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'''The Nuns of Shamordino, Prisoners of Solovki and Vorkuta''' | '''The Nuns of Shamordino, Prisoners of Solovki and Vorkuta''' | ||
| − | The sisterhood of ''' | + | The sisterhood of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamordino_Convent '''Shamordino Convent'''] were imprisoned in 1923 at the closure of the convent by the Soviet authorities, first in '''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovki_prison_camp Solovki prison camp]]''', then the sisterhood was broken up and dispersed and, with the exception of one striking account by American prisoner [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Noble John H. Noble]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Noble |first=John |date=1960 |title=I Found God in Soviet Russia |publisher=Marshall, Morgan & Scott Ltd. |location=London |page=161-168}}</ref> that emerged following his release some 30 years after the nuns' disappearance, it is generally unknown, apart from scant references<ref>[http://www.pravoslavie.ru/english/76780.htm Memories of Nun-Martyr Augusta (Zaschuk; 1871-1938)]</ref>, what became of any other members of the sisterhood thereafter. |
== Historical Accounts == | == Historical Accounts == | ||
'''Account of I.M. Andreyevsky, Professor, Psychiatrist, Author, and Political Prisoner''' | '''Account of I.M. Andreyevsky, Professor, Psychiatrist, Author, and Political Prisoner''' | ||
| − | The account in English of what was the immediate fate of the nuns was provided by I.M. Andreyevsky<ref>[http://christthesavior.net/?p=550 Andreyevsky's English Biography]</ref> ({{lang-ru|[[:ru:Wikilink|Иван Михайлович Андреевский]]}}) in ''The Orthodox Word''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Andreyev |first=I.M. |date=July-August 1977 |title=Martyrology of the Communist Yoke: The Nuns of Shamordino |journal=The Orthodox Word |volume=13, No.4 |page=161-168; ISSN 0030-5839}}</ref>, a publication of monk [[Seraphim Rose]] and the [[St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood|'''Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery''']], which at the time of publication were under the '''[[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]'''. The following points highlight their imprisonment: Under orders from their spiritual father, also imprisoned at Solovki, they were not to do any work for the Soviet regime because the system was actively dismantling the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. As a result of their steadfast adherence to the vow of obedience they had all taken upon their tonsure, they refused to do so much as a single stitch with a needle in service to the Soviets. They were threatened, beaten, tortured, starved, all to no avail. Finally, as a last resort, they were divided up and sent to various locations of forced labour and imprisonment throughout the Soviet Union in the hopes that total isolation would break their will and that they should submit to their captors. Other than these main details, little else was known of them until some 30 or 35 years later when an American prisoner was released and published his account (cited below) of his ten years of imprisonment in the | + | The account in English of what was the immediate fate of the nuns was provided by I.M. Andreyevsky<ref>[http://christthesavior.net/?p=550 Andreyevsky's English Biography]</ref> ({{lang-ru|[[:ru:Wikilink|Иван Михайлович Андреевский]]}}) in ''The Orthodox Word''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Andreyev |first=I.M. |date=July-August 1977 |title=Martyrology of the Communist Yoke: The Nuns of Shamordino |journal=The Orthodox Word |volume=13, No.4 |page=161-168; ISSN 0030-5839}}</ref>, a publication of monk [[Seraphim Rose]] and the [[St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood|'''Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery''']], which at the time of publication were under the '''[[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]'''. The following points highlight their imprisonment: Under orders from their spiritual father, also imprisoned at Solovki, they were not to do any work for the Soviet regime because the system was actively dismantling the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. As a result of their steadfast adherence to the vow of obedience they had all taken upon their tonsure, they refused to do so much as a single stitch with a needle in service to the Soviets. They were threatened, beaten, tortured, starved, all to no avail. Finally, as a last resort, they were divided up and sent to various locations of forced labour and imprisonment throughout the Soviet Union in the hopes that total isolation would break their will and that they should submit to their captors. Other than these main details, little else was known of them until some 30 or 35 years later when an American prisoner was released and published his account (cited below) of his ten years of imprisonment in the ''Soviet Gulags''. |
