https://en.orthodoxwiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Imerek&feedformat=atomOrthodoxWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T08:30:51ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.30.0https://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=92250Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2010-04-04T14:44:43Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian||Estonian<br />
|-<br />
|Abbot|| ||игумен||kloostriülem, iguumen<br />
|-<br />
|Apostle || ||Aпостол||"Apostel"<br />
|-<br />
|Archbishop||Αρχιεπίσκοπος||Архиепископ||ülempiiskop<br />
|-<br />
|Bishop||επίσκοπος||Епископ||Piiskop<br />
|-<br />
|Chapel|| ||Часовня||Kabel<br />
|-<br />
|Church||εκκλησία||церковь||Kirik<br />
|-<br />
|Confessor|| ||исповедник||Usutunnistaja<br />
|-<br />
|Deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)||Diakon<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха||Paasa<br />
|-<br />
|Enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|Equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||Равноапостольный||Apostlisarnane<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый||<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец||<br />
|-<br />
|Great Lent|| ||Великий пост||Suur Paast<br />
|-<br />
|Great-martyr|| ||великомученик||Suurmärter<br />
|-<br />
|Hieromartyr|| ||священномученник||Püha piiskopmärter või preestermärter <br />
|-<br />
|Leavetaking||ἀπόδοσις||отдание||<br />
|-<br />
|Martyr||μάρτυς||мученик||Märter<br />
|-<br />
|Merciful|| ||милостивый||<br />
|-<br />
|Mitre (miter)||μίτρα||Митра||Mitra<br />
|-<br />
|Myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица||<br />
|-<br />
|New-martyr|| ||новомученик||Uusmärter<br />
|-<br />
|Obedience|| ||Послушание||Kuuletumine, kuuletumiskohus, kuuletumistöö<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер||Presbüter<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||Священник||Preester<br />
|-<br />
|Protomartyr|| ||Первомученик||<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный||Õigeusuline<br />
|-<br />
|Righteous|| ||Праведный||Õiglane<br />
|-<br />
|Saint||άγιος||Святой||Pühak<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник||Kasupüüdmatu<br />
|-<br />
|Venerable|| ||Преподобный||Vaga<br />
|-<br />
|Venerable-martyr|| ||Преподобномученик||Vaga märter<br />
|-<br />
|Wonderworker|| ||чудотворец||<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[ru:Краткий православный лексикон]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=92249Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2010-04-04T14:39:14Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian||Estonian<br />
|-<br />
|Abbot|| ||игумен||kloostriülem, iguumen<br />
|-<br />
|Apostle || ||Aпостол||"Apostel"<br />
|-<br />
|Archbishop||Αρχιεπίσκοπος||Архиепископ||ülempiiskop<br />
|-<br />
|Bishop||επίσκοπος||Епископ||Piiskop<br />
|-<br />
|Chapel|| ||Часоыня||Kabel<br />
|-<br />
|Church||εκκλησία||церковь||Kirik<br />
|-<br />
|Confessor|| ||исповедник||Usutunnistaja<br />
|-<br />
|Deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)||Diakon<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха||Paasa<br />
|-<br />
|Enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|Equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||Равноапостольный||Apostlisarnane<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый||<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец||<br />
|-<br />
|Great Lent|| ||Великий пост||Suur Paast<br />
|-<br />
|Great-martyr|| ||великомученик||Suurmärter<br />
|-<br />
|Hieromartyr|| ||священномученник||Püha piiskopmärter või preestermärter <br />
|-<br />
|Leavetaking||ἀπόδοσις||отдание||<br />
|-<br />
|Martyr||μάρτυς||мученик||Märter<br />
|-<br />
|Merciful|| ||милостивый||<br />
|-<br />
|Mitre (miter)||μίτρα||Митра||Mitra<br />
|-<br />
|Myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица||<br />
|-<br />
|New-martyr|| ||новомученик||Uusmärter<br />
|-<br />
|Obedience|| ||Послушание||Kuuletumine, kuuletumiskohus, kuuletumistöö<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер||Presbüter<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||Священник||Preester<br />
|-<br />
|Protomartyr|| ||Первомученик||<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный||Õigeusuline<br />
|-<br />
|Righteous|| ||Праведный||Õiglane<br />
|-<br />
|Saint||άγιος||Святой||Pühak<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник||Kasupüüdmatu<br />
|-<br />
|Venerable|| ||Преподобный||Vaga<br />
|-<br />
|Venerable-martyr|| ||Преподобномученик||Vaga märter<br />
|-<br />
|Wonderworker|| ||чудотворец||<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[ru:Краткий православный лексикон]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=92248Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2010-04-04T14:36:22Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian||Estonian<br />
|-<br />
|Abbot|| ||игумен||kloostriülem, iguumen<br />
|-<br />
|Apostle || ||Aпостол||"Apostel"<br />
|-<br />
|Bishop||επίσκοπος||Епископ||Piiskop<br />
|-<br />
|Chapel|| ||Часоыня||Kabel<br />
|-<br />
|Church||εκκλησία||церковь||Kirik<br />
|-<br />
|Confessor|| ||исповедник||Usutunnistaja<br />
|-<br />
|Deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)||Diakon<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха||Paasa<br />
|-<br />
|Enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|Equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||Равноапостольный||Apostlisarnane<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый||<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец||<br />
|-<br />
|Great Lent|| ||Великий пост||Suur Paast<br />
|-<br />
|Great-martyr|| ||великомученик||Suurmärter<br />
|-<br />
|Hieromartyr|| ||священномученник||Püha piiskopmärter või preestermärter <br />
|-<br />
|Leavetaking||ἀπόδοσις||отдание||<br />
|-<br />
|Martyr||μάρτυς||мученик||Märter<br />
|-<br />
|Merciful|| ||милостивый||<br />
|-<br />
|Mitre (miter)||μίτρα||Митра||Mitra<br />
|-<br />
|Myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица||<br />
|-<br />
|New-martyr|| ||новомученик||Uusmärter<br />
|-<br />
|Obedience|| ||Послушание||Kuuletumine, kuuletumiskohus, kuuletumistöö<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер||Presbüter<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||Священник||Preester<br />
|-<br />
|Protomartyr|| ||Первомученик||<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный||Õigeusuline<br />
|-<br />
|Righteous|| ||Праведный||Õiglane<br />
|-<br />
|Saint||άγιος||Святой||Pühak<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник||Kasupüüdmatu<br />
|-<br />
|Venerable|| ||Преподобный||Vaga<br />
|-<br />
|Venerable-martyr|| ||Преподобномученик||Vaga märter<br />
|-<br />
|Wonderworker|| ||чудотворец||<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[ru:Краткий православный лексикон]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=92247Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2010-04-04T14:35:22Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian||Estonian<br />
|-<br />
|Abbot|| ||игумен||kloostriülem, iguumen<br />
|-<br />
|Apostle || ||Aпостол||"Apostel"<br />
|-<br />
|Bishop||επίσκοπος||Епископ||Piiskop<br />
|Chapel|| ||Часоыня||Kabel<br />
|-<br />
|Church||εκκλησία||церковь||Kirik<br />
|-<br />
|Confessor|| ||исповедник||Usutunnistaja<br />
|-<br />
|Deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)||Diakon<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха||Paasa<br />
|-<br />
|Enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|Equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||Равноапостольный||Apostlisarnane<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый||<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец||<br />
|-<br />
|Great Lent|| ||Великий пост||Suur Paast<br />
|-<br />
|Great-martyr|| ||великомученик||Suurmärter<br />
|-<br />
|Hieromartyr|| ||священномученник||Püha piiskopmärter või preestermärter <br />
|-<br />
|Leavetaking||ἀπόδοσις||отдание||<br />
|-<br />
|Martyr||μάρτυς||мученик||Märter<br />
|-<br />
|Merciful|| ||милостивый||<br />
|-<br />
|Mitre (miter)||μίτρα||Митра||Mitra<br />
|-<br />
|Myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица||<br />
|-<br />
|New-martyr|| ||новомученик||Uusmärter<br />
|-<br />
|Obedience|| ||Послушание||Kuuletumine, kuuletumiskohus, kuuletumistöö<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер||Presbüter<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||Священник||Preester<br />
|-<br />
|Protomartyr|| ||Первомученик||<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный||Õigeusuline<br />
|-<br />
|Righteous|| ||Праведный||Õiglane<br />
|-<br />
|Saint||άγιος||Святой||Pühak<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник||Kasupüüdmatu<br />
|-<br />
|Venerable|| ||Преподобный||Vaga<br />
|-<br />
|Venerable-martyr|| ||Преподобномученик||Vaga märter<br />
|-<br />
|Wonderworker|| ||чудотворец||<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[ru:Краткий православный лексикон]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=91839Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2010-03-13T17:11:32Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian||Estonian<br />
|-<br />
|Abbot|| ||игумен||kloostriülem, iguumen<br />
|-<br />
|Apostle || ||Aпостол||"Apostel"<br />
|-<br />
|Bishop||επίσκοπος||епископ||piiskop<br />
|-<br />
|Church||εκκλησία||церковь||Kirik<br />
|-<br />
|Confessor|| ||исповедник||<br />
|-<br />
|Deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха<br />
|-<br />
|Enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|Equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||равноапостольный<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый||<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец<br />
|-<br />
|Great Lent|| ||Великий пост||Suur Paast<br />
|-<br />
|Great-martyr|| ||великомученик||Suurmärter<br />
|-<br />
|Hieromartyr|| ||священномученник||<br />
|-<br />
|Leavetaking||ἀπόδοσις||отдание||<br />
|-<br />
|Martyr||μάρτυς||мученик||Märter<br />
|-<br />
|Merciful|| ||милостивый||<br />
|-<br />
|Mitre (miter)||μίτρα||Митра||Mitra<br />
|-<br />
|myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица||<br />
|-<br />
|New-martyr|| ||новомученик||Uusmärter<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||священник<br />
|-<br />
|protomartyr|| ||первомученик<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный<br />
|-<br />
|righteous|| ||праведный<br />
|-<br />
|saint||άγιος||святой<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник<br />
|-<br />
|venerable|| ||преподобный<br />
|-<br />
|venerable-martyr|| ||преподобномученик<br />
|-<br />
|wonderworker|| ||чудотворец<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[ru:Краткий православный лексикон]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=User_talk:ASDamick&diff=91836User talk:ASDamick2010-03-12T22:04:14Z<p>Imerek: /* Request for speedy deletion */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div><div class="boilerplate" id="stub" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; background: #EEEEEE; padding: 0 10px; border: 1px solid #CCC; width: 60%; align: center">'''Fr. Andrew''' is currently reserving the right to make his wiki-contributions extremely sporadic.</div><br />
<br />
* [[/Archive 1|Archive 1]] (Dec. 18, 2004 - June 17, 2005)<br />
* [[/Archive 2|Archive 2]] (July 5, 2005 - Dec. 15, 2005)<br />
* [[/Archive 3|Archive 3]] (Dec. 23, 2005 - Aug. 2, 2006)<br />
* [[/Archive 4|Archive 4]] (Aug. 10, 2006 - May 29, 2008)<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== "Church" v. "church" ==<br />
<br />
I understand "the Church" v. "a church" when it comes to a parish. However, I thought that one could also have "a Church" meaning an entity such as the [[Church of Russia]]. Currently, that article (Jursidiction section) mentions: "This includes these self-governing Churches:" Is this wrong? (I would appreciate it if you would add some clarification to the [[OrthodoxWiki:Style_Manual#Capitalization|Style Manual]] on this so I can refer back to it.) Thank you. —[[User:Magda|<b>magda</b>]] ([[User_talk:Magda|talk]]) 15:05, June 2, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Vandalism 10June08==<br />
Figured just after I did it... :/ ...Wonder if there's a way to have a setting where all of an editors edits can just be mass-reverted? &mdash; by [[User:Pistevo|<font color="green">Pιs</font><font color="gold">τévο</font>]] <sup>''[[User talk:Pistevo|<font color="blue">talk</font>]]'' ''[[User talk:Pistevo/dev/null|<font color="red">complaints</font>]]''</sup> at 11:56, June 10, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
* Thank you very much, Fr. Andrew. It's just my duty.--''[[User:Θεοδωρος|<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #082567">Θεόδωρος</span>]]'' 12:02, June 10, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
I've noticed you are able to delete particular edits from the revision history. I think [[Pope Saint Dioscorus I of Alexandria (Coptic POV)]] still needs help (or just to be transferred to OrthodoxSource and deleted here), but I'd like to know how to delete selected edits, and what the "undo" button does ... without harming an actual article. —[[User:Magda|<b>magda</b>]] ([[User_talk:Magda|talk]]) 19:47, June 11, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Thank you. I hadn't even noticed the (show/hide) link until you pointed it out. —[[User:Magda|<b>magda</b>]] ([[User_talk:Magda|talk]]) 22:15, June 11, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Hmm. Poking it doesn't seem to work in this case. I can rollback to the previous edit, or I can undo, but each option seems to deal with single edits, when I want to go back several edits. I have tried several times to copy and paste from an [http://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Pope_Saint_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria_(Coptic_POV)&oldid=60734 older edit], but I think that there may be too much data. I feel uncomfortable transferring this article to OrthodoxSource, because I don't know whether we have the right to use most of the material from this article (most of it seems to be from [http://www.coptichymns.net/module-library-viewpub-tid-1-pid-384.html this article]). In any case, if you can get the article restored (I give up), I think it needs a significant amount of cleanup. —[[User:Magda|<b>magda</b>]] ([[User_talk:Magda|talk]]) 22:52, June 11, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Help on Code ==<br />
<br />
Hi, I have looked through the various Help Files but there doesnt seem to be one that teaches you (or define) how to use the parameters (and what these are) for code. I have been working on putting a {{ }} together but I want to collapse my table. Do you know of a reference I cna read to educate myself on this code? and what will work on OrthodoxWiki? [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 02:58, June 12, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Do you know if the {{#if:}} are supposed to work on OrthodoxWiki? They work on Wikipedia -- [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]]<br />
<br />
== Recruitment of "expert" ==<br />
<br />
Hi, I wanted to ask you to help me ... I am hoping that at this point in time, the number of people who go to OrthodoxSource is limited to ...two, three at the max ...because it will get crazy before a nice sensible 'framework' is put in place ... anyway, can you pop over to Orthodox Source for a moment ... and take a look at what I have started to do and please dont freak out ... I am pretty computer savvy .. the only problem is I am having difficulty with the #if code ... which is messing up the format for this template [http://www.orthodoxsource.org/Template:Author ''Development of Template for "Author" definitions"''] which is a key template to get this site up and running. Keep it quiet that I am working on that site because otherwise too many people will start sticky beaking into it and modifying things without the framework finishing ... -- [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]]<br />
<br />
So, who should I recruit??? See, my development so far ... I want someone to work with! Any ideas? [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]]<br />
<br />
== take a look .... ==<br />
<br />
http://orthodoxsource.org/Author:Raphael_Hawaweeny<br />
<br />
==Existing structure==<br />
Thanks on the revert on my addition to the "graduates". I like to follow the existing structure a best I can. A few times I've noted what appears to be more than one path, usually over using similar titles for articles and categories that I think adds confusion in navigating. At this time I can't remember my "examples!" Multiple paths may be necessary sometime, but my intent is to work within the present structure and keep the structure simple to follow. [[User:Wsk|Wsk]] 14:09, June 18, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==PSCA==<br />
PSCA = "Provisional Supreme Church Authority [of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad]", aka the "Agathangelites" -- the latest schismatic jurisdiction to emerge in Ukraine. I'll get a brief article about them up. {{unsigned|Aleks}}<br />
<br />
==Stuff==<br />
1. I am not trying to live in '''"bubble" world''' where only I can edit and only I can do as I please ... so, please dont go inferring that I should "bugger off" and start my own wiki if that is what I want ...<br />
<br />
2. I am not upset because you deleted the DVD articles, or Category links (because I make OW mistakes) I never said that so please dont infer that. I am/was upset with the overall revert you made to the OrthodoxSource Main Page. That was a significant (rv) and I just would have liked the opportunity to have been treated like an equal in that case - drop me a conversational note giving me a warning that you intend to do it. That was what upset me, ''''the fact you didnt think I was worth discussing it in the first place'''<br />
<br />
3. I tend to get defensive with you because from Day One you have been pretty abrupt with me on just about every occassion ... so that pattern has made me feel like '''you dont think I am worth discussing with in the first place''' - even if you do talk to me ... it has been talking "down" on occassions, little comments in the past "highlighting" my weaknesses have made me feel inferior ... and have made me feel that everyone has a superior grasp of "English", I dont ... so ... I do note, that you are so willing to be "patient" with me; Wow, how awesome that you can exhibit ''patience'' with me? how good does that make me feel?<br />
<br />
It doesnt matter. The point is, I dont seem to do it right in here. So, goodbye from today. I wont contribute to OW anymore if you all think that my contributions lack 'quality", what is the point of wasting my time and yours? - [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 04:52, June 19, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: See my response on your [[User talk:Ixthis888|talk page]]. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 05:00, June 19, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== My Apology and request for Help ==<br />
<br />
I want to apologise for coming across (in written text) as such a cry baby ... I guarantee you I get frustrated that I can not explain myself simply and quickly and appropriately and I know you are a cool priest but I do get upset on big ticket items because all i want is the opportunity to discuss ... In any case, accept my apologies for going all huffy yesterday. I still stand by the fact I will not contribute to OW any longer since I feel that I am a nuisance rather than a help. However, in OS I really do want to contribute to developing the framework/skeleton (ie. Set up all the codes and the worksheets) that can then be "filled" with the revelant Bibliographical lists by others (or even me). To do that, I really need someone to talk with over in the OS wiki. At the moment, I want to discuss a framework for Liturgical Texts (BEFORE) I go ahead and set up the entire code/framework .... Can you help me? [http://www.orthodoxsource.org/OrthodoxSource:Discussion DESIGN of Liturgical Text Portal] - [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 00:35, June 20, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Estonian "Issue" ==<br />
<br />
Father:<br />
<br />
Evlogeite!<br />
<br />
Regarding your comments about the Estonian Church. You write:<br />
"The reason for the difference in naming is that the EP's Estonian church is not regarded by the EP as a constituent part—rather, the EP regards the Estonian church as autonomous, having the same status as Finland, Sinai, etc. The MP, however, regards its Estonian church as being essentially an integral part of the MP, in contrast with the Church of Ukraine, which it regards as autonomous. Thus, the distinction."<br />
<br />
Please explain to me, what the difference in status is between the Ukrainian and Estonian Churches (MP). It seems to me that both have the same status within the MP. The Primate of the Ukrainian Church is confirmed by the Moscow Patriarch; so is the Primate of the Estonian Church (MP). Hierarchs of the Ukrainian Church serve in the Council and Synod of the Russian Church; so do hierarchs of the Estonian Church (MP). In fact, the Metropolitan of Kiev is an ex officio permanent member of the Holy Synod in Moscow. The Ukrainian Church receives its chrism from the Moscow Patriarch; so does the Estonian Church (MP). The name of the Patriarch of Moscow is elevated at services in the Ukrainian Church and in the Estonian Church before the names of the Metropolitans of Kiev and Tallinn, respectively.<br />
<br />
Thus, I see no difference between their status as "integral parts of the MP" or not. I do not know what the status of the Estonian Church (EP) is within the EP. However, it seems to me that, for matters of OrthodoxWiki:<br />
<br />
1. If the Ukrainian Church is listed as an autonomous church with unrecognized autonomy in the box of autonomous / autocephalous churches, so too should be the Estonian Church (MP), alongside the Estonian Church (EP). This is already happening on the French version of the project.<br />
<br />
2. There should be two articles. One called "Church of Estonia (EP)" and one called "Church of Estonia (MP)". The article "Church of Estonia" ought to be a disambiguation page. Doing otherwise may be construed as taking sides in a canonical debate.<br />
<br />
Yours in Christ, --[[User:Aleks|Aleks]] 15:56, June 23, 2008 (UTC)<br />
: Done --[[User:Adeosja|Adeosja]] 16:46, August 15, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== New Article - '''[[Georgii Shavelsky]]''' ==<br />
<br />
'''Hi, when you have the time, could you please create his Biography - [[Georgii Shavelsky]] - to compliment the osource Memoir you create? I have cut and paste a really bad "Google" translation of a biography I found from the 'source', see below. ... I do not read or understand Russian so there is no way I can edit the google translation for accuracy of information bc I can not cross check it with the authentic material in the Russian language. I created a OrthodoxSource article to link the Memoir you created, please visit [[osource:Author:Georgii Shavelsky]] to link the OW article and also modify the osource article.''' - [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 01:22, June 26, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
