. Raphael was [[Tonsure|tonsured]] in Athens.<ref>Fr. Oliver Herbel ([[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|AOC]]). ''[http://www.ocanews.org/Herbeljurisdiction4.22.09.html Jurisdictional Disunity and the Russian Mission].'' '''Orthodox Christians for Accountability'''. [[April 22]], 2009.</ref> As is noted above however, the Archives of the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Greece]] contain no information about Fr. Raphael. ===Lecture Tour in Jamaica===The ''Jamaica Times'' article of [[April 26]], 1913, wrote that Fr. Raphael was headquartered at Philadelphia where he wanted to build a chapel for his missionary efforts, that he had recently visited Europe to collect funds to this end, and had the intention of extending his work to the West Indies.<ref>''The Jamaica Times''. ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id1.html Only Negro Who is a Greek Priest].'' April 26, 1913.</ref> Near the end of 1913, Fr. Raphael visited his homeland of Jamaica, staying for several months until sometime the next year. While there, he met a group of Syrians, who were complaining of a lack of Orthodox churches on the island. Fr. Raphael did his best to contact the Syrian-American diocese of the Russian church, writing to St [[Raphael of Brooklyn]], but as most of their descendants are now communicants in the Episcopal Church, this presumably came to no avail. In December, a Russian warship came to port, and he concelebrated the [[Divine Liturgy]] with the sailors, their chaplain, and his new-found Syrians. The main work of his visit, however, was a lecture circuit that he ran throughout Jamaica. Citing a lack of Orthodox churches, Fr. Raphael would speak at churches of various denomination. The topics would usually cover his travels, the Holy Land, and Holy Orthodoxy. At some point, he even made it to his hometown of Chapelton, to whom he remarked of his name change, ''"I will always be Robert to you".''<ref>''The Daily Gleaner.'' ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id6.html Gives Lecture. Fr. Raphael Talks of His Travels Abroad.]'' August 15, 1913.</ref> According to the ''Daily Gleaner'' edition of [[November 2]], 1914, Fr. Raphael had just set sail back for America to start mission work under his Faith.<ref group="note">''"Father Raphael, Priest of the Greek Orthodox Church, who has been in the island for some time, sailed for America last week. It is understood that he will return shortly to his native land and start mission work under his Faith. As is well known, the seat of the Greek Church to which father Raphael belongs is not far from the theatre of war, so there is no hope of the Father returning to his Mother Church in a hurry. Father Raphael is a native of Clarendon."'' (''The Daily Gleaner.'' November 2, 1914. p.13.)</ref> ===Last Known Records===In 1916 Fr. Raphael was still in Philadelphia, having made the Philadelphia Greek parish his base of operations.<ref>Namee, Matthew. ''[http://orthodoxhistory.org/?p=244 The First Black Orthodox Priest in America].'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas). July 15, 2009.</ref> The last documentation of Fr. Raphael comes from a letter to the ''Daily Gleaner'' on [[October 4]], 1916. Representing a group of about a dozen other like-minded Jamaican-Americans, he wrote in to protest the lectures of Black Nationalist Marcus Garvey.<ref group="note">Fr. Raphael signed the letter as ''' ''"Father Raphael, O.C.G., Priest-Apostolic, the Greek-Orthodox Catholic Church."'' ''' Other signatories included: Dr. Uriah Smith, Ernest P. Duncan, Ernest R. Jones, H.S. Boulin, Phillip Hemmings, Joseph Vassal, Henry H. Harper, S.C. Box, Aldred Campbell, Hubert Barclay, John Moore, Victor Monroe, Henry Booth, and many others. The full text of the signed letter is printed in:<br>Robert A. Hill, Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association. ''Letter Denouncing Marcus Garvey.'' In: '''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=CKJrUKdSZwkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: 1826-August 1919].''' University of California Press, 1983. pp.196-197.</ref> Garvey's views on Jamaica, they felt, were damaging to both the reputation of their homeland and its people, enumerating several objections to Garvey's stated preference for the prejudice of the American whites over that of English whites.