'''Account of John H. Noble, American Political Prisoner''' | '''Account of John H. Noble, American Political Prisoner''' | ||
| − | This account takes place at the arctic | + | This account takes place at the arctic ''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorkutlag Vorkutlag]]'' prison camp nearing the end of the ''Stalin Era''. The main points of John Noble's account are that they show that the wills of at least these three surviving nuns were unbroken, though they had by now been undergoing afflictions and punishments for some 25 years or so. They still refused to do any work whatsoever or under any circumstances. Moreover, they displayed astounding courage and strength: when subjected to torture, namely being placed in straight jackets that were extremely tight so as to cut off circulation, though writhing in agony they simply moaned quietly until they passed out. This was done repeatedly bringing them near to the point of death with no effect on breaking their will. After a respite, this torture was then increased in its torments by dousing the cotton jackets in water so that as it dried it tightened yet more. Again, racked with agony, yet to no avail. They endured all this without complaint or cursing their torturers but quietly and with a meek disposition. The camp commander, in a desperate bid to either get them to comply or die, then instructed them to be put outside in the snow on a hilltop in the winds of winter, and force them to stand there motionless for the full 8-hour workday and watch the other women prisoners work. Standing in prayer, they faithfully complied with this in the full sight of the other prisoners labouring in the fields. At the end of the day they returned, relaxed and warm, without any bodily damage. On the second day, the guards were ordered to put them out there again but stripped of hats and mittens. Though the workers were labouring and well-dressed they were complaining bitterly of the intense cold. The third day the same scene was repeated except that they had been divested of their scarves as well. On the fourth day, the guards were afraid and told the commandant that they refused to have any more to do with afflicting them. Even the commandant, being somewhat superstitious, was afraid at this point and relented. After that point, at least until John H. Noble's release, they were allowed to stay in a room by themselves, make habits for themselves, and were taken off punishment rations, being left in peace to observe their religious rule of prayer and communal life. This is the last that is known of what became of the ''Nuns of Shamordino''. |
==Veneration and Canonical Standing== | ==Veneration and Canonical Standing== | ||
| − | While they have not been officially glorified (recognized as saints), they are commemorated on November 12th on the [[Julian Calendar]] by some Orthodox Churches. It should be noted that in the [[Orthodox Church]] there is no need for official declarations of sainthood as there is in | + | While they have not been officially glorified (recognized as saints), they are commemorated on November 12th on the [[Julian Calendar]] by some Orthodox Churches. It should be noted that in the [[Orthodox Church]] there is no need for official declarations of sainthood as there is in Roman Catholicism where the process of [[canonization]] is different (see [[Glorification#Eastern_Orthodox_Church|glorification]]). Many [[Eastern Orthodox]] saints have never been canonized in the official sense as practiced by the Vatican. [[https://orthodoxwiki.org/John_Chrysostom Saint John Chrysostom]] is such an example where the Orthodox Church has never felt the need to issue an official document declaring him a "canonical saint" as such. Hence, here also, the veneration of many "unofficial" Orthodox confessors and martyrs who courageously refused to bend to the oppression of the Soviet State is exemplified and encouraged by the [[iconography]] that has arisen. |
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 04:32, August 7, 2016
The Nuns of Shamordino, Prisoners of Solovki and Vorkuta
The sisterhood of Shamordino Convent were imprisoned in 1923 at the closure of the convent by the Soviet authorities, first in [Solovki prison camp], then the sisterhood was broken up and dispersed and, with the exception of one striking account by American prisoner [John H. Noble][1] that emerged following his release some 30 years after the nuns' disappearance, it is generally unknown, apart from scant references[2], what became of any other members of the sisterhood thereafter.