* Source: [http://209.85.171.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/shavelsky_gi/pre.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3DShavelsky%26hl%3Den]<br />
----<br />
Life, identity and fate of his father George Shavelski represents an unusually coherent whole. Since their memories of. George starts only in 1911, when he received the appointment as military and maritime Protopresvitera clergy, Publisher them. Chekhov is experiencing living need to give readers a better understanding of the life of this exceptional man and a prominent cleric. <br />
<br />
George O. Shavelsky was born on January 6, 1871 in the village Dubokray Vitebsk province, in the family dyachka that heavy peasant labour extractive piece of bread for his large family. Primary education has received in the future Protopresbyter Duhovnom College and then graduated from the first course Theological Seminary. Ahead holds the promise of higher education in the Theological Academy. But on. George has chosen to dedicate themselves to serving ordinary people, and in 1891 was appointed psalomshchika very poor parish of Vitebsk province. Here at the same time, and he became a teacher in rural schools. Four years later, he took the San priesthood and was appointed rector in his native village of another province. Two years later, his wife died, leaving him two-year-old girl. However, Father Georgy not fallen spirit, wholeheartedly commend pastoral work. Soon, on the recommendation of the bishop of Vitebsk, about. George was sent to St. Petersburg for the admission of Spiritual Academy. He brilliantly stood the entrance examination and immediately allocate as the best student of the Academy. [6] <br />
<br />
As far back as when his student, about. George was appointed preacher at the Alexandrovsky Engineering Plant and decent in the name of Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich in Strelna. As a student 3 - course, he became rector Suvorovskoy church. <br />
<br />
When broke out Russian-Japanese war, about. George volunteered to go to the front and received the appointment in the army regimental first priest, then divisional decent, mostly at the end of the priest Manchu armies. For his outstanding leadership and exceptional prowess (the risk to the life he visited the front line, where once suffered severe concussion), about. George was elevated to the rank of archpriest of St. and awarded honors. And St. George. Vladimir with swords. <br />
<br />
In March 1906 on. George returned to his pastoral ministry in Suvorovskoy Church in St. Petersburg. In addition to pastoral service, Fr. Georgy very early borrowed teaching activity. Since 1906 - till 1910 - the year he was zakonouchitelem in Smolny Institute, a professor of theology in 1910 Historical Studies Institute. In the same in 1910 about. George became a member of the military spiritual Protopresbyter. The next in 1911, about. George was appointed Protopresbyter military and maritime clergy Russian Empire. <br />
<br />
Events shook Russia's first revolution of 1904-5. heightened public interest Church circles to religious education officers and soldiers. O. George was the initiator of special institutions for officers theological readings. His lectures always been a huge success. At the initiative on. George, such readings have been organized in Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov and Kazan garrisons. <br />
<br />
Even before the start 1 - World War II, in the first period [7] his protopresviterstva (1911-1914's.) About. George has totally restructured and greatly raise the military and especially maritime clergy, it attracted a number of prominent clerics. It should be noted, and emphasize his ability and the ability to select a talented assistants and keep firmly in their hands, those, different abilities were not always at a height in nature. From the clergy subordinate to him, he demanded that everyone worked fully its forces and capabilities, but will certainly worked; negligent and stroptivyh he pursued and expelled. His kipuchey energy and skill to come to any good and useful case and bring it to the end, as well as their availability, responsiveness and willingness to come to the aid of everyone in need, he earned the love, respect and trust him in a subordinate of about 5,000 people (during the war) clergy, which in 1917 at its All-Russian congress elected him his life Protopresbyter. <br />
<br />
By the end of July 1914. George has prepared a draft name to the highest total reorganization of management and maritime military clergy. To carry out his he was not given. Gryanula war. George O. received the appointment in Stavku High-Chief. <br />
Further story of his life and work on. George tells himself to the attention of readers memoir. After the end of civil war. George moved to Bulgaria. Here he first became an ordinary priest. Outstanding ability and talent on the bright predicant. George was soon rated as the Bulgarian church authorities and local universities. George O. was brought to the pedagogical work first as a teacher Sophia University, then as a professor of Theological [8], Faculty of Sofia University, while he was zakonouchitelem and director of Russian grammar school. <br />
<br />
George O. and was destined to survive the Second World War. He died rather quietly ugas 2 - October 1951. Despite the fact that the death of Fr. George could not inform all his friends, relatives and acquaintances, the news of the death of Fr. George razneslas with lightning speed, not only for Sofia, but also for the province. The funeral on. George attracted a huge number of people simply wanted to ashes beloved pastor and mentor. <br />
<br />
Outstanding organizational skills, teaching skills, independence of judgement, faithful to their convictions, combined in on. Georgia with remarkable humility in his personal life and habits. This modesty especially stay invisible when compared with the breadth of its aid near and far. These qualities about. George Shavelskogo served as a source of legends, which is still in his lifetime became folded around his behalf.<br />
----<br />
<br />
== The Reason You Make the Big Bucks ==<br />
<br />
Fr. Andrew, as I noted on the main moderator page, the Liturgy of St. Tikhon article needs moderation -- more than you provided. I'm offended at being equated with my attacker, and had you bothered to read the bulk of the post, you'd note I more than presented a thorough case for why my edits improved the article. IMO, the word "almost" should be struck from the record, but the last time this same poster started three simultaneous edit-wars with me (Feb. 12-14), you threatened to ban us both if we ever did it again. (There I am getting blamed for ''responding'' again.) So, to avoid being banned by you, I'm asking you to do the moderator's job, read the background material about how the AWRV has implemented all these in actual fact (which you probably know already), and (if you're convinced) strike the word "almost" from the article (or if not, let us know why not). You're a moderator, and I'm tired of being blamed for responding -- so have at it. :) --[[User:Willibrord|Willibrord]] 03:32, June 28, 2008 (UTC)<br />
:Thanks. I know how busy you must be with PLC coming up, but I appreciate your looking things over.--[[User:Willibrord|Willibrord]] 22:56, June 28, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Deacon Ben got in trouble for "responding"? He deleted an entire article of mine. (I put it back :) ) BTW, Father Andrew, THANK YOU for being objective and noting that a page titled "Western Rite and Old Calendarists" was about the Western Rite and Old Calendarists. I would love to review what "Willibrord" was "confirming"-- forgive my presumption but the man has an agenda. I wish I had the exact quote of Patriarch Elias of Antioch the first time he saw the "St Tikhon" liturgy: to paraphrase, he expressed surprised at an Orthodox liturgy that never once mentioned the Theotokos. --[[User:JosephSuaiden|JosephSuaiden]] 21:14, July 18, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Something the North Got Right ==<br />
<br />
"I'm a Southerner by birth and at heart, though I do wish there were more proper bakeries south of the Mason-Dixon Line. That's possibly one of the major things Yankees have gotten right."<br />
<br />
They didn't do too bad at emancipation or crop-burning, either.--[[User:Willibrord|Willibrord]] 03:36, June 28, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Wikipedia: article or version permalink ==<br />
<br />
I am curious as to why you changed the Wikipedia link back to the general article (for the [[Leo VI]] article). Since the Wikipedia page was listed as a source, my understanding is that OrthodoxWiki prefers the version permalink (cf. [[OrthodoxWiki:Style Manual (Importing)]]); for external links (not sources), I can understand using the interwiki for the general Wikipedia article, but this one is a source. —[[User:Magda|<b>magda</b>]] ([[User_talk:Magda|talk]]) 16:22, July 1, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Non-standard characters ==<br />
<br />
I remember (so I hope this happened) discussing on the wiki the policy of using standard Latin characters for article names. However, I cannot find any mention of this policy or any discussion about it. I checked the move log, and the only moves for "standard characters" are mine. Do you remember anything about this, or do you have thoughts on writing this up as a policy? (I think it's a good idea to have non-standard characters within the article, and as a redirect to the article.) —[[User:Magda|<b>magda</b>]] ([[User_talk:Magda|talk]]) 22:06, July 1, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== "African Orthodox Chruch" ==<br />
Hi Fr Andrew :)<br />
I wanted to ask you about a topic I just came across.... In the [[Time of Church History]] article, the entry for 1924 refers to: <br />
''"..Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire;"''<br />
<br />
Anyways, I accidentally came across a webpage that discusses the history of the [http://www.coltranechurch.org/african.htm "African Orthodox Church"], stating "The A.O.C. was founded by George Alexander McGuire in 1921." <br />
<br />
After reading this short summary, I am still not sure who this group is,..obsvioulsy non-canonical with mainstream Orthodoxy?? So, should we have an article on this group in the OW, for clarification purposes? Or at least an article on George Alexander McGuire? What do you think?<br />
Cheers,<br />
Chris.<br />
[[User:Angellight 888|Angellight 888]] 18:32, July 4, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== A request for Orthodox Christian participants in a project ==<br />
<br />
Dear Admin AsDamick,<br />
<br />
Since I believe in the unity of saints in regards to Christendom as a whole and because I have read excellent works written by Orthodox Christians, I was hoping to get the Orthodox Christian community involved in a project. <br />
<br />
The project I currently have going is the refutation of atheism on the internet. As part of this effort, I created what is likely the seventh most popular article on atheism on the internet in the English speaking world and the article can be found here: http://www.conservapedia.com/Atheism The article is currently ranked #7 at Google USA for the search "atheism". I can use this article to help other articles rank high on the search engines for various articles on atheism by featuring those articles in the aforementioned article. <br />
<br />
I currently work in the search engine optimization field which is simplified is helping clients rank high for Google for various topics and searches. I am willing to teach you some excellent principles in regards to this field so your material would likely have prominence on the internet. The principles are easy to learn and it would be my pleasure to teach my fellow Christians involved in a anti-atheism campaign some fundamental principles in regards to getting their material to rank high for the search engines and do it on a volunteer basis.<br />
<br />
Since Orthodox Christianity suffered greatly under atheistic communism, I would like to have the Orthodox Community be a part of the anti-atheism campaign. Also, there are many Orthodox Christians. Perhaps you could provide me useful feedback in relation to the above anti-atheism article. Also, perhaps you could help me gain the contributions of Orthodox Christians to the anti-atheism campaign.<br />
<br />
I decided to start this campaign partly due to the the New Atheism that has reared its head as of late.<br />
<br />
Please let me know if you or others are interested in any of the above. You can contact me at my user talk page. [[User:Manchuria|Manchuria]] 14:49, July 13, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== OSource Main Page ==<br />
<br />
Hi, could you please replace current Main Page code with revised code that I have temporarily placed at: '''[[osource:Sandbox]]'''. Thanks - [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 03:05, July 16, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Hosting copyright material on OrthodoxSource ==<br />
<br />
Hi, I have received permission from an Orthodox priest to host his articles on OrthodoxSource. Now, I wanted to make sure that this would be ok before going and dumping his articles on OS so that I dont get (a) myself into trouble and (b) OrthodoxSource into trouble. What is the process for "documenting" the permission to use the article? Its only me that has a copy of this email on my private gmail email - do I forward Father John Schroedel a copy and is that enough to cover orthodoxSource from copyright issues???? I am very interested to understand what to do from here before I start dumping his material. [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 02:02, July 21, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Help Me ... please ==<br />
<br />
Can you please modify the Main Page on OrthodoxSource to '''"remove"''' the sentence ''"An online repository of archival and contemporary open-license Orthodox content..."'' which advertises orthodoxSource as "Open-license" ...<br />
<br />
I was emailing Father John Schroedel who explained that by this sentence it can be understood that: ''by open-license, I would mean something that can be freely copied, and perhaps modified. The Creative Commons licenses do a good job of allowing a range of terms and conditions while still encouraging the free use of the content.''<br />
<br />
This is one of his concerns, since he visions: ''I had envisioned, for example, putting archival/historical content there -- such as the old pamphlets that constitute a large part of the printed record of Orthodox in the U.S. in the early part of the last century, or photos of Orthodox places that are distributed under a creative commons license, or other public materials, epecially those items of significance for the history and identity of the Orthodox community.''<br />
<br />
I would like to make him happy (and do things right of course) but I can not modify the Main Page to rectify this mistake of mine :-) That sentence ''"An online repository of archival and contemporary open-license Orthodox content..."'' is a direct cut and paste from "WikiSource" when I was setting up the structure and since you have locked the Main Page, I can not rectify my edit ...<br />
- [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 23:49, July 21, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Fr John - old Pamphlets ==<br />
<br />
Hi, because I am in Australia picking up the phone is a hard thing to do :-) Can you speak with Father John and ask him which Pamphlets he would like loaded onto OrthodoxSource. I am happy to start "setting" it all up for him ...if you like you can email me the *.pdf's on my personal email ... Do you know how to access my email without me having to post it publicaly? [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 00:07, July 22, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: I really have no idea what you're talking about. Unfortunately, I am also unable to do much outside contact at the moment, since I am at a clergy conference and away from home. (I also don't even have Fr. John's phone number!) &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 19:31, July 23, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Taxiarhis ==<br />
<br />
Look, thanks for that. I did a OW search on the word "Taxiarhis" and did not find it ... it never occured to me to search on the "Taxiar'''c'''his" spelling ... thanks for fixing up and sorry to waste your time on something I should have picked up in the first instance. - [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 23:14, July 30, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Good-morning ==<br />
<br />
Hi, I am a little confused because I didnt revert anyones edits (?) As for the actual note you left on my page ... Thanks and Sorry, if I "intercepted" the edit by the Publication company but I didnt think (at the time) I made any drastic changes (like I didnt delete anything). I dont believe I 'disciplined' them either I made a friendly suggestion and encouraged them by even adding a link and the potential for them to contribute! Anyway, I dont know why as a grown woman I have to explain and apologise by now you should know that I am keen in assisting here so by default - SORRY! Thanks for the heads-up! Maybe you can think about "using"/or "directing" me towards what you actually want from me because quite frankly it gets tiring doing the wrong thing all the time :-) and then being 'advised' :-) so, I will leave it up to you to leave a "task list" for me to follow through on. Cheerio and God Bless. [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 22:50, August 6, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Email ==<br />
What are the steps in "My Preferences" for making my email accessible without being public? - [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 23:07, August 6, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Talk:Sarum Use==<br />
Hello Fr, I was trying to add some comments to this discussion page, and when I tried to save it removed all existing comments. Tried to undo the revision, and the undo did not save. Not able to restore,,can you please help?? Thanks, <br />
[[User:Angellight 888|Angellight 888]] 21:22, August 26, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== http://www.chrysostom.org/writings.html ==<br />
<br />
Hi, two of your links do now work on the "Writings" page ... <br />
:BEATITUDES: http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/reading/St.Pachomius/matthom15.html<br />
:LORDS PRAYER: http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/reading/St.Pachomius/matthom19.html<br />
I thought you might want to know this so you could update the page.<br />
[[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 23:28, November 2, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
PS. I also took a photo of an icon of Chrysostom within the Church of the Holy Trinity, Taksim, Constantinople. It is a gorgeous fresco of him ... I am more than happy to give you permmission to use it on your webpage ... oh yeah, and His relics (God Bless, at the Patriarchate I was weeping when I realised who I was venerating) ...one catch only ... can you change the background colour of the web page from black to something more positive and colourful like white?? LOL [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 23:30, November 2, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Osource ==<br />
Hey, it's getting all too hard :-)<br />
<br />
I ''have'' asked in the past for some assistance but been ignored - except for Andrew, who has legitimately stepped in and helped set up codes and stuff. Awesome guy. I can offer again, what I said months ago, ... if '''you''', or someone, can just '''DUMP material''' into a Sandbox ... that you believe should be ON Osource or you want on Osource ... I will do the clean up work and categorisation and formatting the very next day :-) if we dont all come to some working solution the site will just sit there neglected ... which would be such a shame as there are many people who are accessing it to read the articles.<br />
<br />
So, what do you say? Will you work with me? Give me 'dumps' of "anytyhing" that does not breach copyright and I will fix it up for the good of OW/OS and the Orthodox community? <br />
<br />
[[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 22:29, November 20, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Updating The Great Schism ==<br />
<br />
Fr. Andrew:<br />
<br />
Who would you prefer that I get permission from to post this material? (I will do so, if possible) , because I believe it will greatly benefit this article!<br />
<br />
Thanks,<br />
<br />
Jaye (Jacifus)<br />
<br />
== Great Schism Edit ==<br />
<br />
Fr.<br />
<br />
I respectfully disagree that the Entire Eastern Church was not excommunicated. The Bull said as much. I refer you to Bishop Kallistos "The Orthodox Church". I consider his account to be carefully researched and accurate.<br />
<br />
Jaye (jacifus)<br />
<br />
: Please refer comments on the content of specific articles to their respective talk pages. Thanks! &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 01:08, December 14, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Editing OId Believers ==<br />
<br />
Dear father Andrew,<br />
<br />
Perhaps you should have a look at the Old Believers article one again. All cleaning up has been reverted by Fatman2021, without any explanation on the Discussion page. <br />
<br />
I suppose we don't leave the article as it is now and if you have the authority to clean up once again, I'd strongly suggest you'd do so. (If I were to do the job, I'm afraid an edit war with Fatman2021 may become inevitable.) <br />
[[User:Vasstar|Vasstar]] 14:13, December 14, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== URGENT - Ambush by computer generated Users ==<br />
<br />
Hi, we are about to be ambushed by computer generated User accounts ....... [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 04:05, December 17, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Name of ROC==<br />
<br />
I have read the policy by the link you have indicated. Frankly, i did not quite get the meaning clear, or the purpose thereof. The thing with the ROC is that there are 2 legally official names of the entity (as registered by the RF Justice Minisrty): ''Русская православная церковь'' and ''Московский патриархат''. In all honesty, the name used in the relevant article has never been in existence, albeit it could be an historiographic designation covering the multitude of names; in effect the ROC had not had a properly official name prior to 1943, when it was formally recognised by state under this name.[[User:Muscovite99|Max]] 18:00, December 18, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: This is answered on [[Talk:Church of Russia]]. As is noted in a number of our policy documents, we have our own taxonomy here, which often does not reflect official, legal names. The official OrthodoxWiki standard for all Orthodox churches is ''Church of [Place]''. This policy has been in effect pretty much since the wiki was founded in 2004. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 19:37, December 18, 2008 (UTC)<br />