<ref name=Oliver/> Garvey's response came ten days later, in which he called the letter a conspiratorial fabrication meant to undermine the success and favour he had gained while in Jamaica and in the United States. Little is known of Fr . Raphael's life after this point, except from some interviews conducted in the 1970s between Greek-American historian Paul G. Manolis and surviving members of his parishthe [http://www.annunciation-elkinspark.org/ Greek Community of the Annunciation/Evangelismos] in Philadelphia, who recalled the black priest who was evidently a part of their community for a period of time. One elderly woman , Grammatike Kritikos Sherwin, remembered that Fr Raphael's daughter left to attend Oxford; another parishioner, Kyriacos Biniaris, recalls that Morgan, whose hand "he kissed many times", spoke broken Greek and served with Fr. Petrides reciting the liturgy mostly in English; whilst another, a George LeakurisLiacouras, recalled that after serving in Philadelphia for some years, Fr . Raphael left for Jerusalem, never to return.<ref group="note">If this is true, one possibility is that Fr. Raphael remained with the monastic [[Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre]], of the Greek Orthodox [[Church of Jerusalem]].</ref><ref name="MANOLIS"/>  The [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] has no record either of Fr. Raphael Morgan, nor of Fr. Demetrios Petrides, as the first records for the Philadelphia community in the archives only began in 1918.

During the ''16th Annual Ancient Christianity & and African-American Conference'' in 2009, Matthew Namee presented a 23-minute lecture on the heretofore recently discovered life of Fr . Raphael Morgan. He postulates postulated that even if Fr . Raphael's missionary efforts failed outside of his immediate family, he may be indirectly responsible for the conversion of thousands, via contact with Episcopal priest [[George Alexander McGuire]] (1866-1934). '''Fr. Raphael and George McGuire'''<br>[[File:GEORGE-ALEXANDER-MCGUIRE.jpg|left|thumb|125px|Rev. George Alexander McGuire, 7th Rector of ''The African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas'' (1902–1905).]]Namee questions whence the idea came for McGuire to form namely an ''Orthodox'' church. Fr. Raphael Morgan and George McGuire had some striking similarities, including the facts that both:* served concurrently or consecutively at [http://www.stphilipsrichmond.org/ St Philip's Episcopal Church] in Virginia,<ref group="note">[http://www.stphilipsrichmond.org/ St. Philip’s Episcopal Church] of Richmond, Virginia lists Morgan as having been the rector of their parish for a short time in 1901. He is listed as the rector from “1901-April 1901.” Morgan’s predecessor at St. Philip’s was a certain “Reverend [[George Alexander McGuire|George Alexander McQuire]],” who served the parish from April 1898 to November 1900.</ref> * were ordained in the Episcopal Church around the same time,<ref group="note">Rev. Morgan was ordained to the Episcopal deaconate on June 20, 1895, by Bishop Leighton Coleman. George McGuire was ordained to the Episcopal deaconate on June 29, 1896 by Bishop Boyd Vincent, and to the Episcopal priesthood in 1897 by the same. (Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). ''Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present''. In: '''[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofafroame00brag History of the Afro-American group of the Episcopal church (1922)].''' Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Press, 1922. p.273.)</ref> and * both later served in Philadelphia, each having had some contact with Rev. A.C.V. Cartier of the [http://www.aecst.org/home.htm African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas]. Namee concludes that with so many coincidences, it is impossible for these two men to not have known one another; and therefore it must be from some influence - either in conversation with Fr. Raphael or through evangelism - that McGuire received his inspiration and came to know the Orthodox Church.  An additional point is that Garvey already knew of Fr. Raphael when McGuire joined his organization in 1920 (since Fr. Raphael had written the letter in 1916 protesting Garvey's lectures), which makes it likely that McGuire and Garvey had discussed Morgan at some point. One deterrent from this theory comes in the familiarity that McGuire had with the Orthodox Church by his ''consecrator'', Joseph René Vilatte.