Historical Accounts
Account of I.M. Andreyevsky, Professor, Psychiatrist, Author, and Political Prisoner
The account in English of what was the immediate fate of the nuns was provided by I.M. Andreyevsky[3] (Russian: Иван Михайлович Андреевский) in The Orthodox Word[4], a publication of monk Seraphim Rose and the Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery, which at the time of publication were under the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia. The following points highlight their imprisonment: Under orders from their spiritual father, also imprisoned at Solovki, they were not to do any work for the Soviet regime because the system was actively dismantling the Russian Orthodox Church. As a result of their steadfast adherence to the vow of obedience they had all taken upon their tonsure, they refused to do so much as a single stitch with a needle in service to the Soviets. They were threatened, beaten, tortured, starved, all to no avail. Finally, as a last resort, they were divided up and sent to various locations of forced labour and imprisonment throughout the Soviet Union in the hopes that total isolation would break their will and that they should submit to their captors. Other than these main details, little else was known of them until some 30 or 35 years later when an American prisoner was released and published his account (cited below) of his ten years of imprisonment in the Soviet Gulags.
Account of John H. Noble, American Political Prisoner
This account takes place at the arctic [Vorkutlag] prison camp nearing the end of the Stalin Era. The main points of John Noble's account are that they show that the wills of at least these three surviving nuns were unbroken, though they had by now been undergoing afflictions and punishments for some 25 years or so. They still refused to do any work whatsoever or under any circumstances. Moreover, they displayed astounding courage and strength: when subjected to torture, namely being placed in straight jackets that were extremely tight so as to cut off circulation, though writhing in agony they simply moaned quietly until they passed out. This was done repeatedly bringing them near to the point of death with no effect on breaking their will. After a respite, this torture was then increased in its torments by dousing the cotton jackets in water so that as it dried it tightened yet more. Again, racked with agony, yet to no avail. They endured all this without complaint or cursing their torturers but quietly and with a meek disposition. The camp commander, in a desperate bid to either get them to comply or die, then instructed them to be put outside in the snow on a hilltop in the winds of winter, and force them to stand there motionless for the full 8-hour workday and watch the other women prisoners work. Standing in prayer, they faithfully complied with this in the full sight of the other prisoners labouring in the fields. At the end of the day they returned, relaxed and warm, without any bodily damage. On the second day, the guards were ordered to put them out there again but stripped of hats and mittens. Though the workers were labouring and well-dressed they were complaining bitterly of the intense cold. The third day the same scene was repeated except that they had been divested of their scarves as well. On the fourth day, the guards were afraid and told the commandant that they refused to have any more to do with afflicting them. Even the commandant, being somewhat superstitious, was afraid at this point and relented. After that point, at least until John H. Noble's release, they were allowed to stay in a room by themselves, make habits for themselves, and were taken off punishment rations, being left in peace to observe their religious rule of prayer and communal life. This is the last that is known of what became of the Nuns of Shamordino.
Veneration and Canonical Standing
While they have not been officially glorified (recognized as saints), they are commemorated on November 12th on the Julian Calendar by some Orthodox Churches. It should be noted that in the Orthodox Church there is no need for official declarations of sainthood as there is in Roman Catholicism where the process of canonization is different (see glorification). Many Eastern Orthodox saints have never been canonized in the official sense as practiced by the Vatican. [Saint John Chrysostom] is such an example where the Orthodox Church has never felt the need to issue an official document declaring him a "canonical saint" as such. Hence, here also, the veneration of many "unofficial" Orthodox confessors and martyrs who courageously refused to bend to the oppression of the Soviet State is exemplified and encouraged by the iconography that has arisen.
References
External links
- Online copy of the article, "The Nuns of Shamordino: Prisoners of Solovki" from The Orthodox Word
- Biography of the article author, I.M. Andreyevsky in Russian Wikipedia
Category:Monasteries in Russia Category:Russian Orthodox monasteries Category:new martyrs Category:Christian monasteries in Russia Category:underground church Category:gulag