::*I can perfectly see the logic behind such taxonomy and even accept it. But the point is, as i noted in my original edit comment, that such designation is not only formally incorrect, but in essence as well (by essence i mean the ecclesiological reasoning that obviously underpins your taxonomy). This is no more a Church of Russia than it is a Church of Ukraine (in fact, Ukraine could well lay a historically better grounded claim to it), or Latvia, for that matter. If one were to base the wording of the designation on the title of a Primate in question (which would be a legitimate thing to do within your taxonomy), the article would have to be called "Church of Moscow" (or "Church of Rus"). Paradoxically, you have chosen to employ the current official name of a country, which constitutes only a fraction (less than half by parish numbers) of the "canonical territory" of the ROC. How can you warrant that?[[User:Muscovite99|Max]] 20:00, December 22, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::: It's warranted with a combination of basic ecclesiology (i.e., the Church is not "Russian," "Greek," etc., but it is the Church in and of a particular place&mdash;Russia, Greece, etc.) and of English usage. ("Church of Russia" gets about 30,000 hits on Google.) It's notably the usage of such groups as the OCA[http://www.oca.org/OCworldrussia.asp?SID=2], etc. Of course its usage pales in comparison with "Russian Orthodox Church," but that term is objectionable for the reasons previously noted. ("Church of Moscow" is a somewhat idiosyncratic term hardly ever used except in larger, translated phrases such as "Estonian Church of Moscow Patriarchate.")<br />
<br />
::: The many parishes in Ukraine are covered by a separate article: [[Church of Ukraine]] (along with articles on the irregular bodies, as well).<br />
<br />
::: No matter what one names these articles, they'll not be satisfactory to all. This is what our policy here is. Our policy has been to use the city names for the ancient patriarchates but common country names for the newer autocephalous and autonomous churches (the exceptions are the OCA, which is of somewhat irregular status, and the Church of Sinai, which designates a region). You'll notice that this is consistently the case.<br />
<br />
::: Anyway, the proper place to discuss the names of articles is on the talk pages of the articles themselves. That way, everyone interested in working on the article can participate. Please direct future comments to [[Talk:Church of Russia]]. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 21:25, December 22, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Prove to Me that We need that Guy ==<br />
<br />
I will be the first to put UP my hand and say "WE NEED THAT GUY"! bet you never thought I would say that they way "sou vgazo glwssa oli tin wra" [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 03:15, December 19, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: Vasiliki, it's not "we need ''that guy''," but rather I'm the Guy Who Says "Prove To Me That We Need That [article/addition/thing/etc.]." There is a reason why I placed the hyphens where I did. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 21:04, December 19, 2008 (UTC)<br />
::I give up ... I just wish you could not be so 'scholastic'with me some times and just ... lighten up :) I apologise in advance ... [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 13:13, December 20, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::: Vasiliki, it's not "scholastic" to expect that readers actually read carefully. It's just good language usage. There's a reason why grammar, syntax, punctuation, etc., work the way they do. It might help if you didn't so frequently assume the worst when reading what other folks write.<br />
<br />
::: Certainly, perhaps this level of reading and writing comprehension is not needed for everyday life (though I think it is!), but it surely is absolutely crucial when writing a reference work like an encyclopedia! Indeed, if being "scholastic" is needed anywhere, it's here. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 16:21, December 20, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
Hello Father, Eulogeite. First I wanted to wish you very warm Christmas wishes. Christ is born, Glorify Him! :)<br />
I wanted to ask if I can proceed and create the 10 sub-articles for the Timeline of Church History article (one sub-article for each of the 10 periods listed on the main article). Each sub-article would look exactly the same as the main article now does ,except that it would contain only the information for that particular era of course. I proposed a criterion on the talk page for what may be included on the reduced main timeline page; basically, if you agree and I can proceed to create the 10 sub-articles, with your blessing, and then shorten the remaining main article according to the criteria I attempted to set out, it would be great; I would emphasize that no information would be lost -- all the complete listings of the current timeline would remain on the 10-sub-articles. Or, I could create the 10-sub-rticles, and then you could do the final edit (reduction) of the main page then? Just an idea! Please let me know what you think! Cheers and Merry Christmas Father. Chris. :)<br />
[[User:Angellight 888|Angellight 888]] 03:03, December 21, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Deletion of template==<br />
HEY - you deleted two templates so all the information on these is GONE! How do I get the information back? I know you are the moderator/administrator but can you PLEASE just ONCE be kinder ... give me a 24 hour notice to MOVE the information????? Can you please resupply the stuff IN the templates. [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 03:00, January 1, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: It's not gone. I've noted on your Talk page where you can find it. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 13:50, January 1, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Font Colours ==<br />
<br />
Which article talks about how to do font colours and different text styles in HTML? [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 03:25, January 5, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: There isn't one on the wiki. There are plenty of HTML tutorials elsewhere, though. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 04:20, January 6, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Ah you're a quick one! ==<br />
<br />
Not bad--you got rid of my talk post in just less than 24 hours. Not bad...my hat's off to you sir! You have a gift for wiki-editing!{{unsigned|AmanUwellCant}}<br />
<br />
: Inherently disruptive posts without any engagement regarding content are removed as a matter of form. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 01:56, January 22, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Thank U for the work you put in ==<br />
<br />
I am not the site owner but I am sure that if awards could be given to the most hard-woring Users on Orthodoxwiki there would be three to give out: you, Wsk and ASDamick! I wanted to pause at this point in my OrthodoxWiki career and acknowledge the efforts of those people who really do put a lot of time and effort into keeping OW alive and say Thank you for the work and time you put into making the articles rewarding!!! [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 03:55, January 20, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Antioch and the Armenians ==<br />
I have been to a canonical Antiochian church where they gave communion to Armenians . How do they do this ? [[User:Eugene|Eugene]] 20:25, January 23, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: Is it a sin to be ethnically Armenian? Anyway, I cannot answer for what is done in a particular parish. Why not talk to the pastor? &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 22:44, January 23, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
As in Armenian Apostolic. And he said that they were in communion with them, that's why I'm asking you because you said on your page that it's not possible [[User:Eugene|Eugene]] 23:49, January 23, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: The Armenian Apostolic church is not in communion with the Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. This is how my and all the bishops of our Archdiocese consistently answer when questioned on the topic.<br />
<br />
: Again, I cannot answer for what is done at a parish which is outside of my responsibility, especially when it is not clear that all the facts are apparent. (We have, for instance, Coptic Christians who commune at our parish, but that is because they are members of our parish, having been received into communion through confession of faith.) &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 00:52, January 24, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Technical problem ==<br />
<br />
I am a new user and could not find the detailed information about how to bring images from Wikimedia Commons to Orthodox Wiki. I would be very grateful if you could help. [[User:Bag|Bag]] 21:28, March 6, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Article titles ==<br />
<br />
Hi, should I put the country name in the titles of my articles on churches (like Białystok, Poland)? They're already cathegorized as "Polish churches" so I don't think it's necessary. [[User:Bag|Bag]] 09:06, March 9, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Chrysostom ==<br />
Hello again, I looked at the St. John Chrysostom page, and thought that the St. John Chrysostom Oratorical Festival should be included. It would show that he has inspired children to orate the word of God to others, continuing in his footsteps. Since I have participated in the past and am in it again this year, I though it would be a good idea to mention it, and maybe put a link to the [[GOARCH]] website where they talk more about it and give more information. Tell me what you think! Thanks, --[[User:Iliada|Iliada]] 18:01, March 16, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: I've responded to your comment at [[Talk:John Chrysostom]]. In the future, you may wish to keep your comments limited only to the specific article in question. Posting it in multiple places is not in itself likely to gain notice. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 01:36, March 19, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Is WO a live forum of information or is it selective in the information it displays? ==<br />
<br />
This post refers to your changes in the page;<br />
<br />
St. George Free Serbian Orthodox Church (Forrest, Australian Capital Territory)<br />
<br />
I myself am not involved on the dispute and have no intention of support to either side in this tragedy. <br />
<br />
When I originally viewed this page I was disheartened to observe the lack of information and that misleading information had been posted there. I understand that this most likely had been posted by a user and as such is not subject to your personal knowledge.<br />
<br />
I conducted several days of investigation and research in order to update the page appropriately and even went to the extent of seeking the authorisation to post the information from the Church and organisation, which they granted.<br />
<br />
I find it offensive that you would label this work as “Heavily Point of View”.<br />
<br />
I fail to understand why you would allow false and misleading information to remain posted. A young and inspired person chooses to update the page using only fact and you would rather support outdated and misinformed material.<br />
<br />
The general community that observed this page in its renewed form offered significant positive feedback.<br />
<br />
I will stand corrected if you can show me grounds for your dismissal of my updates to this page? I can provide you with factual record and account of all the information I had posted on that page and request that it be allowed to remain. <br />
<br />
If persons should see fit to add to that information, I implore them to do so.<br />
<br />
Otherwise I believe that the page should be removed as it displays false and misleading information and if you should require I can have this formally requested from the community and association which this information refers to?<br />
<br />
I can understand your removal of the Postal address and agree fairly to the emission of such information. All I ask is be fair in relation to the content of the post?<br />
<br />
I am willing to build and develop the page if you can suggest some points that would make the information less “Point of View”?<br />
<br />
Young Serb<br />
<br />
:[[User:Young_Serb|Young Serb]], I suspect that the conclusion of the original article (which was ''very'' POV) may have taken from the facts that were in play. In response to [[User:ASDamick|Fr Andrew]]'s request, I have taken the liberty of bringing the two together.<br />
:Please consider that, as a parish, the subject matter was dubiously noteworthy enough to place on OrthodoxWiki; as a parish that has now placed itself outside the Church, more so. This doesn't excuse incorrect information, of course; but if you consider that details are sparse, this may have been done for a reason - this is, conceptually, an encyclopaedia, and is therefore rather lacking in emotive speech and in minutiae. However, should you find the article to still be misleading, please correct it. &mdash; by [[User:Pistevo|<font color="green">Pιs</font><font color="gold">τévο</font>]] <sup>''[[User talk:Pistevo|<font color="blue">talk</font>]]'' ''[[User talk:Pistevo/dev/null|<font color="red">complaints</font>]]''</sup> at 13:37, April 24, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Azarias? ==<br />
Χριστος ανεστη! This has nothing to do with Orthodox Wikipedia, but when I read the 3 youths passage on Holy Saturday, I noticed that Azarias is not one of the original three youths. there's Meeshak, Shadrack, and Abendago. Those three are describes throughout the whole reading, but then it says that Azarias said something. Who is Azarias? Thanks, --<font color="teal">[[User:Iliada|Iliada]]</font><font color="teal" size="100px"></font> 17:29, April 24, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
: Shadrac, Meshach, and Abednago are the Babylonian names of the Hebrew Hananiah (Ananias), Azariah (Azarias) and Mishael (Misael). &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 23:14, April 25, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== With the feast! ==<br />
<br />
Today already Pentecost is, but at you on the Main page still congratulations with Ascention.<br />
<br />
==Proposed New Page?==<br />
Greetings Father. :) I wanted to ask your opinion about a new page I was thinking of adding. While researching some old books and resources for some of my articles, I found a number of puzzling abbreviations besides authors names, who were mostly Roman Catholic authors or scholars or from religious orders. Anyways, I found this list here: [http://www.fisheaters.com/religiousorderabbreviations.html Abbreviations of Religious Orders and Priestly Fraternitiies], and was thinking it would be a good reference page to add here, cataloged in a Roman catholic category perhaps. Just an idea, this info would help eliminate guesswork when going over historical documents. Cheers, [[User:Angellight 888|Angellight 888]] 23:59, July 8, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Request for speedy deletion ==<br />
<br />
Delete please this error redirect [http://ru.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD&redirect=no] as recently created redirect page resulting from a typographical error. --[[User:Imerek|Imerek]] 22:04, March 12, 2010 (UTC)</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=91835Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2010-03-12T21:54:04Z<p>Imerek: interwiki</p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian||Estonian<br />
|-<br />
|abbot|| ||игумен||kloostriülem, iguumen<br />
|-<br />
|Apostle (book)|| ||Aпостол||"Apostel"<br />
|-<br />
|bishop||επίσκοπος||епископ||piiskop<br />
|-<br />
|church||εκκλησία||церковь<br />
|-<br />
|confessor|| ||исповедник<br />
|-<br />
|deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха<br />
|-<br />
|enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||равноапостольный<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец<br />
|-<br />
|Great Lent|| ||Великий пост<br />
|-<br />
|great-martyr|| ||великомученик<br />
|-<br />
|hieromartyr|| ||священномученник<br />
|-<br />
|leavetaking||ἀπόδοσις||отдание<br />
|-<br />
|martyr||μάρτυς||мученик<br />
|-<br />
|merciful|| ||милостивый<br />
|-<br />
|mitre (miter)||μίτρα||митра<br />
|-<br />
|myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица<br />
|-<br />
|new-martyr|| ||новомученик<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||священник<br />
|-<br />
|protomartyr|| ||первомученик<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный<br />
|-<br />
|righteous|| ||праведный<br />
|-<br />
|saint||άγιος||святой<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник<br />
|-<br />
|venerable|| ||преподобный<br />
|-<br />
|venerable-martyr|| ||преподобномученик<br />
|-<br />
|wonderworker|| ||чудотворец<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[ru:Краткий православный лексикон]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=91832Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2010-03-12T19:59:49Z<p>Imerek: from http://www.orthodox.ee/slovar.php?d=sl</p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian||Estonian<br />
|-<br />
|abbot|| ||игумен||kloostriülem, iguumen<br />
|-<br />
|Apostle (book)|| ||Aпостол||"Apostel"<br />
|-<br />
|bishop||επίσκοπος||епископ||piiskop<br />
|-<br />
|church||εκκλησία||церковь<br />
|-<br />
|confessor|| ||исповедник<br />
|-<br />
|deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха<br />
|-<br />
|enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||равноапостольный<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец<br />
|-<br />
|Great Lent|| ||Великий пост<br />
|-<br />
|great-martyr|| ||великомученик<br />
|-<br />
|hieromartyr|| ||священномученник<br />
|-<br />
|leavetaking||ἀπόδοσις||отдание<br />
|-<br />
|martyr||μάρτυς||мученик<br />
|-<br />
|merciful|| ||милостивый<br />
|-<br />
|mitre (miter)||μίτρα||митра<br />
|-<br />
|myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица<br />
|-<br />
|new-martyr|| ||новомученик<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||священник<br />
|-<br />
|protomartyr|| ||первомученик<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный<br />
|-<br />
|righteous|| ||праведный<br />
|-<br />
|saint||άγιος||святой<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник<br />
|-<br />
|venerable|| ||преподобный<br />
|-<br />
|venerable-martyr|| ||преподобномученик<br />
|-<br />
|wonderworker|| ||чудотворец<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn&diff=90758Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn2010-02-20T17:34:07Z<p>Imerek: request for deletion, non-OW article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{delete}}<br />
'''Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn''' (<ref>See [http://inogolo.com/pronunciation/d1605/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn inogolo:pronunciation of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn].</ref> Russian: Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́цын, ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɪˈsaɪvʲɪtɕ səlʐɨˈnʲitsɨn) (December 11, 1918 – August 3, 2008)<ref>[http://www.gazeta.ru/news/lastnews/2008/08/04/n_1251603.shtml В Москве скончался Александр Солженицын], Gazeta.ru (Russian)</ref> was a Russian novelist, dramatist and historian. Through his writings, he made the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labour camp system, and for these efforts Solzhenitsyn was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970. He returned to Russia in 1994. He was the father of Ignat Solzhenitsyn, a conductor and pianist.<br />
<br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
==Source==<br />
*[[w:Aleksander Solzhenitsyn|Aleksander Solzhenitsyn]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1970/ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1970]<br />
*[http://www.almaz.com/nobel/literature/Solzhenitsyn.html The Nobel Prize Internet Archive's page on Solzhenitsyn]<br />
*[http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles/SolzhenitsynHarvard.php A World Split Apart]: Solzhenitsyn's 1978 Commencement Address to the graduating class at Harvard University<br />
**[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/alexandersolzhenitsynharvard.htm Audio and textual version of speech]<br />
*[http://english.mn.ru/english/issue.php?2006-15-35 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: "Saving the Nation Is the Utmost Priority for the State"] '''"Moscow News"''' (2.05.2006)<br />
*[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,druck-496003,00.html Der Spiegel interviews Alexander Solzhenitsyn: 'I Am Not Afraid of Death'] '''"Der Spiegel"''' July 23, 2007<br />
*[http://www.solzhenicyn.ru (Russian) Solzhenicyn.ru - most informative site about Alexander Solzhenitsyn]<br />
*[http://russia-ic.com/culture_art/literature/308 Vermont Recluse Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]<br />
*[http://solzhenitsyn.ru/modules/content/?id_chap=174&id=14 Solzhenitsyn’s autobiography from his non-official site]<br />
*[http://www.anneapplebaum.com/gulag/intro.html The introduction to the Book Gulag by Anne Applebaum]<br />
*[http://www.memo.ru/eng/index.htm Russian Memorial website to Human Rights victims]<br />
*[http://noblit.ru/content/category/4/89/33/ Solzhenitsyn: biography, photos, prose, interviews, critical essays]<br />
*[http://www.lastingtribute.co.uk/tribute/solzhenitsyn/2867109 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - Obituary and public tribute]<br />
*[http://www.isi.org/books/bookdetail.aspx?id=46543681-fa28-46b9-92dd-3f99181d3ffd The Solzhenitsyn Reader: New and Essential Writings, 1947-2005]<br />
*[http://www.peopleforever.org/NFHomepage.aspx?NFID=947 Alexander Solzhenitsyn's Profile]<br />
*[http://www.podstantsiya.ru/?area=posts&id=1531 Solzhenitsyn: Life in Cavendish] Richard Svec, Town Manager of Cavendish, VT, speaks of Solzhenitsyn. Audio. August 5, 2008<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr}}<br />
[[Category:Modern Writers]]<br />
[[ro:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Orthodoxyinamerica&diff=90467Template:Orthodoxyinamerica2010-02-10T16:27:48Z<p>Imerek: Paris is not in America</p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="toccolours" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:center;"<br />