<ref group="note">In his quest to obtain valid [[w:Apostolic succession|Apostolic Orders]], Fr. McGuire had himself re-ordained Bishop in the ''American Catholic Church'', being consecrated on September 28, 1921, in Chicago, Illinois, by Archbishop [[Joseph René Vilatte]], assisted by bishop Carl A. Nybladh who had been consecrated by Vilatte. However the [[Orthodox Church]] considers Villate to be an [[Episcopi vagantes]].</ref> At various points, Vilatte come into contact with both the [[Russian_Orthodox_Church|Russian]] and [[Syriac_Orthodox_Church|Syriac]] Orthodox Churches in a move for Catholic-Orthodox reconciliation, having even been accepted for a while by Bishop [[Vladimir (Sokolovsky-Avtonomov) of the Aleutians|Vladimir]] of [[Alaska]] in May of 1891. '''African Orthodox Church'''<br>George McGuire became an associate of Marcus Garvey and his Black Nationalist [[w:Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League|UNIA]] movement, being appointed the first Chaplain-General of the organization at its inaugural international convention in New York in August 1920. On September 28, 1921, he was made a bishop of the American Catholic Church by [[w:Joseph René Vilatte|Joseph René Vilatte]], and soon after founded the [[w:African Orthodox Church|African Orthodox Church]], a non-canonical Black Nationalist church, in the Anglican tradition. Today, it is best known for its canonisation of Jazz legend John Coltrane.

Records for St Paul's Episcopal Bishop George McGuire soon spread his African Orthodox Church in Richmondthroughout the United States, Virgina indicate that for and soon even made a short while presence on the African continent in 1901 Robert Jsuch countries as [[Archdiocese of Kampala and All Uganda|Uganda]], [[Archdiocese of Kenya|Kenya]], and [[Archdiocese of Irinopolis|Tanzania]]. Morgan was listed as Between 1924-1934 McGuire built the RectorAOC into a thriving international church. HoweverBranches were eventually established in Canada, Barbados, Cuba, South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Miami, Chicago, Harlem, Boston, Cambridge (Massachusetts), being only a deaconand elsewhere. The official organ of AOC, this would mean that Robert's position was only temporary'The Negro Churchman, during '' became an interregnum effective link for the far-flung organization.<ref name="Martin"/> However, around the time of the Second World War, the African churches were cut off from the American and in the post-war period had drifted far enough way to request and come under the [[omophorion]] of sortsthe [[Church of Alexandria]]. The previous rector was one George Alexander McGuireThus in 1946 the Holy Synod of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa officially recognized and received the "African Orthodox Church" in Kenya and Uganda.<ref group="note">These became the ''[[Archdiocese of Kenya]]'', a Episcopal priestand the ''[[Archdiocese of Kampala and All Uganda]]''.</ref>

===Legacy===Scholar Gavin White, writing in the 1970's, states that if Morgan tried to organize an African-American Greek Orthodox church in Philadelphia, its memory has vanished, and nothing whatsoever is known about Morgan in later years. However he hastens to add that: :"...there can be no doubt that McGuire knew all about Morgan and it is very probable that he knew him personally. It is just possible that it was Morgan who first introduced McGuire to the Episcopal Church in Wilmington; it was almost certainly Morgan who introduced McGuire to the idea of Eastern episcopacy.<ref name="WHITE"/> This concurs with Matthew Namee's conclusion above, that it was Fr. Raphael who was George Alexander McGuire's inspiration to form namely an "Orthodox" church. In 1920time the African-based portion of McGuire's ''"African Orthodox Church"'' in Kenya and Uganda, eventually did end up under the canonical jurisdiction of the [[Church of Alexandria|Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa]] in 1946. And although those two churches were already upon their own set path towards full canonical Orthodoxy, George McGuire became was an associate important part of Marcus Garvey that process at one stage, and his Black Nationalist movementFr. Raphael Morgan in turn, was behind McGuire's inspiration to form an "Orthodox" church. In 1921this regard, he by planting the seed, it can be said that Fr. Raphael was made also in some small measure, indirectly or incidentally, a bishop part of that process in Africa as well.