| colspan="2" |<small>This article forms part of the series</small><br><font size=4>[[Orthodoxy in America]]</font><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2"|[[Image:Orthodox us.gif|145px|]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; background:#ccf"|'''History''' <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"|[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America|American Orthodox Timeline]] <br> [[Bibliography of Orthodoxy in America|American Orthodox Bibliography]] <br> [[Byzantine response to OCA autocephaly|Byzantines on OCA autocephaly]] <br> [[Ligonier Meeting]] <br> [[ROCOR and OCA]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; background:#ccf"|'''People'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"|[[List of American saints|Saints]] - [[List of American bishops|Bishops]] - [[List of American writers|Writers]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; background:#ccf"|'''Jurisdictions'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"|[[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian]] - [[Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Diocese of the USA, Canada and Australia|Bulgarian]] <br> [[Orthodox Church in America|OCA]] - [[Romanian Orthodox Archdiocese in America and Canada|Romanian]] - [[Russian Orthodox Church in the USA|Moscow]] <br> [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia|ROCOR]] - [[Serbian Orthodox Church in the USA and Canada|Serbian]] <br> <br />
[[Ecumenical Patriarchate in America|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]:<br><br />
[[Albanian Orthodox Diocese of America|Albanian]] - [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese|Carpatho-Russian]] <br> [[Belarusian Council of Orthodox Churches in North America|Belarusian]] - [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek]] - [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the USA|Ukrainian]] <br> [[Vicariate for Palestinian-Jordanian Communities in the USA|Palestinian/Jordanian]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; background:#ccf"|'''[[List of American monasteries|Monasteries]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size: 90%;"| <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; background:#ccf"|'''Seminaries'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="font-size: 90%;"|[[Christ the Saviour Seminary (Johnstown, Pennsylvania)|Christ the Saviour]] <br> [[Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology (Brookline, Massachusetts)|Holy Cross]] <br> [[Holy Trinity Orthodox Seminary (Jordanville, New York)|Holy Trinity]] <br> [[St. Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Kodiak, Alaska)|St. Herman's]]<br />
| style="font-size: 90%;"|[[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)|St. Tikhon's]] <br> [[St. Sava's Serbian Orthodox Seminary (Libertyville, Illinois)|St. Sava's]] <br> [[St. Sophia Ukrainian Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Bound Brook, New Jersey)|St. Sophia's]] <br>[[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)|St. Vladimir's]] <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; background:#ccf"|'''Organizations'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"|[[American Orthodox Institute|AOI]] - [[Eastern Orthodox Committee on Scouting|EOCS]] - [[International Orthodox Christian Charities|IOCC]] - [[Orthodox Christian Education Commission|OCEC]] <br> [[Orthodox Christian Fellowship|OCF]] - [[Orthodox Christian Laity|OCL]] - [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center|OCMC]] - [[Orthodox Christian Prison Ministry|OCPM]] - [[Orthodox Christians for Life|OCLife]] <br> - [[Orthodox Inter-Seminary Movement|OISM]] - [[Orthodox Theological Society in America|OTSA]] - [[Standing Conference of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas|SCOBA]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; background:#ccf"|'''Groups'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"|[[American Orthodox Catholic Church|Amer. Orthodox Catholic Church]] <br> [[Brotherhood of St. Moses the Black]] <br> [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]] <br> [[Holy Order of MANS|Holy Order of MANS/CSB]] <br> [[Society of Clerks Secular of St. Basil|Society of Clerks Secular of St. Basil]]<br />
|-<br />
|style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc"|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<small>[http://www.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Orthodoxyinamerica&action=edit Edit this box]</small><br />
|}<br />
<includeonly>[[Category:Orthodoxy in America]]</includeonly><br />
<noinclude>{{bigtemplate}}<br />
<br />
This template displays the series box and includes the article in [[:Category:Orthodoxy in America]] <br />
[[Category:Series templates|Orthodoxyinamerica]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=List_of_Orthodox_Internet_communities&diff=90415List of Orthodox Internet communities2010-02-09T16:55:46Z<p>Imerek: /* Blogs */ unavailable</p>
<hr />
<div>==Blogs==<br />
Below is an incomplete list of sites that offer '''individual''' opinions and thoughts on Orthodoxy. Many of the following individuals have formed something of an intertextual community, and you are likely to find them linking to many other Orthodox sites or blogs, and many interesting non-Orthodox ones as well.<br />
<br />
'''Aggregators'''<br />
<br />
*[http://community.livejournal.com/orthodoxy/ Orthodoxy Community] at [http://www.livejournal.com LiveJournal]<br />
* [http://groups.blogdigger.com/groups.jsp?id=2040 St. Blog's Parish] is a searchable aggregated syndication feed of Catholic and Orthodox blogs. Note: '''Mostly Catholic'''<br />
<br />
'''Individual blogs'''<br />
* Prudence True [http://prudencetrue.com/ Prudence True] - Orthodoxy: The Art of Wisdom through Ancient Words <br />
* [http://orthodoxoslogos.blogspot.com/ Orthodoxos Logos] - A Greek Orthodox blog with many christian orthodoxe radio recordings and other material.<br />
* [http://orthodoxy.michellemccallum.com/ Akathistos]- An Orthodox Blog focusing on mothering, women saints, green-living and being frugal<br />
* [http://morespaciousthantheheavens.blogspot.com/ All of Creation Rejoices] - The musings of a ROCOR reader from Great Britain<br />
* [http://aureljivisociety.blogspot.com/ The Aurel Jivi Society] - An Orthodox Blog for Theology Students Learning English for Academic Purposes<br />
* [http://mimisbooks.blogspot.com/ Bigger than a Breadbox]<br />
*Bishop [[Seraphim (Sigrist) of Sendai|Seraphim (Sigrist)]] - [http://www.livejournal.com/users/seraphimsigrist/ Seraphim's LiveJournal]<br />
*Bishop [[Arseny (Heikkinen) of Joensuu |Arseni of Joensuu]] ([[Church of Finland]])- [http://ortodoksi.net/ortodoksi/blogi/arseni/] Orthodox blog in Finnish <br />
* [http://byztex.blogspot.com Byzantine, TX] - An Eastern Christian blog<br />
* [http://pactum-serva.blogspot.com/ Pactum Serva] - Orthodox blog on subjects ranging from Theology to Culture to Politics<br />
* [http://www.devshirme.com Devshirme] by Fr. Gregory Christakos<br />
* [http://blakemb.wordpress.com/ Dust and Ashes] - "..but I have chosen you out of the world." <br />
* [http://eastbyz.blogsome.com/ East of Byzantium] - Orthodox blog from China<br />
* [http://everyday-blessings-orthodox.blogspot.com/ Everyday Blessings] - Orthodox Christian Blog on maintaining and strengthening faith in a secular world, raising a family in the faith, Bible Study Reflections, Lives of the Saints, and more!<br />
*[http://hellenic-reporter.blogspot.com/ Hellenic Reporter] - Fighting the good fight for all freedoms, including freedom of religion.<br />
* [http://homepage.mac.com/gthurman/iblog Fr. Matthew Thurman's blog]<br />
* [http://ortodoksi.net/ortodoksi/blogi/rauno Fr. Rauno Pietarinen's blog] ([[Church of Finland]]) in Finnish<br />
* [http://dialogues.stjohndfw.info/ Gladsome Light Dialogues] A blog administered by Fr. Vasile Tudora featuring Orthodox theology applied to everyday life. "A journey through our faith as we live it every day"<br />
* [http://glenrosefarm.blogspot.com/ Glen Rose Farm] - "Notes from a Hillside Farm; being Musings and Observations on Life, Letters, and our Most Holy Faith, by a Lawyer, Sheep-farmer, and Communicant of the Orthodox Church"<br />
* [http://blog.kevinbasil.com/ Kevin Basil] - "Decimation and Reconstruction"<br />
<!-- * [http://www.apologetika.narod.ru/index2.html Let Us Attend] - "The Orthodox Apologetics Blog" ---><br />
* [http://www.evlogeite.com Ancient Church] - The blog formerly known as Minor Clergy<br />
* [http://www.predanie.teologie.net/ Lithurgy, Theology, and other topics] by hieromonk professor PhD Petru Pruteanu, dean of the Pastoral Theological Faculty from Edinet Moldavia<br />
* [http://theinnerkingdom.wordpress.com/ Milk & Honey] Spiritual Food for Thought<br />
* [http://morningcoffee.blogspot.com/ Morning Coffee]<br />
* [http://ortodoksi.net/ortodoksi/blogi/kristoduli/ Mother Kristoduli's blog] (The Convent of [[Lintula]], [[Church of Finland]]) in Finnish<br />
<!-- * [http://www.orthodox-journey.blogspot.com My Journey to Orthodoxy] by [[user:tizzidale|Rusty Tisdale]] ---><br />
* [http://occidentalis.blogspot.com Occidentalis] - Dedicated to the Western Rite.<br />
* [http://orthodoxchristianwest.blogspot.com/ Orthodox Christian West] - News blog for the Orthodox Western Rite.<br />
* [http://orthodox-okie.blogspot.com Orthodox Okie] - a personal blog maintained by Oklahoma native ROCOR layman Aristibule Adams.<br />
* [http://southern-orthodoxy.blogspot.com/ Orthodixie] - "Southern, Orthodox, Convert, Etc."<br />
* [http://orthomatic.net/ Orth-o-matic] - from Plamen Sivov, in Bulgarian language mainly<br />
* [http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/blog/ OrthodoxyToday Blog] - from Fr. Hans Jacobse<br />
* [http://orthodoxwayoflife.blogspot.com Orthodox Way of Life] Articles and information about how to live an Orthodox Christian life. The blog of the Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral in Greenville, SC.<br />
<!-- * [http://www.1453.org/ Orthopraxis] - "A weblog of issues affecting Orthodoxy." ---><br />
* [http://paradosis.blogspot.com/ Paradosis] - "A handing over, which is done by word of mouth or in writing, i.e. tradition by instruction, narrative, precept, etc."<br />
* [http://paruchia.blogspot.com/ Paruchia] - blog of ROCOR Western Rite texts and related material.<br />
<!-- * [http://www.chattablogs.com/jeremy/ Parrhesia] - "Freedom or frankness in speaking; saying freely all that one thinks." ---><br />
* [http://pensateomnia.blogspot.com/ Pensate Omnia (Weigh all Things)] "Orthodox faith; language and literature; ideas in science, politics, history, art and poetry; whatever I find edifying or fun, these things I hope to write about and explore by posting thoughts, papers, links etc."<br />
* [http://pleroma.typepad.com/pleroma/ Pleroma] "Setting forth and defending the Apostolic Tradition"<br />
* [http://donva.blogspot.com/ Ramblings of a Single Dad] - "An adoptive single Orthodox father rambles on faith, fatherhood, family, and friends."<br />
* [http://russianicon.blogspot.com/ Russian Orthodox Icons' Gallery] - "This Blog is devoted to describing of hand-written Russian Orthodox icons from a Gallery, which is located in the heart of Old Riga, Latvia"<br />
*[http://web.mac.com/cjoiner/Articles/Blog/Blog.html Saint George Speaks] "Articles from Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral Publications"<br />
* [http://solzemli.wordpress.com/ Salt of the Earth] An Orthodox Christian Blog<br />
* [http://silouanthompson.net/About Phil (SILOUAN)] - "Why would a nice Protestant guy join the Orthodox Church?."<br />
<!-- * Simeon's Hit & Miss of Filosofical Thought ---><br />
* [http://stephanosofepiros.wordpress.com/ Stephanos of Nikopolis] - "Aphorisms and essays on moral philosophy, theology, Orthodox spiritual life, and New Testament commentary."<br />
* [http://karlthienes.blogspot.com/ St. Stephen's Musings] by Karl Thienes - "Thoughts and reflections on Eastern Orthodox theology, various philosophical issues, and a variety of social/political events."<br />
* [http://sundaytosunday.blogspot.com/ Sunday to Sunday] - "an online journal that chronicles my communion with Christ and His church."<br />
* [http://www.chattablogs.com/aionioszoe/ This is Life: Revolutions Around the Cruciform Axis] - by Clifton Healy, an "Orthodox wannabe"<br />
* [http://justinmartyr.blogspot.com/ Torrent of Consciousness] - "It is what it is."<br />
<!-- * [http://www.wayneolson.com/weblog/ WayneOlson.com] - "A weblog on Eastern Orthodoxy, theology, philosophy, academia, nonsense and Siberian speed knitting." ---><br />
<!-- * chrysostom407 - "An Orthodox Christian's Blog" ---><br />
* [http://westernorthodox.blogspot.com Western Orthodoxy] - "An Unofficial Blog Dedicated to the Western Rite within the Orthodox Church."<br />
* [http://theosebia.blogspot.com/ A Catechumen's Walk] - "My thoughts and meditations as I delve into the ancient paths of the Church"<br />
* [http://stmaterne.blogspot.com/ Saint-Materne] Musing on the roots of Orthodox Belgium, 19 centuries Christian. (in French)<br />
* [http://www.orthodoxe.be/revue.html "La Voile"], "The Sail" online journal of a Belgian Orthodox study group (in French)<br />
* [http://www.anchorite.org/blog anchorite.org] A church tech blog<br />
* [http://www.frbishoy.com/blog www.frbishoy.com] The official blog of Fr. Bishoy Andrawes, Priest of St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church of Washington, DC<br />
* [http://www.nowandever.be/ now and ever] ..:in search of a john 3:8 hurricane:..<br />
* [http://iconnewmedianetwork.com/Channel/woman-thou-art-awesome/ Woman, Thou Art Awesome] A blog devoted to the lives of Women Saints in the Orthodox Church<br />
* [http://www.orthodoxyouth.org/blog/ Orthodox Christian Bible Studies Blog] Discusses the development of online, interactive multimedia Bible study resources.<br />
* [http://monasticism.blogspot.com/ Monasticism] by Rev. Fr. Peter-Michael Preble of St. Michael’s Romanian Orthodox Church in Southbridge, MA<br />
* [http://theburningbush.wordpress.com/ The Burning Bush]<br />
* [http://antiochabouna.blogspot.com/ Antioch Abouna] An Antiochian Orthodox priest writes from the UK<br />
* [http://www.runningtheraceblog.com/ Running The Race] The musings of a recent evangelical convert to the Eastern Orthodox Church who was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008.<br />
* [http://www.window-into-heaven.blogspot.com/ WindowIntoHeaven] Byzantine Iconography by the hand of Anna Edelman<br />
<br />
==Forums==<br />
<br />
[[Wikipedia:Internet_forum|Internet forums]] are a place for discussion. They allow users to make a "post" about a topic and others to respond.<br />
<br />
'''New'''<br />
*[http://www.dotcollective.com DotCollective Forum] A moderated forum for Orthodox Christian artists.<br />
<br />
'''Active''':<br />
*[http://www.orthodoxforum.com Eastern Orthodox Christian Forum] A moderated forum for non threatening Orthodox discussion.<br />
*[http://www.arxontariki.net/portal.php Arxontariki] Hellenic Eastern Orthodox Christian Forum<br />
*[http://www.christianforums.com/forumdisplay.php?f=145 The Ancient Way - Eastern Orthodox], hosted by [http://www.christianforums.com Christian Forums]<br />
*[http://www.desertcalling.com/ Desert Calling] (old forums can be found at: [http://orthopraxis.co.nr/ Orthopraxis])<br />
*[http://www.monachos.net/forum/index.php Monachos.net Discussion Community] - Online study and discourse of Orthodoxy through patristic and monastic theological heritage.<br />
*[http://byzantineforum.forumotion.com Byzantine Forum] A new Forum about Orthodoxy and Greece (in Greek)<br />
*[http://forum.teologie.net/index.php Orthodox Forum - Teologie.NET] A Orthodox Moldavian forum in Romanian language moderated by hieromonk professor PhD Petru Pruteanu, dean of the Pastoral Theological Faculty from Edinet Moldavia <br />
*[http://www.orthodoxchristianity.net/forum/ OrthodoxChristianity.net]<br />
*[http://www.orthodoxchristianchat.com OrthodoxChristianChat.com]<br />
*[http://members5.boardhost.com/STANDREWHOUSE/ St. Andrew House Discussion Forum], hosted by [http://boardhost.com/ boardhost.com]<br />
*[http://fr.groups.yahoo.com/group/chant_liturgique/ Chant Liturgique], a French language group of liturgical discussions, help, sharing & document exchange (Eastern rite only)<br />
*[http://forums.pravoslavie.bg/ Orthodoxy Bulgaria] Orthodox forum in Bulgarian<br />
*[http://www.forum-ortodox.com/ Romanian forum] Orthodox forum in Romanian<br />
*[http://www.forum-orthodoxe.com/ France forum] Orthodox forum in French<br />
*[http://p097.ezboard.com/belyforum Ely Forum] Orthodox forum in English, on Orthodox roots of the West, has also a (new) French forum<br />
*[http://www.ststephenoca.com/blog.html Central Florida Orthodox Forum] Orthodox Forum catering primarily to Orthodox Christians in the Central Florida area. Has a nice Q & A forum and other features that appeal to all Orthodox Christians<br />
*[http://www.joyinsorrow.com Joy in Sorrow] - An Orthodox resource and community site for those suffering from depression or going through hard times<br />
*[http://www.ortodoksi.net/foorumi/ Ortodoksi.net] Orthodox forum in Finnish (also in English, Swedich or German)<br />
*[http://meetorthodox.com/ New Orthodox all-inclusive forum in English linked to Ancient Faith Radio]<br />
<br />
'''Less-active''':<br />
*[http://www.religiousforums.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=80 Eastern Orthodoxy], hosted by [http://www.religiousforums.com religiousforums.com]<br />
<br />
'''Inactive''':<br />
*[http://www.hesychasm.ru/forum/index.php Hesychasm forum] forum in Russian is moderately active, forum in English is inactive<br />
<br />
==Electronic mailing lists==<br />
<br />
An [[Wikipedia:Electronic_mailing_list|electronic mailing lists]] allows list members to dialog via email. Sometimes the contents of these emails are archived for public view and other times they are not. List members generally have the option to receive the messages one-at-a-time or in a "daily digest" that includes all of the messages for a given time period.<br />
<br />
<br />
*The [https://listserv.indiana.edu/archives/orthodox.html Indiana list] is one of the oldest and is known for its conservative leanings and feisty discussion.<br />
*[http://www.orthodoxy.faithweb.com/ocnet.htm OCNet] - The Orthodox Christian Network. Orthodox discussion forums available as mailing lists, BBS conferences, newsgroups etc. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Yahoo! Groups'''<br />
<br />
In order to join many of these groups they require approval from a Yahoo! member who is the moderator of the group. Yahoo! membership, however, is not a requirement.<br />
<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Orthodox_China/ Orthodox China] - For discussion about issues related to Orthodoxy in China, translations of Orthodox texts into Chinese, and missionary work among Chinese people abroad.<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodox-convert/ Orthodox Converts] - For discussion between people who have [[convert]]ed to Orthodox Christianity or are interested in Orthodoxy. Cradle Orthodox and Clergy are invited to join to offer advice to those members who are young in the faith.<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Orthodox-Forum/ Orthodox Forum]<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodoxjurisdictions/ Orthodox Jurisdictions]<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodox-readers Orthodox Readers] - A list for tonsured readers, as well as for any one interested in Reader Services.<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Orthodox_Re-Forum/ Orthodox Re-Forum]<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodox-tradition/ Orthodox Tradition]<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/oxwoms/ Orthodox Without My Spouse] - A support group for Orthodox Christians married to someone who isn't.<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/normalorthodox/ Normal Orthodox]<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/byzantinechant Byzantine Chant] - A group founded by the European musician Fr. Ivan Moody, primarily targeted at chanters practicing in churches using the Byzantine musical tradition. Discussion focuses on the technical aspects of the tones.<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/greekorthodoxmusic Greek Orthodox Church Music] - Discussion of musical issues as practiced in the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. This lists embraces four-part choral music as well as Byzantine chant.<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/typikon/ Typikon] - A discussion list intended for all kinds of discussion and enquiries regarding the Typikon (its liturgical practice and music, and ramifications thereof) of the canonical Orthodox Church.<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ustav/ Ustav] - "Ustav" facilitates email discussion, questions, commentary and teaching concerning the traditional Orthodox Christian typicon and music. The Russian word "ustav" means typicon, and indicates that discussion will be slanted towards the Russian Orthodox typicon and music, as practiced in the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia]], but all other traditional usages may also be discussed.<br />
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/westernriteorthodoxy Western Rite Orthodoxy] - "The congregations of the Western Rite Vicariate of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America proclaim the fullness of the Orthodox Faith while worshipping according to the historic Western Catholic Rites of Rome and England."<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodox-rocor/ Orthodox ROCOR] - A group for members and friends of [[ROCOR]].<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/arbible The Holy Bible Web Site Channel] - This is a [[Coptic]] Orthodox discussion list with ecumenical vision and outreach (Main languages: English and Arabic).<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Clergy-only''':<br />
<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodox-clergy/ Orthodox-Clergy] - The Orthodox-Clergy email list is open to bishops, priests and deacons of all SCOBA jurisdictions, parishes of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Patriarchate of Jerusalem, the Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia.<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/oca-clergy/ OCA-Clergy] - This list is only open to priests and deacons of the [[Orthodox Church in America]]<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rocorclergy/ ROCOR Clergy] - This list is open only to deacons, priests, and bishops of [[ROCOR]].<br />
<br />
==Newsgroups==<br />
<br />
[[Wikipedia:Newsgroup|Newsgroups]] are usually found within the [[Wikipedia:Usenet|Usenet]] system and generally require newsreader software to interact with them. However, [http://groups.google.com/ Google Groups] provides a web interface.<br />
<br />
*[http://groups.google.com/groups?group=alt.religion.christian.east-orthodox alt.religion.christian.east-orthodox], a high-traffic group known for its tabloid style, personal attacks, and fierce exchanges<br />
*[http://groups.google.com/groups?group=alt.religion.christian.greek-orthodox alt.religion.christian.greek-orthodox], a less active group than .east-orthodox, but tends to be more focused on Orthodox topics<br />
*[http://groups.google.com/groups?group=alt.religion.christian.russian-orthodox alt.religion.christian.russian-orthodox]<br />
*[http://groups.google.com/groups?group=alt.religion.christian.ukrainian-orthodox alt.religion.christian.ukrainian-orthodox]<br />
<br />
==Social networks==<br />
<br />
There are sites for [[Wikipedia:Social_networking|developing friendships]] with Orthodox Christians.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.greekorthodox.com GreekOrthodox.com] - "GreekOrthodox.com is the web's premiere Greek website. It includes a community designed specifically for those who are Greek Orthodox. Join a group, send a Saint, or even keep your friends up to date with the integrated Twitter app."<br />
*[http://www.orthodoxbiz.com Orthodoxbiz.com] - "Orthodox Biz is a business directory, business promotion, and business networking site for Orthodox business professionals. It offers an Orthodox business directory, classified ads, mini-sites, discussion forums, networking groups, Orthodox business blogging, Orthodox press releases from private businesses and Orthodox ministries, and Orthodox event listing."<br />
*[http://www.orthodoxcircle.org OrthodoxCircle.org] - "OrthodoxCircle is a free online community portal designed for Orthodox Christians! It provides fun and easy to use tools for friends and family to stay connected with each other and their parishes, ministries and organizations. It's also a great way to make new friends with other Orthodox Christians around the world and to stay informed about events and news."<br />
*[http://www.orthodoxfriends.com OrthodoxFriends.com] - This site has gone offline. [[User talk:FrJohn|Let me know]] if someone wants to revive this!<br />
<br />
There are also some for just singles, but none for an Orthodox [[Wikipedia:Online_dating_service|dating service]], similar to [http://www.eharmony.com eHarmony.com].<br />
<br />
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodox_singles/ Orthodox Singles Yahoo Group]<br />
*[http://www.livejournal.com/community/orthodox_single/ Livejournal Orthodox Single Group]<br />
<br />
==Instant messaging==<br />
<br />
There are several forms of [[Wikipedia:Instant_messaging|instant messaging]] available to communicate with others online.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''[[Wikipedia:Internet_Relay_Chat|Internet Relay Chat]]''' (IRC)<br />
<br />
*[http://blog.kevinbasil.com/2003/02/03/holy-irc-batman/ &#35;orthodoxy] on [http://www.lplug.org lplug.org]<br />
*&#35;orthodoxwiki on [http://freenode.net/ freenode.net] - see [[OrthodoxWiki:Chat]]<br />
*&#35;orthodox on [http://undernet.org undernet.org]<br />
*[http://orthodoxy-page.narod.ru/ &#35;orthodoxy] on [http://www.rus-net.org/ rus-net.org] (chat mainly in Russian)<br />
*[http://www.anastasis.org.ru/ &#35;anastasis] on [http://www.rus-net.org/ rus-net.org] (chat mainly in Russian)<br />
<br />
==Portals/directories==<br />
* [http://businessdirectory.orthodoxcircle.com Orthodox Christian Business Directory] - Part of [http://orthodoxcircle.com OrthodoXCircle]<br />
*[http://www.dotcollective.com dotcollective.com] - "Orthodox Christian Artist Community Directory"<br />
*[http://www.orthodoxbiz.com Orthodoxbiz.com] - "Orthodox Biz is a business directory, business promotion, and business networking site for Orthodox business professionals. It offers an Orthodox business directory, classified ads, mini-sites, discussion forums, networking groups, Orthodox business blogging, Orthodox press releases from private businesses and Orthodox ministries, and Orthodox event listing."<br />
*[http://www.orthodoxlinks.info/ Orthodox Christianity on the Web]<br />
*[http://www.orthodoxnet.com/ OrthodoxNet]<br />
*[http://orthodoxlife.info Orthodox Life Info Portal]<br />
*[http://www.ortodoksi.net Ortodoksi.net] Finnish Orthodox info portal<br />
<br />
'''Fora'''<br />
<br />
*[http://directory.google.com/Top/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Orthodox/Chats_and_Forums/ Orthodox Chats and Forums] at [http://www.google.com/dirhp Google Directory]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Electronic Mailing Lists'''<br />
<br />
*[http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/dir/Religion___Beliefs/Christianity/Denominations_and_Sects/Orthodox Orthodox Groups] at Yahoo!<br />
*http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/resource/lists.html<br />
*http://www.holy-trinity.org/lists.html<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Orthodox Media]]<br />
* [[Orthodox Newsfeeds]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Church Life]]<br />
[[Category:Links]]<br />
<br />
[[es:Lista de comunidades ortodoxas en Internet]]<br />
[[ro:Lista comunităţilor ortodoxe pe internet]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Agafangel_(Pashkovsky)_of_Odessa&diff=90385Agafangel (Pashkovsky) of Odessa2010-02-07T18:44:53Z<p>Imerek: already not "grace", because in the schism</p>
<hr />
<div>Bishop Agafangel (Pashkovsky) was ruling [[bishop]] of Odessa and the Crimea, overseeing the parishes of the [[ROCOR|Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia]] in the Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova. Following the signing of the [[Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate|Act of Canonical Communion]] between the ROCOR and the Moscow Patriarchate, Bishop Agafangel left the [[jurisdiction]] of the ROCOR and declared himself the head of a new jurisdiction called the [[ROCOR (PSCA)|Provisional Supreme Church Authority]] (PSCA). He was subsequently suspended by the ROCOR Synod for disobeying lawful authority and inciting [[schism]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
Michael Ivanovich Pashkovsky was born [[November 22]], 1956, in Odessa, Ukraine. There he graduated from Odessa Pedagogical Institute. On [[August 31]], 1991, he was [[tonsure]]d a [[monk]] receiving the name Agafangel. On [[September 1]], 1991, he was [[ordination|ordained]] hierodeacon and on [[September 8]] - hieromonk. The ordinations were carried out in Moscow, Russia, by Archbishop Lazar (Zhurbenko), a Russian catacomb bishop secretly ordained by the ROCOR Bishop [[Varnava (Prokofiev) of Cannes|Varnava of Cannes]]. <br />
<br />
In 1992 he became [[rector]] of the Saint Natalia and Adrian (now Saint John of Kronstadt) church in Odessa, Ukraine.<br />
<br />
On [[March 27]], 1994, Agafangel was [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] a bishop at the Holy Emperor Constantine Cathedral in Suzdal, Russia, by Archbishop Lazar (Zhurbenko), Bishop Valentine (Rusantsev), and Bishop Theodore (Gineevsky). At that time these bishops had separated from the ROCOR and organized their own paraecclesiastic organization called the "Free Russian Orthodox Church". Neither the ROCOR [[Synod]] of Bishops, nor any of the local churches, recognized Agafangel's consecration as valid at the time.<br />
<br />
However in February 1995 the bishops dissolved the "Free Russian Orthodox Church" and requested to be reaccepted into the ROCOR. Upon a trial period of one year, the ROCOR Synod, acting in the spirit of oikonomia, accepted Agafangel's ordination as valid. In 1996 he was appointing ruling bishop of Simferopol and the Crimea.<br />
<br />
Following the retirement of ROCOR First-Hierarch [[Vitaly (Ustinov) of New York|Metropolitan Vitaly]], Archbishop Lazar (Zhurbenko) followed the aged Metropolitan into his self-proclaimed [[Russian Orthodox Church in Exile]]. Initially, Bishop Agafangel supported Archbishop Lazar. However, at the 2001 Bishop's Council he supported the ROCOR Synod and voted for [[Laurus (Skurla) of New York|Metropolitan Laurus)]] as First Hierarch.<br />
<br />
Since 2003, Bishop Agafangel was an active critic of the ROCOR's dialog with the Moscow Patriarchate. On the other hand, he signed the epistle of the 2006 Council of Bishops supporting the reconciliation process. Yet following the Synod's approval of the Act of Canonical Communion in 2006 he publicly stated that he "does not support the document approved by the Synod". On [[October 16]], 2006, he clarified his position, stating that "we are not separating from the Synod led by Metropolitan Laurus ... however, as an extreme measure, we are suspending commemoration of the First Hierarch at services." A subsequent meeting of the Synod of Bishops ordered Bishop Agafangel to resume commemorating the First Hierarch or face suspension; Bishop Agafangel complied with the order. In the run-up to the signing of the Act, the Synod ordered Bishop Agafangel's transfer to the [[diocese]] of Buenos Aires and South America, which he accepted in principle but did not carry out in practice, citing visa difficulties and the health of his elderly mother.<br />
<br />
Following the signing of the Act of Canonical Communion in Moscow, Russia, on [[May 17]], 2007, Bishop Agafangel declared that he did not accepted the document and would "continue to abide by the previous Bylaws of the ROCOR, considering any actions of the Moscow Patriarchate to be unlawful." He accused the Moscow Patriarchate of "sins of sergianism and ecumenism." On [[May 22]], 2007, Bishop Agafangel issued a statement that he and Bishop [[Daniel (Alexandrow) of Erie|Daniel of Erie]] were organizing a Provisional Supreme Church Authority for those who "have remained in the ROCOR", citing authority of Ukase No. 362 of Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow, dated [[November 20]], 1920. While Bishop Daniel had previously expressed reservations about the Act of Canonical Communion, there is no evidence that he ever intended to break with the ROCOR Synod; rather, the elderly [[vicar]] for the care of Old-Ritualists continued to remain in communion with Metropolitan Laurus. In practice, Agafangel found himself alone, supported by a handful of [[clergy]] and the majority of his parishes in Ukraine, which had refused to join the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.<br />
<br />
On [[May 20]], 2007, the members of the ROCOR Synod, meeting in Moscow, suspended Bishop Agafangel for inciting schism, disobeying lawful authority, and refusing transfer to the Buenos Aires cathedra.<br />
<br />
At an emergency meeting of the ROCOR Synod on [[June 28]] and [[June 29|29]], 2007, issued a "final letter of warning" to Bishop Agafangel, calling on him to cease all schismatic activity. The Synod also approved the suspension of Abbot Andronik (Kotliaroff), head of the Russian Ecclesiastic Mission in Jerusalem, and other clerics that supported Agafangel. However on [[December 7]], 2007, with the aid of bishops from the [[Holy Synod in Resistance]], a faction of Old-Calendar Greeks, Agafangel carried out the consecration of Andronik (Kotrliaroff) as soi-disant Bishop of Richmond Hill and New York. Hieromonk Sofroniy (Musienko) was also consecrated soi-disant Bishop of Saint Petersburg and Northern Russia. These ordinations marked the final breach of the new organization, calling itself the Provisional Supreme Church Authority, with the ROCOR synod.<br />
<br />
On [[November 19]], 2008, the Provisional Supreme Church Authority elected Bishop Agafangel to the rank of Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
Critics have accused Agafangel of political motives. In December 2006, Archimandrite Benjamin (Trepaliuk) accused Agafangel of a "pathological hatred of Russia, its authorities, and its people" and of collaborating with the American Central Intelligence Agency. [[Archimandrite]] Benjamin claimed that Agafangel believes the CIA to be "the most human organization in the world", which "cares for the good of all people." Others point to the suspended bishop's friendship with John Herbst, the former US ambassador to Ukraine, as "ties with the [US] State Department," as well as his active support of the administration of Ukrainian President Victor Yuschenko, seen by many Russians as a "CIA puppet."<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bishops]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88926Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-11-11T17:02:57Z<p>Imerek: i've yet said and say one more, probably there was many shouts about this law in America but really it's nothing, it has changed nothing, NO notable</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov) of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov)]]. He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization of Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolich from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Kiev Caves|Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Kiev Caves|Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Constantine I of Kiev|Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1499 The [[Gennady Bible]] (Gennadievskaia Biblia), the oldest surviving complete collection of Biblical books in the [[Church Slavonic]] language, is completed under the auspices of Abp. Gennady of Novgorod (1484-1504).<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
*1712 Tsar Peter the Great issued an ukaz ordering the printed Slavonic text of the Bible to be carefully compared with the Greek of the [[Septuagint]] and to be made in every respect conformable to it; the revision was completed in 1724 and was ordered to be printed, but the death of Peter (1725) prevented the execution of the order. <br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1744 Empress Elizabeth issues an ukaz ordering resumption of the work of revision of the Slavonic Bible, started by Peter the Great in 1712.<br />
* 1751 The first edition of the Queen "Elizabeth" [[w:Slavic translations of the Bible|Slavonic Bible]] (QEB), ([[Septuagint|LXX]]), was published.<br />
* 1756 The second edition of the [[Queen Elizabeth Bible|Queen "Elizabeth" Bible]] (QEB) is issued ([[Septuagint|LXX]]); all later reprints of the Russian Church Bible are based upon this second edition, which is the authorized version of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]].<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy in Ukraine and Belorussia<br />
* 1800 The beginning of [[Edinoverie]]<br />
* 1807 The Committee for the work out the reforms of the theological education and material maintenance of clergymen is created <br />
* 1807-1822 Orthodox mission in China led by archimandrite [[Ioakinthos Bichurin]]<br />
* 1808 The beginning of reforms of spiritual (theological) colleges<br />
* 1811 [[Georgian Church]] becomes [[Georgian Exarchate]] of Russian Orthodox Church<br />
* December 6, 1812 Statutes of [[Russian Bible society]] is established<br />
* 1814 Confirmation of Statutes of the Theological Academies. [[Moscow Theological Academy]] moves to [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra ]]<br />
* 1816 The beginning of translation into modern Russian of the Bible <br />
* 1817-1824 So called ''Double Ministry'' under the direction of prince A. N. Golitsyn <br />
* 1826 [[Russian Bible society]] is closed<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow.<br />
<br />
== Communist Era (1917-1991)==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1987 On [[August 19]] Patr. [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow|Pimen]] of Moscow and All Russia, and Ec. Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople|Demetrios I]] of Constantinople co-celebrated the [[Divine Liturgy]] on the Feast of the [[Transfiguration]] at the [[w:Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius|Holy Trinity St. Sergius Monastery]], for the first time in 398 years (since January 1589).<br />
*1988 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia.<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]; murder of Fr. [[Alexander Men]]; first Orthodox service in seventy years held in [[St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow)|St. Basil's Cathedral]].<br />
<br />
== Post-Communist Era: Russian Orthodox Church Resurgent (1991-Present) ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1993 Martyrdom of [[New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn]]. <br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/svetosavlje/message/734 ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory] (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; death of Elder Archimandrite John Krestiankin of the Pskov-Caves Monastery.<br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); world's first [http://www.orthodox.cn/news/20071101dictionary_en.htm Russian-Chinese dictionary of Orthodox vocabulary] is printed in Moscow.<br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]; first Orthodox Liturgy [http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=4495 celebrated at the North Pole].<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia; Metr. Valentin of Orenburg and Buzuluk consecrated the first-ever Russian Orthodox church in Rome on May 24, the day of St. ''Cyril and Methodius'', being the ''Church of the Great Martyr St. Catherine'', with the blessing of Patr. Kirill.<br />
<br />
==Publised Works==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* John Garrand and Carol Garrand. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1ZxqRHfRz-QC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Russian Orthodoxy Resurgent: Faith and Power in the New Russia].'' Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-691-12573-2<br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88721Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-11-03T18:39:30Z<p>Imerek: /* The Synodical Church (1720-1917) */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov) of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov)]]. He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization of Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolich from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy in Ukraine and Belorussia<br />
* 1800 The beginning of [[Edinoverie]]<br />
* 1807 The Committee for the work out the reforms of the theological education and material maintenance of clergymen is created <br />
* 1807-1822 Orthodox mission in China led by archimandrite [[Ioakinthos Bichurin]]<br />
* 1808 The beginning of reforms of spiritual (theological) colleges<br />
* 1811 [[Georgian Church]] becomes [[Georgian Exarchate]] of Russian Orthodox Church<br />
* December 6, 1812 Statutes of [[Russian Bible society]] is established<br />
* 1814 Confirmation of Statutes of the Theological Academies. [[Moscow Theological Academy]] moves to [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra ]]<br />
* 1816 The beginning of translation into modern Russian of the Bible <br />
* 1817-1824 So called ''Double Ministry'' under the direction of prince A. N. Golitsyn <br />
* 1826 [[Russian Bible society]] is closed<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1993 Martyrdom of [[New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn]]. <br />
* 1997 Ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/svetosavlje/message/734 ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory] (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88720Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-11-03T18:38:33Z<p>Imerek: /* The Synodical Church (1720-1917) */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov) of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov)]]. He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization of Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolich from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy in Ukraine and Belorussia<br />
* 1800 The beginning of [[Edinoverie]]<br />
* 1807 The Committee for the work out the reforms of the theological education and material maintenance of clergymen is created <br />
* 1807-1822 Orthodox mission in China led by archimandrite [[Ioakinthos Bichurin]]<br />
* 1808 The beginning of reforms of spiritual (theological) colleges<br />
* 1811 [[Georgian Church]] becomes [[Georgian Exarchate]] of Russian Orthodox Church<br />
* December 6, 1812 Statutes of [[Russian Bible society]] is established<br />
* 1814 Confirmation of Statutes of the Theological Academies. [[Moscow Theological Academy]] moves to [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra ]]<br />
* 1816 The beginning of translation into modern Russian of the Bible <br />
* 1817-1824 The '''Double Ministry''' under the direction of prince A. N. Golitsyn <br />
* 1826 [[Russian Bible society]] is closed<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1993 Martyrdom of [[New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn]]. <br />
* 1997 Ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/svetosavlje/message/734 ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory] (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88719Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-11-03T18:28:14Z<p>Imerek: /* The Synodical Church (1720-1917) */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov) of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov)]]. He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization of Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolich from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy in Ukraine and Belorussia<br />
* 1800 The beginning of [[Edinoverie]]<br />
* 1807 The Committee for the work out the reforms of the theological education and material maintenance of clergymen is created <br />
* 1807-1822 Orthodox mission in China led by archimandrite [[Ioakinthos Bichurin]]<br />
* 1808 The beginning of reforms of spiritual (theological) colleges<br />
* 1811 [[Georgian Church]] becomes [[Georgian Exarchate]] of Russian Orthodox Church<br />
* December 6, 1812 Statutes of [[Russian Bible society]] is established<br />
* 1814 Confirmation of Statutes of the Theological Academies. [[Moscow Theological Academy]] moves to [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra ]]<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1993 Martyrdom of [[New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn]]. <br />
* 1997 Ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/svetosavlje/message/734 ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory] (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Georgian_Church&diff=88718Georgian Church2009-11-03T18:16:50Z<p>Imerek: Redirecting to Church of Georgia</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Church of Georgia]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88717Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-11-03T18:13:08Z<p>Imerek: /* The Synodical Church (1720-1917) */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov) of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov)]]. He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization of Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolich from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy in Ukraine and Belorussia<br />
* 1800 The beginning of [[Edinoverie]]<br />
* 1807 The Committee for the work out the reforms of the theological education and material maintenance of clergymen is created <br />
* 1807-1822 Orthodox mission in China led by archimandrite [[Ioakinthos Bichurin]]<br />
* 1811 [[Georgian Church]] becomes [[Georgian Excarchate]] of Russian Orthodox Church<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1993 Martyrdom of [[New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn]]. <br />
* 1997 Ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/svetosavlje/message/734 ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory] (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88716Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-11-03T18:00:10Z<p>Imerek: /* Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov) of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan [[Macarius (Bulgakov)]]. He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization of Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolich from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy in Ukraine and Belorussia<br />