<ref group="note">Orthodoxy in East Africa had a rather unique origin as it was not the American Catholic Church result of missionary evangelism, nor was it originally inspired by Joseph René VilatteEuropean/White introduction. Orthodox Christianity was unlike all other denominations, and soon after founded appealling to East Africans, such as the African Orthodox Church[[w:Kikuyu|Kikuyus]], especially because it was never associated with racism, a colonialism or religious imperialism. (Metropolitan [[non-canonicalMakarios (Tillyrides) of Kenya]] Black Nationalist church. Today, it is best known for its canonisation ''[http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/church_history/makarios_tillyrides_east_africa.htm The Origin of Jazz legend John ColtraneOrthodoxy in East Africa].'')</ref>

George McGuire soon spread his In the end, while Fr. Raphael Morgan's work among Jamaicans in Philadelphia appears to have been transitory, nevertheless he did serve as an important precedent for current African American interest in Orthodoxy,<ref group="note">As one historian has commented: "There seems to be some traction between historical Orthodoxy and African Christianity, rediscovered by African American intellectuals like Fr. Raphael Morgan and Professor [[Albert J. Raboteau|Raboteau]]. The African American tradition in the [[Orthodox Church throughout ]] is obviously an exception to the United Statesrule. Consider Raboteau's colleague at Princeton, [[w:Cornel West|Cornell West]], who has most eloquently addressed Constantinian Christianity in his ''Democracy Matters: Winning the Fight against Imperialism'' (2004). For West and other liberal intellectuals, Orthodoxy's historical connections with empire ([[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]]) and soon even made state ([[Phyletism|modern nationalism]]) is a present on major turn-off. But for other intellectuals that have arrived to Orthodoxy through Anglicanism/Episcopalianism, the African continent in such countries as UgandaOrthodox tradition is softer and philosophically fundamental." (Kourelis, KenyaKostis. ''"[http://kourelis.blogspot.com/2009/10/philadelphia-greeks-and-their-black.html Philadelphia Greeks and Their Black Priest.]"'' '''Objects-Building-Situation: Musings on Architecture, Art and TanzaniaHistory, with Special Focus on Mediterranean Archaeology. However''' Thursday, around the time October 29, 2009.)</ref> especially that of the Second World WarFather [http://unexpectedjoychurch.org/administration.html Moses Berry], director of the [http://www.oaahm.org/index.html Ozarks African churches were cut off from the American and in Heritage Museum], who served as the post-war period had drifted far enough way priest to request and come under the omophorion of [http://unexpectedjoychurch.org/ Theotokos, the Church of Alexandria“Unexpected Joy,” Orthodox Mission] ([[OCA]]) in Ash Grove, Missouri.<ref name=Oliver/>

Namee questions whence ==See also==* [[Joachim (Phoropoulos) of Pelagonia]].* [[George Alexander McGuire]].* [[Brotherhood of St. Moses the idea came for McGuire to form namely an Black]].* [[Albert J. Raboteau]]. ==Notes==<references group="note" /> ==References== <div><references/></div> ==External Links==* [http://www.annunciation-elkinspark.org/ Annunciation/Evangelismos Greek Orthodox Church], Philadelphia, PA. ''(Fr. Raphael's home parish, ca.~1907-1916)''* [[w:OrthodoxChristianity in Uganda|Orthodox Christianity in Uganda]] at Wikipedia.* Sean D. Hamill. '' church[http://www. Fr Raphael Morgan and George McGuire have a few similarities: both were nytimes.com/2010/01/30/us/30religion.html Black CaribbeansPriest Shares Past, served concurrently or consecutively at St PhilipEnlightening White Town],''s in Virginia: '''The New York Times: Religion Journal.''' January 29, were ordained around the same time, and later served in Philadelphia2010. Namee concludes that with so many coincidences''(Print edition: January 30, it is impossible for these two men to not have known one another; and therefore it must be from some influence - either in conversation or evangelism2010, that McGuire came to know on page A12 of the Orthodox ChurchNew York edition.)'' (Re: Fr. Moses Berry).