* 1800 The beginning of [[Edinoverie]]<br />
* 1807-1822 Orthodox mission in China led by archimandrite [[Ioakinthos Bichurin]]<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1993 Martyrdom of [[New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn]]. <br />
* 1997 Ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors; [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/svetosavlje/message/734 ritual murder of Siberian Hieromonk Grigory] (Gennady Mikhailovich Yakovlev) by a member of the Krishna Consciousness sect, prompting Church authorities in the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Krasnoyarsk in Siberia to condemn the rise of cults in Russia. <br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88417Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-10-22T17:48:09Z<p>Imerek: /* The Synodical Church (1720-1917) */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy in Ukraine and Belorussia<br />
* 1800 The beginning of [[Edinoverie]]<br />
* 1807-1822 Orthodox mission in China led by archimandrite [[Ioakinthos Bichurin]]<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88284Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-10-14T19:58:42Z<p>Imerek: /* The Synodical Church (1720-1917) */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy in Ukraine and Belorussia<br />
* 1800 The beginning of [[Edinoverie]]<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88282Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-10-14T19:46:25Z<p>Imerek: /* The Origin of Christianity in Rus' */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88281Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-10-14T19:46:10Z<p>Imerek: /* Origin of Christianity on Rus' */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== The Origin of Christianity in Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
''Курсивное начертание''<br />
<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88280Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-10-14T19:43:09Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== Origin of Christianity on Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia till the mongol invasion to Rus' ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol comquest (since 1240) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 [[Sarai diocese]] (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal [[Locum Tenens]] metropolitan [[Stephen Yavorsky]]<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88278Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-10-14T19:26:42Z<p>Imerek: /* Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople */ according to the written in Problem of periodisation</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
== Origin of Christianity on Rus' ==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Ol'ga]] of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs [[Theodor and John of Kiev|Theodor and his son John]]<br />
== Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople (988-1488) ==<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304) ===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal Locum Tenens metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88276Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-10-14T19:13:17Z<p>Imerek: /* Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan [[Macarius of Moscow|Macarius Bulgakov]], [[Evgeny Golubinsky]] and [[Igor Smolich]].<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal Locum Tenens metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88269Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-10-14T18:47:31Z<p>Imerek: /* Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal Locum Tenens metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist state ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88268Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-10-14T18:47:08Z<p>Imerek: /* First Patriarchate Period */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Patriarchal Locum Tenens metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=88267Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-10-14T18:43:16Z<p>Imerek: /* Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
Modern division of Russian church history is built basically on a periodization developed by metr. Macarius. The first period is 988-1448: Russian Church under jurisdiction of Constantinople. The second period is 1448-1589: autocephalous Russian metropolis. The third period is 1589 - till XVIII century - Patriarchy. The fourth period is Synodical (beginning of XVIII-1917). The fifth period is 1917-1988: Russian Church during the atheistic state. The sixth period is since 1988 up to now. The events whose paramount value in the history of Church is indisputable are specified as borders of the periods. This is the Moscow Hierarchical Council of 1448, on which St. [[Jonah of Moscow|Jonah]] has been consecrated by the Council of Russian bishops without the Constantinople Patriarch; Moscow Council of 1589 with participation of Patriarch Jeremy II and representatives of the Greek clergy on which the Moscow Patriarchy has been established; establishing of the Synod (1721); Patriarchate restoration on Moscow Council of 1917-1918; public and state celebrating of the millenary of [[Baptism of Rus']], begun a new epoch in a life of the Church (1988) and its revival. It is necessary to notice that offered dates are significant for history of Church not only on the earths Moscow state, but also for history West Russian Metropolis: 1459 is division of common metropolis on Kiev (West Russian) and Moscow, 1596 is date of [[Brest union]], 1686 is the reunion two parts of Rusian Church. <br />
<br />
Each of the named historical events is end of the long historical process occurring frequently on more extensive geographical space. Besides it is necessary to consider a little conditional character of any periodisation, being guided on exact dates. There are the transition periods lasting sometimes not one decade both combining one lines of preceding and next periods. For example, the beginning of Synodical period is dated sometimes not 1721 (establishment of the Synod), but 1700 (death of last Patriarch Adriana) and etc.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Patriarch of Russia.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87616Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-19T10:21:34Z<p>Imerek: /* Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
Events of intrachurch history were borders mainly: division of the one metropolis on two parts (the author considers that a beginning of the division happened, when an attempt to separate West Russian dioceses has been undertaken by the pressure of Lithuanian prince Vitovt), an establishment of the Patriarchate in Moscow, Governing Synod in St.-Petersburg; however external factors of vital importance - mongol invasion of 1237 and further yoke over Russia were considered also.<br />
<br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87615Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-19T09:57:23Z<p>Imerek: /* Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop [[Philaret (Gumilevsky)]] in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
<!-- Границами были по преимуществу события внутрицерковной истории: разделение единой митрополии на две чассти (его начало автор относит ко времени свт. Фотия, когда под давлениием литовского кн. Витовта была предпринята попытка отделения заападнорусских епархий (см. Западноорусская митрополия), учреждение Патриаршества в Москве, Святейшего Синода в Петербурге; однако учитывались и внешние факторы первостепенной важности - монголо-татарское нашествие 1237 г. и установление верховной власти Орды над Русью.--><br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
All three models of the periodization have been subjected to criticism by [[Igor Smolich]]. Estimating metr. Philaret's work, Smolich named as "very right" a principle of division on the basis of the historical phenomena which have occurred in Russian church life, however metr. Philaret, according to Smolich, did not try "to connect outside influence on actually church development with church history", did not consider opposition of the Church and the state, constant pressure of the state upon Church; Philaret represented their relations, according to Smolich, in peacefully idyllic tones.<br />
<br />
Estimating the periodization of metr. Macarius Smolich disagreed with the main principle put in its basis, - a jurisdiction principle. According to his opinion, the end of the subordination of Moscow metropolis to [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] has not rendered influence on activity and the right of the church authority, on an internal life of the Church and people, and establishment of the Moscow Patriarchy "cannot be explained from dynamics of the previous period; it was most likely only a consequence of Boris Godunov's ambitious policy". Smolich also criticized the periodization of Golubinsky "by a topographical principle", especially without approving division "on metropolitans" (Golubinsky so built the work since the Moscow period). The "a methodological principle" Smolich has considered that «the unique firm basis for a periodization can be only such facts which really defined destiny of the development of Russian Church's organization and life", and it were its relation with the state. According to this principle two basic historical periods are allocated only: the first - till the end of XIII century and the second - till 1917; their border is transfer of a residence of the Russian metropolitan from Kiev in Vladimir and soon after that to Moscow. Here it is possible to see a likeness to "a topographical" periodization Golubinsky. Hardly probable it is possible to consider question of Smolich as correctful, what was more important for Church - its relations with the Constantinople or own secular authority, and his unconditional choice in favour of the second. <br />
<br />
Historically developed coexistence of these two complexes of relations does not allow to oppose, define them their "subordination", because they were inseparable one from another. The author should feel some amorphy of the periodization and also has entered internal division of the second period, however periods allocated by him and key dates practically do not differ from what were suggested by his predecessors: 1589 - establishment of the Patriarchate (though earlier Smolich subjected value of this date as key to doubt), the beginning of the Synod period (1700). Thus, difference of a periodization of Smolicha from constructions of his predecessors consists not so much in allocation of new key events, how many in an estimation of the maintenance and value before the allocated periods.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87516Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-17T16:22:02Z<p>Imerek: /* The Synodical Church (1700-1917) */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop Philaret (Gumilevsky) in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
<!-- Границами были по преимуществу события внутрицерковной истории: разделение единой митрополии на две чассти (его начало автор относит ко времени свт. Фотия, когда под давлениием литовского кн. Витовта была предпринята попытка отделения заападнорусских епархий (см. Западноорусская митрополия), учреждение Патриаршества в Москве, Святейшего Синода в Петербурге; однако учитывались и внешние факторы первостепенной важности - монголо-татарское нашествие 1237 г. и установление верховной власти Орды над Русью.--><br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephen of Perm|Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
== The Synodical Church (1720-1917) ==<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1724 Beginning of christianisation of yakuts, baptism of Kalmyk khan Baksadai<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1771 Decree about establishing orthodox mission for ossetians<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1780 Beginning of christianisation of Chukotka peoples<br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Little Russia and Slobodskaya Ukraine<br />
* 1793-1795 Secularization of church lands in South Lithuania, West Belorussia and West Ukraine<br />
* 1794 First russian missioners arrived to North America (Kadyak island)<br />
* 1795 About 2 million uniates passed to the Orthodoxy<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=87401Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2009-09-12T20:21:28Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian<br />
|-<br />
|abbot|| ||игумен<br />
|-<br />
|bishop||επίσκοπος||епископ<br />
|-<br />
|church||εκκλησία||церковь<br />
|-<br />
|confessor|| ||исповедник<br />
|-<br />
|deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха<br />
|-<br />
|enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||равноапостольный<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец<br />
|-<br />
|Great Lent|| ||Великий пост<br />
|-<br />
|great-martyr|| ||великомученик<br />
|-<br />
|hieromartyr|| ||священномученник<br />
|-<br />
|leavetaking||ἀπόδοσις||отдание<br />
|-<br />
|martyr||μάρτυς||мученик<br />
|-<br />
|merciful|| ||милостивый<br />
|-<br />
|mitre (miter)||μίτρα||митра<br />
|-<br />
|myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица<br />
|-<br />
|new-martyr|| ||новомученик<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||священник<br />
|-<br />
|protomartyr|| ||первомученик<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный<br />
|-<br />
|righteous|| ||праведный<br />
|-<br />
|saint||άγιος||святой<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник<br />
|-<br />
|venerable|| ||преподобный<br />
|-<br />
|venerable-martyr|| ||преподобномученик<br />
|-<br />
|wonderworker|| ||чудотворец<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87400Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-12T20:13:34Z<p>Imerek: /* Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop Philaret (Gumilevsky) in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
<!-- Границами были по преимуществу события внутрицерковной истории: разделение единой митрополии на две чассти (его начало автор относит ко времени свт. Фотия, когда под давлениием литовского кн. Витовта была предпринята попытка отделения заападнорусских епархий (см. Западноорусская митрополия), учреждение Патриаршества в Москве, Святейшего Синода в Петербурге; однако учитывались и внешние факторы первостепенной важности - монголо-татарское нашествие 1237 г. и установление верховной власти Орды над Русью.--><br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("''Golubinsky''". Vol. 1, part 1, page XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Ucraine<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] [[tonsure]]d [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87399Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-12T20:11:27Z<p>Imerek: /* Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop Philaret (Gumilevsky) in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
<!-- Границами были по преимуществу события внутрицерковной истории: разделение единой митрополии на две чассти (его начало автор относит ко времени свт. Фотия, когда под давлениием литовского кн. Витовта была предпринята попытка отделения заападнорусских епархий (см. Западноорусская митрополия), учреждение Патриаршества в Москве, Святейшего Синода в Петербурге; однако учитывались и внешние факторы первостепенной важности - монголо-татарское нашествие 1237 г. и установление верховной власти Орды над Русью.--><br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
E. Golubinsky has distinguished three periods in Russian church history: Kievan, Moscow and Petersburg. The invasion of Mongols and the establishment of the Synod (1721) became borders between the periods. Howener it is necessary to note that Golubinsky proved his allocation on the doubtful precondition of absence of true spiritual education in medieval Russia.<br />
In his opinion, the Kievan and Moscow periods represent actually a single whole characterised by absence of the valid education which we have not acquired with acceptance of Christianity and without which remained to Peter the Great ("Golubinsky". Т. 1. P.1. С XXII). During this period in national religious consciousness "the external more or less prevailed more or less over internal, is conditional-formal ceremonialism - over true belief". However, if during the Kievan period this prevalence still kept measures, during the period Moscow it has gone into extremes». Golubinsky understood the Petersburg period as time of establishing in Russia the present education and more perfect understanding of Christianity.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Ucraine<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] [[tonsure]]d [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=87398Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2009-09-12T18:59:14Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian<br />
|-<br />
|abbot|| ||игумен<br />
|-<br />
|bishop||επίσκοπος||епископ<br />
|-<br />
|church||εκκλησία||церковь<br />
|-<br />
|confessor|| ||исповедник<br />
|-<br />
|deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха<br />
|-<br />
|enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||равноапостольный<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец<br />
|-<br />
|Great Lent|| ||Великий пост<br />
|-<br />
|great-martyr|| ||великомученик<br />
|-<br />
|hieromartyr|| ||священномученник<br />
|-<br />
|martyr||μάρτυς||мученик<br />
|-<br />
|merciful|| ||милостивый<br />
|-<br />
|mitre (miter)||μίτρα||митра<br />
|-<br />
|myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица<br />
|-<br />
|new-martyr|| ||новомученик<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||священник<br />
|-<br />
|protomartyr|| ||первомученик<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный<br />
|-<br />
|righteous|| ||праведный<br />
|-<br />
|saint||άγιος||святой<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник<br />
|-<br />
|venerable|| ||преподобный<br />
|-<br />
|venerable-martyr|| ||преподобномученик<br />
|-<br />
|wonderworker|| ||чудотворец<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87391Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-10T19:47:29Z<p>Imerek: /* The Synodical Church (1700-1917) */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop Philaret (Gumilevsky) in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
<!-- Границами были по преимуществу события внутрицерковной истории: разделение единой митрополии на две чассти (его начало автор относит ко времени свт. Фотия, когда под давлениием литовского кн. Витовта была предпринята попытка отделения заападнорусских епархий (см. Западноорусская митрополия), учреждение Патриаршества в Москве, Святейшего Синода в Петербурге; однако учитывались и внешние факторы первостепенной важности - монголо-татарское нашествие 1237 г. и установление верховной власти Орды над Русью.--><br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1764 The decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church lands in Great Russia<br />
* 1773 The decree about toleration <br />
* 1786-1788 Secularization of church lands in the Ucraine<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] [[tonsure]]d [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87390Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-10T19:37:47Z<p>Imerek: /* The Synodical Church (1700-1917) */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop Philaret (Gumilevsky) in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
<!-- Границами были по преимуществу события внутрицерковной истории: разделение единой митрополии на две чассти (его начало автор относит ко времени свт. Фотия, когда под давлениием литовского кн. Витовта была предпринята попытка отделения заападнорусских епархий (см. Западноорусская митрополия), учреждение Патриаршества в Москве, Святейшего Синода в Петербурге; однако учитывались и внешние факторы первостепенной важности - монголо-татарское нашествие 1237 г. и установление верховной власти Орды над Русью.--><br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephen Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]] has been established<br />
* 1764 Decree by Empress Ecaterine II on the secularization of Church immovables<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] [[tonsure]]d [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87385Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-10T18:43:27Z<p>Imerek: /* Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop Philaret (Gumilevsky) in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
<!-- Границами были по преимуществу события внутрицерковной истории: разделение единой митрополии на две чассти (его начало автор относит ко времени свт. Фотия, когда под давлениием литовского кн. Витовта была предпринята попытка отделения заападнорусских епархий (см. Западноорусская митрополия), учреждение Патриаршества в Москве, Святейшего Синода в Петербурге; однако учитывались и внешние факторы первостепенной важности - монголо-татарское нашествие 1237 г. и установление верховной власти Орды над Русью.--><br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly" metr. Macarius has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephan Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]]<br />
* 1848 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil Nikephorovich (Bogoyavlensky)]] born [[January 1]] in the province of Tambov.<br />
* 1863 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] born [[March 17]] in Vatagino village of Kresteski district of the Novgorod province.<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] [[ordination|ordained]] a [[priest]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] [[tonsure]]d [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87384Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-10T18:39:50Z<p>Imerek: /* Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop Philaret (Gumilevsky) in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
<!-- Границами были по преимуществу события внутрицерковной истории: разделение единой митрополии на две чассти (его начало автор относит ко времени свт. Фотия, когда под давлениием литовского кн. Витовта была предпринята попытка отделения заападнорусских епархий (см. Западноорусская митрополия), учреждение Патриаршества в Москве, Святейшего Синода в Петербурге; однако учитывались и внешние факторы первостепенной важности - монголо-татарское нашествие 1237 г. и установление верховной власти Орды над Русью.--><br />
Periodization bases have been developed in detail by metropolitan Makariy (Bulgakov). He has distinguished three big periods, and also the special period defined as "introduction in history of Russian Church" -"Christianity history in Russia to equal-to-apostles prince Vladimir". The basic periods were distinguished proceeding from canonical status of the Russian Church: 1) full dependence of the Russian Church on the Constantinople Patriarchate (988-1240); 2) gradual transition of the Russian Church from this dependence to independence (1240-1589); 3) the independence (autocephalous) period (with 1589). <br />
<br />