'''Contemporary Sources'''*ATOR (''African Times and Orient Review''), (Feb. - Mar. 1913), p.163.* Bragg, Rev. George F. (D.D.). ''Chapter XXXVI: Negro Ordinations from 1866 to the Present''. In: '''[http://www.joyousjamarchive.comorg/fatherraphaeldetails/indexhistoryofafroame00brag History of the Afro-American group of the Episcopal church (1922)].html Father Raphael] Lumsden''' Baltimore, JoyMd.: Church Advocate Press, MA (Cantab)1922.* Bragg, PhD Rev. George F. (UWID.D.).*''Afro-American Clergy List. Priests''. In: '''[http://ancientfaithwww.archive.comorg/specialsdetails/16th_ancient_christianity_africanafroamericanchur00bragiala Afro-american_conferenceAmerican Church Work and Workers].''' Baltimore, Md.: Church Advocate Print, 1904.* Hill, Robert A., Marcus Garvey, Universal Negro Improvement Association. ''[http:/matthew_namee/ Frbooks. Raphael Morgan: America's First Black Orthodox Priest] Namee, Matthewgoogle. 16th Annual Ancient Christianity ca/books?id=CKJrUKdSZwkC&printsec=frontcover& Africansource=gbs_navlinks_s The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: 1826-American ConferenceAugust 1919]. 03 June'' University of California Press, 20091983.ISBN 9780520044562*Mather, Frank Lincoln. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RFZ2AAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Who's who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent].''. University of Michigan. Gale Research Co., 1915. * ''The Daily Gleaner''. ''[http://bookswww.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id10.html West Africa]''. October 9, 1901. p.7.* ''The Daily Gleaner.'' ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id3.html Priest's Visit: Father Raphael of Greek Orthodox Church: His Extensive Travels].'' July 22, 1913.* ''The Daily Gleaner.'' ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id6.html Gives Lecture. Fr. Raphael Talks of His Travels Abroad.]'' August 15, 1913.* ''The Daily Gleaner.'' November 2, 1914. p.13.* ''The Jamaica Times''. ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/id1.html Only Negro Who is a Greek Priest].'' April 26, 1913.* ''Une Conquete du Patriarcat Oecumenique.'' ''' ''Echos d'Orient'' '''. Vol. XI. No.68, 1908, pp.55-56. :(''Publication of the Roman Catholic Uniate Assumptionist Fathers, located in Chalcedon;'' for an online translation of the French article, see: Fr. [[User:ASDamick|Andrew S. Damick]]. ''"[http://orthodoxhistory.org/2009/12/the-sorcerer-on-the-golden-horn/ The Sorcerer on the Golden Horn]."'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas). December 15, 2009.)* [[w:Monroe Work|Work, Monroe N.]], (Ed.). ''The Negro Yearbook, an Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro, 1921-1922''. The Negro Year Book Publishing Company: [[w:Tuskegee University|Tuskegee Institute]], 1922. (''1921 edition, p.213.'') '''Modern Sources'''* Herbel, Fr. Oliver ([[Orthodox Church in America|OCA]]). ''[http://www.ocanews.org/Herbeljurisdiction4.22.09.html Jurisdictional Disunity and the Russian Mission].'' '''Orthodox Christians for Accountability'''. [[April 22]], 2009.* Herbel, Fr. Oliver ([[Orthodox Church in America |OCA]]). ''Morgan, Raphael.'' '''[http://www.googlemywire.com/booksa/African-American-National-Biography/Morgan-Raphael/9463563?id=RFZ2AAAAMAAJ&pgpbl=PA226&lpg=PA226&dq=who27 The African American National Biography]''' at '''mywire.com'''s+who+. 