Subperiods in each of three periods were distinguished already on "internal" to signs, were defined by time of primacy of heads of the Church taking into account reignings and reigns, becouse the church life was defined not only by spiritual and moral authority of hierarches heading Church, but also and by a policy of the state and its secular ruler. In the third period "Russian Church in perod of its autocephaly"- metr. Makariy has had time to investigate only the initial stage, to the Council 1666-1667. The History of the Moscow Patriarchate is stated in parallel with history West-russian metropolis.<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephan Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]]<br />
* 1848 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil Nikephorovich (Bogoyavlensky)]] born [[January 1]] in the province of Tambov.<br />
* 1863 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] born [[March 17]] in Vatagino village of Kresteski district of the Novgorod province.<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] [[ordination|ordained]] a [[priest]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] [[tonsure]]d [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87357Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-08T17:30:26Z<p>Imerek: /* Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history */ for the further translation</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
In the church-historical science there are some points of view on a problem of a periodization of Russian Church history. The most notable have been formulated by such famous historians of Russian Church as archbishop of Chernigov Philaret Gumilevsky, Moscow metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, Evgeny Golubinsky and Igor Smolich.<br />
<br />
So, archbishop Philaret (Gumilevsky) in the work «History of the Russian Church» (M, 1850-1851) has allocated five periods in the history of Russian Church:<br />
# 988-237 <br />
# 1238-1409<br />
# 1410-1588<br />
# 1589-1720<br />
# 1720-1825<br />
<!-- Границами были по преимуществу события внутрицерковной истории: разделение единой митрополии на две чассти (его начало автор относит ко времени свт. Фотия, когда под давлениием литовского кн. Витовта была предпринята попытка отделения заападнорусских епархий (см. Западноорусская митрополия), учреждение Патриаршества в Москве, Святейшего Синода в Петербурге; однако учитывались и внешние факторы первостепенной важности - монголо-татарское нашествие 1237 г. и установление верховной власти Орды над Русью.--><br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1073 † St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* 1263 † Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephan Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]]<br />
* 1848 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil Nikephorovich (Bogoyavlensky)]] born [[January 1]] in the province of Tambov.<br />
* 1863 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] born [[March 17]] in Vatagino village of Kresteski district of the Novgorod province.<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] [[ordination|ordained]] a [[priest]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] [[tonsure]]d [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
* Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pQ60Ev_t8Z4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Orthodox Russia: Belief and Practice Under the Tsars].'' Penn State Press, 2003. ISBN 9780271023502 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87346Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-08T10:28:43Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 † St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* †1073 St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 † [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 † [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* †1263 Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1267 The first authentically known yarlyk (decree) of Mongol khans granted freedom for the faith and tax exemption to the Church.<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1379-1396 Missionary activity of Equal-to-the-Apostles [[Stephan of Perm]] (1340-1396), Enlightener of Komi<br />
* 1378 † Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 † St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 †[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 †Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 †[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 †[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
* 1551 Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) in Moscow<br />
*1555 Kazan Diocese is established<br />
* 1566, July 25 - 1568, November 4 St. Phillip, Metropolitan of Moscow<br />
* †1569 St. Phillip was martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), January 23<br />
* †1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] was [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 †[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-†1720 Metropolitan Stephan Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]]<br />
* 1848 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil Nikephorovich (Bogoyavlensky)]] born [[January 1]] in the province of Tambov.<br />
* 1863 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] born [[March 17]] in Vatagino village of Kresteski district of the Novgorod province.<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] [[ordination|ordained]] a [[priest]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] [[tonsure]]d [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 † [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 † [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 † [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 † [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 † [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87345Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-08T09:39:19Z<p>Imerek: /* Further reading */ non relevant link</p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* First century [[Apostle Andrew]] First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends [[bishop]] to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev [[baptism|baptized]].<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 + St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 [[Hilarion of Kiev|Murder of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 Ilarion of Kiev]] installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* +1073 St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Novgorod.<br />
* 1158 + [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 + [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin (i.e nobleman from his court) Theodore in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* +1263 Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1378 + Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 + St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
* 1430 + [[Andrew Rublev]] (b. 1370), iconographer.<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 +[[Peter Mogila]], Metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 +Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 +[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 +[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
*1533 +[[Alexander of Svir|Alexander]], Abbot of Svir, [[August 30]].<br />
*1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]], <ref>St. [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] martyrdom is recorded in the old manuscripts of the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra</ref> [[martyr]]ed by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 +[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodore applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian]].<br />
*1700-+1720 Metropolitan Stephan Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the [[Ukaz]] of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of [[missionary]] operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]]<br />
* 1848 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil Nikephorovich (Bogoyavlensky)]] born [[January 1]] in the province of Tambov.<br />
* 1863 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] born [[March 17]] in Vatagino village of Kresteski district of the Novgorod province.<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] [[ordination|ordained]] a [[priest]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrolls in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] [[tonsure]]d [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in Tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a [[vicar]] bishop in the [[diocese]] of [[Novgorod]]]; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] installed as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] [[consecration of a church|consecrated]] [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forces vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by cannon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 + [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 + [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 + [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 + [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukraine, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church [[schism]] in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of [[Ravenna]] talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 + [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Dimitry Pospielovsky. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2cP0wc_E6yEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia].'' St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998. ISBN 9780881411799 <br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87320Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-07T10:50:33Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Problem of periodisation of Russian Church history ==<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* I century Apostle Andrew First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends bishop to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev baptized.<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 + St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murderer of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 Ilarion of Kiev installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* +1073 St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Nogorod.<br />
* 1158 + [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 + [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* 1245 Martyrdom of right-believing Prince Michael of Chernigov and his boyarin (i.e nobleman from his court) Theodor in Gold Orda<br />
* 1261 Sarai diocese (in Gold Orda) was established<br />
* +1263 Right-believing Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* a little earlier 1342 [[Sergius of Radonezh]] with his brother Stephan founded Holy Trinity Lavra;<br />
* 1378 + Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 + St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
* 1430 + [[Andrew Rublev]] (b. 1370), iconographer.<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy in Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth<br />
* 1646 +[[Peter Mogila]], metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 +Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 +[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 +[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
*1533 +[[Alexander of Svir|Alexander]], Abbot of Svir, [[August 30]].<br />
*1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]], <ref>St. [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] martyrdom is recorded in the old manuscripts of the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra</ref> martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 +[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodor applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges autocephaly of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. Adrian.<br />
*1700-+1720 Metropolitan Stephan Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the Ukase of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of missionary operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]]<br />
* 1848 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil Nikephorovich (Bogoyavlensky)]] born [[January 1]] in the province of Tambov.<br />
* 1863 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] born [[March 17]] in Vatagino village of Kresteski district of the Novgorod province.<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] ordained a priest; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrols in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] tonsured [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a vicar bishop in the [[diocese]] of Novgorod; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed rector of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecratin of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] selected as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] consecrated [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forcec vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by canon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 + [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 + [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 + [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 + [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukrain, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church schism in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 + [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further rerading==<br />
* Paul Bushkovitch. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vB0OqzCU5i4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Religion and Society in Russia: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries].'' Oxford University Press US, 1992. ISBN 9780195069464<br />
{{stub}}<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87305Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-06T13:11:16Z<p>Imerek: /* Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{inprogress|ixthis888}}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
* I century Apostle Andrew First-called visits the future Russian lands, planted a cross on one of the high hills of Kiev <br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends bishop to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev baptized.<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
=== Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 + St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murderer of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 Ilarion of Kiev installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* +1073 St. [[Anthony of the Caves]]<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Nogorod.<br />
* 1158 + [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 + [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1337 [[Sergius of Radonezh|Bartholomew]] is [[tonsure|tonsured]] a monk, given the name Sergius, and [[Ordination|ordained]] to the [[Priest|priesthood]];<br />
* 1370 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] born.<br />
* 1378 + Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 + St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
* 1430 + [[Andrew Rublev]], iconographer.<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy <br />
* 1646 +[[Peter Mogila]], metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 +Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 +[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 +[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
*1533 +[[Alexander of Svir|Alexander]], Abbot of Svir, [[August 30]].<br />
*1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]], <ref>St. [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] martyrdom is recorded in the old manuscripts of the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra</ref> martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 +[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodor applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges autocephaly of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. Adrian.<br />
*1700-+1720 Metropolitan Stephan Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the Ukase of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of missionary operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]]<br />
* 1848 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil Nikephorovich (Bogoyavlensky)]] born [[January 1]] in the province of Tambov.<br />
* 1863 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] born [[March 17]] in Vatagino village of Kresteski district of the Novgorod province.<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] ordained a priest; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrols in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] tonsured [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a vicar bishop in the [[diocese]] of Novgorod; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed rector of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecratin of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] selected as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] consecrated [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forcec vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by canon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 + [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 + [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 + [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 + [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukrain, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church schism in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 + [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further rerading==<br />
* Paul Bushkovitch. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vB0OqzCU5i4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Religion and Society in Russia: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries].'' Oxford University Press US, 1992. ISBN 9780195069464<br />
<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=87304Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2009-09-06T12:39:43Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian<br />
|-<br />
|abbot|| ||игумен<br />
|-<br />
|bishop||επίσκοπος||епископ<br />
|-<br />
|church||εκκλησία||церковь<br />
|-<br />
|confessor|| ||исповедник<br />
|-<br />
|deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха<br />
|-<br />
|enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||равноапостольный<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец<br />
|-<br />
|great-martyr|| ||великомученик<br />
|-<br />
|hieromartyr|| ||священномученник<br />
|-<br />
|martyr||μάρτυς||мученик<br />
|-<br />
|merciful|| ||милостивый<br />
|-<br />
|mitre (miter)||μίτρα||митра<br />
|-<br />
|myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица<br />
|-<br />
|new-martyr|| ||новомученик<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||священник<br />
|-<br />
|protomartyr|| ||первомученик<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный<br />
|-<br />
|righteous|| ||праведный<br />
|-<br />
|saint||άγιος||святой<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник<br />
|-<br />
|venerable|| ||преподобный<br />
|-<br />
|venerable-martyr|| ||преподобномученик<br />
|-<br />
|wonderworker|| ||чудотворец<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Talk:Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=87303Talk:Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2009-09-06T12:29:26Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>This should perhaps be renamed a brief lexicon, as there are no definitions. --[[User:Fr Lev|Fr Lev]] 03:34, September 6, 2009 (UTC)<br />
: I am not against, I created this article specially for help in translations. --[[User:Imerek|Imerek]] 12:29, September 6, 2009 (UTC)</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=User_talk:Angellight_888&diff=87269User talk:Angellight 8882009-09-05T16:52:02Z<p>Imerek: /* Question */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>{{welcome}}<br />
<br />
[[User:Gabriela|Gabriela]] 20:26, January 10, 2007 (PST)<br />
<br />
== Deleted article ==<br />
<br />
Hey Chris, glad to see you here. I noticed Gabriela deleted your stub on Kollyvades and I wanted to give you an explanatory note . All this stuff is explained in the "welcome"documents, but that isn't always the most accessible format for people. Anyway, we're hesitant to create articles without content because it looks bad when people are searching for something and find the article, but there's nothing there. If this happens a lot, they might begin to think that OrthodoxWiki is a whole lot of nothing! We think it's better to build slowly, creating articles with some good content - that are actually useful to people - than to expand too quickly and too "thinly." Hope that helps, and welcome again. — [[User:FrJohn|<b>FrJohn</b>]] ([http://www.orthodoxwiki.org/User_talk:FrJohn&action=edit&section=new talk])<br />
<br />
<br />
{{imgdel}} &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]]</small> 11:40, March 16, 2007 (PDT)<br />
<br />
== [[Timeline of Church History]] ==<br />
<br />
I've noticed you've been adding a lot to the [[Timeline of Church History]] article lately. Thank you! My one concern is that many of the entries amount to whole paragraphs. The idea is for entries to be brief (rather like newspaper headlines) and include links to the main articles. <br />
<br />
Would you mind summarizing your recent additions in this way? I'd hate for content to be lost, though, so perhaps you might want to move that extra material into various main articles.<br />
<br />
Thank you! &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]]</small> 15:54, July 8, 2007 (PDT)<br />
<br />
: Turkey routinely does small things to annoy the EP, but few are of genuine historical significance. Inclusion in the Timeline article ought to be from the point of view of what is likely to make the history books 100 years from now. I do agree that the ongoing persecution could be documented, but perhaps this might be better covered in an article of its own. (Perhaps [[Turkey and the Ecumenical Patriarchate]]?)<br />
<br />
: The purpose of the Timeline articles is simply to give a shorthand overview, like a series of newspaper headlines, not to include all the information on a given topic. If you find yourself making a single event's entry several lines long, in most cases it should probably be shortened and then a new OrthodoxWiki article created which can be linked to from the Timeline.<br />
<br />
: Thanks for all your work! &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]]</small> 06:22, July 17, 2007 (PDT)<br />
<br />
<br />
== [[Panagia of Tinos]] ==<br />
Hi, I created an article on this amazing icon for your information and feel free to contribute any non-copyrighted pictures you might have - LOL! -- [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 22:52, February 21, 2008 (PST)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Creation of Bio articles ==<br />