1-Jan-2008.* Herbel, Fr. Oliver ([[Orthodox Church in America |OCA]]). Ph.D. Dissertation: “Turning to Tradition: Intra-Christian Converts and the Making of an American Orthodox Church,” 349 pp., under the direction of Michael McClymond (2009).* Herbel, Fr. Oliver ([[Orthodox Church in America |OCA]]). “The Relationship of the African Orthodox Church to the Orthodox Churches and Its Importance for Appreciating the Brotherhood of+St. Moses the+colored+race+Black,” Black Theology (forthcoming).* ''[[w:Joseph René Vilatte|Joseph René Vilatte]]'' at Wikipedia.* Kourelis, Kostis. ''"[http://kourelis.blogspot.com/2009/10/philadelphia-greeks-and-their-black.html Philadelphia Greeks and Their Black Priest.]"'' '''Objects-Building-Situation: Musings on Architecture, Art and History, with Special Focus on Mediterranean Archaeology.''' Thursday, October 29, 2009. * Lumsden, Joy, MA (Cantab), PhD (UWI). ''[http://www.joyousjam.com/fatherraphael/index.html Father Raphael].''* Lumsden, Joy. ''[http://jamaicanhistorymonth2007.moonfruit.com/#/father-raphael+morgan&source/4520858082 Robert Josias Morgan, aka Father Raphael].'' '''Jamaican History Month 2007.''' February 16, 2007.* Manolis, Paul G. ''Raphael (Robert) Morgan: The First Black Orthodox Priest in America''. '''Theologia: Epistēmonikon Periodikon Ekdidomenon Kata Trimēnian'''. (En Athenais: Vraveion Akadēmias Athēnōn), 1981, vol.52, no.3, pp.464-480. ISSN: 1105-154X* Martin, Tony. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=blNgIYlUbaoAoC&otsprintsec=mPXZ6sHp28frontcover&sigsource=5ddkczyQWij83-qA6_xs6AcPUTA&hlgbs_navlinks_s#v=enonepage&eiq=6AJESrOhF5SNtgf0m-ScAQ&saf=Xfalse McGuire, George Alexander].'' '''Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance'''. Volume 2. Cary D. Wintz, Paul Finkelman (Eds.). Taylor &oiFrancis, 2004.* Metropolitan [[Makarios (Tillyrides) of Kenya]]. ''[http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/church_history/makarios_tillyrides_east_africa.htm The Origin of Orthodoxy in East Africa].'' '''Orthodox Research Institute'''.* Namee, Matthew. ''[http://orthodoxhistory.org/?p=book_result244 The First Black Orthodox Priest in America].'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas). July 15, 2009.* Namee, Matthew. ''[http://ancientfaith.com/specials/16th_ancient_christianity_african-american_conference/matthew_namee/ Fr. Raphael Morgan: America's First Black Orthodox Priest.]'' '''16th Annual Ancient Christianity &ctAfrican-American Conference'''. June 03, 2009.* Namee, Matthew. ''"[http://orthodoxhistory.org/?cat=result&resnum=2 Google Books Link58 Robert Josias Morgan visits Russia, 1904]."'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Chrisitan History in the Americas). September 15, 2009.*Namee, Matthew. ''"[http://en.wikipediaorthodoxhistory.org/wikitag/african-orthodox-church/Joseph_Rene_Vilatte Joseph René VilatteFr. Raphael Morgan against Marcus Garvey] Wikipedia."'' '''OrthodoxHistory.org''' (The Society for Orthodox Chrisitan History in the Americas). March 29, 2010.* White, Gavin. ''Patriarch McGuire and the Episcopal Church.'' In: Randall K. Burkett and Richard Newman (Eds.). '''Black Apostles: Afro-American Clergy Confront the Twentieth Century.''' G. K. Hall, 1978. pp.151-180.