Hi, I noticed that you sometimes create stand alone articles on Metropolitans or Bishops. I just wanted to remind you (if you can of course) remember to update other pages which might need this information. For example, [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]] I added a link on the [[Church of Cyprus]] page because Kyprianos was part of an existing list of Metropolitans for the church of cyprus! :-) I have also been adding ''See also'' links within the bio's relating a link back to the Church see that each priest/bishop etc belongs to. You never told me if you liked the [[Panagia of Tinos]] article? [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 16:56, April 3, 2008 (PDT)<br />
<br />
: Geia Sou Vasiliki!!! :):) Apologies I did not get a chance to reply sooner. Thanks for the reminder, will do. I love the article on Panagia of Tinos, thanks so much for contributing it! Eimaste eulogimenoi pou se exomai edo!! :) Also very impressed by your industry in all the other important articles you have started doing! I will see if I have any info to add to any of them. Na eisai Kala!! Big cheers,:) Chris. [[User:Angellight 888|Angellight 888]] 02:25, April 8, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Your sig ==<br />
<br />
Howdy! You may have noticed that when you include your signature in Talk pages that all text following it is shrunk and supertitled. You need to include a '''<nowiki></sup></nowiki>''' at the end of it! :) &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]]</small> 06:05, January 22, 2008 (PST)<br />
<br />
== [[Double-headed Eagle]] ==<br />
WOW! Thanks for all those amazing additions to the article... you really have helped give it justice! So much so its already had 101 hits and its been on the OW for only 24 hours! This is an example of when I wreckon we all pull in information as a team to give an article some good ooomph! [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 03:39, April 24, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== ALITHOS ANESTI ==<br />
Thank you, I hope that your experience of easter was exactly that it was meant to be - Christ Risen in our hearts, so that we can truthfully say, truly indeed He is Risen! [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 22:50, April 27, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
==Sub-Saharan Orthodoxy==<br />
Concerning your question to Father Andrew about the African Orthodox Church you might read the article [[Orthodoxy in Sub-Saharan Africa]]. It provides an over of these early times. [[User:Wsk|Wsk]] 00:43, July 5, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Africa ==<br />
<br />
Howdy! [[User:Hayesstw|Hayesstw]] is the expert on the group in question. They did eventually become Orthodox. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 02:04, July 5, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Romanity versus Ecumenism ==<br />
<br />
I would be interested to find out your thoughts on the following two e-book(s):<br />
<br />
* [http://www.oodegr.com/english/biblia/romiosyni/perieh.htm/ Romanity or Barbarity?]<br />
* [http://www.romanitas.ru/eng/THE%20RESTORATION%20OF%20ROMANITY.htm/ Restoration of Romanity]<br />
<br />
[[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 04:42, November 5, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== The big Timeline ==<br />
<br />
Go for it. Unfortunately, right now I don't have the time for any major editing (have some big writing projects here at the cathedral), but I hope to sometime in the future. Thanks for all your help. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 03:35, December 21, 2008 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== UR fantastic ==<br />
<br />
Chris, you are fantastic ..thank you for all the work you have put into the Greek timeline ... I must confess, you asked me a question about the early Christian church and a reference to some books ... I havent had a chance to help u on this one it has been a crazy few days. I need to visit our library to look at what historical books might shed some light on the question. It is interesting that many westerners dont see Greek as a valuable contribution to early Orthodoxy - ROFL. It quite scares me that life is getting too - prove it to me, it kinds loses the romance of blind faith. But when in Rome do as the Romans do ... this is the century God places me in! :) [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 09:38, January 4, 2009 (UTC)<br />
:Thanks Vasiliki appreciate it hope we can generate some good information together for this. Yes, this is the century we are all in! Cheers [[User:Angellight 888|Angellight 888]] 02:31, January 5, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Thank you for all your hard work ==<br />
<br />
I am not the site owner but I am sure that if awards could be given to the most hard-woring Users on Orthodoxwiki there would be three to give out: you, Wsk and ASDamick! I wanted to pause at this point in my OrthodoxWiki career and acknowledge the efforts of those people who really do put a lot of time and effort into keeping OW alive and say Thank you for the work and time you put into making the articles rewarding!!! [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 03:53, January 20, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Timeline of History of the Church of Russia ==<br />
<br />
You are more than welcome to start working on that one as well as me ... I am just going through various Russian articles and trying to pick up the basic dates that relate to Saints and to Hierarchs ..nothing more otherwise it will get too complex. Besides I dont believe in including political history since it isnt CHURCH history ... [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 06:55, May 22, 2009 (UTC)<br />
: Thanks Vasikili :) Once I finish going through the historical info for the Timeline of Orthodoxy in China, I will try to have a look at it. In regards to political history, I do agree with you, however it is often very difficult to give an accurate historical understanding of a topic if you are ignorant of some of the more important surrounding events; the Church militant of course does not exist on this earth in a vaccum, separate from everything around it, and its growth and function has often been controlled in the past by situations completely out of its own control. If on the other hand we were writing a theological article, or something about the Church Triumphant, that again would be a different story. Regarding complexity, if the article cannot impart a flowing historical naarative of factual events detailing the growth of the church in that country/region, it does not really impart much edifying info I think; a list of saints and patriarchs can be found elsewhere as well. As with the main Timeline of Church History, it will take much work, time, research and group effort by everyone to make it a meaningful piece! But good job for starting it!! My two (or three) cents! Cheers! :):) [[User:Angellight 888|Angellight 888]] 01:57, May 23, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::You misunderstood me (which is my fault not yours) and I agree with you there are elements of history that are important ... its hard ~(for me) to pick when (I) can go too far and what is relevant. No, what I was trying to say is if we can (stage 1) develop the Russian article without the political history so that we can capture all the Saints and the Patriarchs first ... when we are confident with that information THEN move to (stage 2) weave political/historical elements ...??? I am using the same approach for the British history ... [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 02:47, May 23, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Timeline of History of Britain==<br />
Hey, I wanted to ask you a question not to be difficult but so that I can understand. The Table of Contents suggestion that you made shows a lot of experience and knowledge on your behalf. I trust it. But I have MY concerns with going with the predictable headings ... I thought the idea of creating historical timelines is about the ORTHODOX perspective and not the rest of the world perspective ... if you create those particular headings you are tailoring the article to the rest of the world .. not to how ORTHODOXY developed and changed. Example, Roman Period implies that the Romans held a period in Britain during that time when the APOSTLES went their ... not Romans! Thoughts? Do you get me? I hope you do. [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 23:24, May 25, 2009 (UTC)<br />
: Hi Vaso, yes I definitely get what are saying, and you have a point. However -- Orthodoxy developed and changed in great Britain within those greater periods that I identified earlier, such as "Roman Britain (43-410)". The Timeline articles on OW try to have the periods separated acording to major watershed events related to or of the Church; however this is not always possible to do this with some histories, and in those cases the larger historical period is what should be referred to in order to give shape to that era, and the events that happened in that era. <br> As regards the Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain, I have done this on at least 2 occassions in my proposal: the break at 597 AD, is referenced by a new era, and of course the break at 1066 AD is also referenced by a new era - both times are important dates in the history of the Orthodox Church in England. The listing for "Roman Britain" is again valid I think, as that was the empire / gov't of the day until 410 and the church developed in that environment. Beyond that, as you yourself stated, post 1066 AD Britain was increasingly Roman Catholic and later Anglican and Protestant. <br>Perhaps you could come up with a unique name for a era in the twentieth century (with dates), when for instance, all the various Orthodox Jurisdictions created their eparchies / dioceses; even if we do that (which I agree would be a nice way to organize it) I think it would best be done as a subheading within the greater British periods I have outlined, a blend of both modes. Besides, it can always be modified. If you have no objections, I will proceed with the outline I suggested for the eras. Let me know. Cheers! :) [[User:Angellight 888|Angellight 888]] 23:56, May 25, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::I am not in a position to argue :) I would PREFER however if you can work on the Russian article instead ... that would give me a chance to work on Britain (in terms of adding) the dates for the Saints and for the Hierarchs ... by keeping it 'simple" I can add all of those .. and THEN you can take all that information and edit it (at a later date) ..good compromise? [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 00:17, May 26, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::Will try to get to the Russian article soon, however I am still covering some of the history for the Chinese article; I would like to cover that completely before I move on. You can still work on the British article, even if I add the eras now; I think having the eras there will help you shape it better in the short term. Let me know. [[User:Angellight 888|Angellight 888]] 00:23, May 26, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::MY AIM will be to populate with as much information as I can ... the accuracy of the headings is not a huge detail for me at this point as it is to get information in ... as for the jurisdictions ... I have a few contacts in England that I am waiting to consult - shortly! I would prefer to populate the article and then edit the information. [[User:Ixthis888|Vasiliki]] 03:59, May 26, 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Abbreviations ==<br />
<br />
Regarding [http://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=User_talk%3AASDamick&diff=85883&oldid=84980 your comment on my Talk page], while I do think that's a handy reference, I don't think having a whole page or even section dedicated to it on OrthodoxWiki is warranted. OW is not a reference source for the details of RC organization.<br />
<br />
Alternatively, perhaps an [[OrthodoxWiki:Research help]] page (or something like that) might be compiled to give editors pointers on proper citations and style, etc., as well as including some handy links (such as the one you mention) to help in deciphering sources. &mdash;[[User:ASDamick|<font size="3.5" color="green" face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">Fr. Andrew</font>]] <sup>[[User_talk:ASDamick|<font color="red">talk</font>]]</sup> <small>[[Special:Contributions/ASDamick|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] <font face="Adobe Garamond Pro, Garamond, Georgia, Times New Roman">('''[[User:ASDamick/Wiki-philosophy|THINK!]]''')</font></small> 15:27, July 11, 2009 (UTC)<br />
:Many thanks Father. I thought so, just wanted to check. The Research help page is a great idea, will look into that soon. Cheers, Chris. [[User:Angellight 888|Angellight 888]] 17:08, July 12, 2009 (UTC).<br />
<br />
== Question ==<br />
<br />
What is correctly for English: Metropolis or Metropolia? --[[User:Imerek|Imerek]] 16:52, September 5, 2009 (UTC)</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia&diff=87268Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia2009-09-05T16:43:41Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{inprogress|ixthis888}}<br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
==Russian Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople==<br />
===Period of the Kievan Metropolia (988-1304)===<br />
* 864 Patriarch Photius sends bishop to Kiev <br />
* 954 Princess Ol'ha (Olga) of Kiev baptized.<br />
* 983 Protomartyrs Theodor and his son John<br />
* '''988 [[Baptism of Rus'|Baptism by St. Vladimir of Kievan Rus']]'''<br />
* 991 + St. [[Michael of Kiev]]<br />
* 1015 Murderer of passion-bearers [[Boris and Gleb]] <br />
* 1051 Ilarion of Kiev installed to the primatial see; St. [[Anthony of the Caves]] brings [[Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.<br />
* 1130 [[Nifont of Novgorod]] is made Bishop of Nogorod.<br />
* 1158 + [[Konstantin I of Kiev]]<br />
* 1163 [[John of Novgorod|John]] is made [[Bishop of Novgorod]] and builds seven churches.<br />
* 1185 + [[John of Novgorod|John]], Bishop of Novgorod, [[September 7]]<br />
<br />
=== Russian Church after the mongol invasion (since 1237) ===<br />
* [[Alexander Nevsky]]<br />
* 1337 [[Sergius of Radonezh|Bartholomew]] is [[tonsure|tonsured]] a monk, given the name Sergius, and [[Ordination|ordained]] to the [[Priest|priesthood]];<br />
* 1370 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] born.<br />
* 1378 + Metropolitan [[Alexis of Moscow]]<br />
* 1392 + St. [[Sergius of Radonezh]], [[September 25]];<br />
* 1430 + [[Andrew Rublev]], iconographer.<br />
<br />
=== South-west (Kievan-Lithuanian) Metropolis (1458—1686) under the Patriarch of Constantinople ===<br />
* 1596 [[Union of Brest]], large persecutions on the Orthodoxy <br />
* 1646 +[[Peter Mogila]], metropolitan of Kiev<br />
* 1686 Kievan metropolis passed from jurisdiction of Constantinople under Moscow Patriarchate<br />
<br />
== Autocephalous Russian Metropolis ==<br />
*1448 Russian Church (Moscow Metropolis) became autocephalous <br />
*1471 +Metropolitan [[Jonas of Moscow]]<br />
*1508 +[[Nilus of Sora]]<br />
*1515 +[[Joseph of Volokalamsk]]<br />
*1533 +[[Alexander of Svir|Alexander]], Abbot of Svir, [[August 30]].<br />
*1570 [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]], <ref>St. [[Cornelius of the Pskov Caves]] martyrdom is recorded in the old manuscripts of the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra</ref> martyred by Tsar Ivan IV (the terrible), [[February 20]];<br />
*1580 +[[John of Rostov]], [[September 3]]<br />
*1588 Tsar Theodor applies for permission to form a new Patriarchate for the Russian people.<br />
<br />
== First Patriarchate Period ==<br />
*1589 [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] acknowledges autocephaly of [[Church of Russia]] and first Patriarch of Moscow, Metropolitan [[Job of Moscow]] is styled.<br />
*1666 Moscow Big Council<br />
<br />
== The Synodical Church (1700-1917) ==<br />
*1700 [[w:Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] published an ''Ukase'' (edict) on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China; death of Patr. Adrian.<br />
*1700-+1720 Metropolitan Stephan Yavorsky<br />
*1702 In response to the Ukase of 1700, [[Philothei (Leschinsky)]] of Kiev is chosen as Metropolitan of Tobolsk and All Siberia (1702-1711), long since a center of missionary operations, in order to ''"lead the natives in China and Siberia to the service of the true and living God"''; he built 37 churches and personally accounted for the baptism of 40,000 Siberian tribesmen by 1721.<br />
* 1721 [[Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]]<br />
* 1848 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil Nikephorovich (Bogoyavlensky)]] born [[January 1]] in the province of Tambov.<br />
* 1863 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] born [[March 17]] in Vatagino village of Kresteski district of the Novgorod province.<br />
* 1874 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] graduates from the Theological Academy in Kiev.<br />
* 1881 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] ordained a priest; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich Khrapovitsky]] enrols in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy<br />
* 1883 Ceremonial ground breaking for the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]], [[October 18]]<br />
* 1885 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Alexei Pavlovich (Khrapovitsky)]] tonsured [[May 18]], and given the name Anthony prior to his graduation, then ordained a [[hierodeacon]], [[June 12]], and a [[hieromonk]], [[September 29]];<br />
* 1886 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Basil (Bogoyavlensky)]] enters the Kozlov Monastery in tambov and is given the name Vladimir, after the death of his [[matushka]] and only child; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed to teach at the Kholm Theological Seminary<br />
* 1887 Plans approved and construction of the [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] commences, [[May 1]]<br />
* 1888 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] consecrated Bishop of Staraya Rus and serves as a vicar bishop in the [[diocese]] of Novgorod; [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] awarded the degree of Master of Theology and becomes friends with St. [[John of Kronstadt]]<br />
* 1890 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed [[rector]] of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy and raised to the rank of [[archimandrite]]. He also produces "An Exegisis of the Book of the Prophet Micah";<br />
* 1891 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] appointed rector of the [[Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary|Moscow Theological Academy]].<br />
* 1892 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained [[archbishop|Archbishop]] of Kartalin and Kahetin<br />
* 1897 [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev|Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]] [[consecratin of a bishop|consecrated]] Bishop of Cheboksary<br />
* 1898 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] selected as [[Metropolitan of Moscow]] and Kolomna<br />
* 1907 [[Church of the Resurrection of Christ (St. Petersburg)]] consecrated [[August 31]]<br />
* 1912 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] ordained Metropolitan of Petrograd<br />
* 1915 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] falls out of favour with the [[Nicholas II of Russia|tsar]] for disapproving of [[Gregory Efimovich Rasputin|Rasputin]]<br />
* 1917 [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] announces [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as Patriarch of Moscow;<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church during Communist ruling ==<br />
* 1917 [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Church Council]] elects Metropolitan [[Tikhon of Moscow]] as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.<br />
* 1918 Bolshevik forcec vie for control of Kiev damaging many [[church]]es and [[monastery|monasteries]] by canon fire; The Bolsheviks seize the Kiev Caves Lavra, [[January 23]]; [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]] is murdered, [[January 25]]; The Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr]] <ref>Source: "A LIFELONG PASSION, NICHOLAS AND ALEXANDRA THEIR OWN STORY"., Andrei Maylunas and Sergi Mironenko., Doubleday, New York., February 1997., pp. 638-639).</ref> is murdered, [[July 17]].<br />
* 1925 + [[Tikhon of Moscow]]<br />
* 1945 + [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1970 + [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow]]<br />
* 1981 [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] glorified by [[ROCOR]].<br />
* 1990 + [[Pimen I (Izvekov) of Moscow]]<br />
<br />
== Russian Orthodox Church after the collapse of the Soviet Union ==<br />
* Discrimination of the orthodox in West Ukrain, restoration of so called Greek-Catholic church.<br />
* Church schism in Ukraine (formation of so called Kievan Patriarchate, UAOC etc) <br />
* 1992 [[Church of Russia]] glorifies Grand Duchess [[Elizabeth the New Martyr|Elizabeth]] and [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir of Kiev]];<br />
* 1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]];<br />
* 2000 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announces the [[glorification|canonization]] of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and his immediate family; the restored [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Moscow)|Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow]] was consecrated on [[August 19]]; Church of Russia glorified Hieromartyr [[Andronik of Perm|Andronik, Archbishop of Perm]], one of Russia's New Martyrs and Confessors.<br />
* 2004 Consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] canonizes Fr. [[Alexis Medvedkov]], Fr. [[Dimitri Klepinine]], Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]], [[George Skobtsov]] and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] of the Russian emigration in France;<br />
* 2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; <br />
* 2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]); <br />
* 2008 + [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow]]<br />
* 2009 [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow]] elected as Metropolitan.<br />
<br />
==Further rerading==<br />
* Paul Bushkovitch. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vB0OqzCU5i4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Religion and Society in Russia: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries].'' Oxford University Press US, 1992. ISBN 9780195069464<br />
<br />
[[Category:Timelines]]</div>Imerekhttps://en.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Brief_dictionary_of_orthodox_terms&diff=87267Brief dictionary of orthodox terms2009-09-05T15:48:20Z<p>Imerek: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border="1"<br />
!English||Greek||Russian<br />
|-<br />
|abbot|| ||игумен<br />
|-<br />
|bishop||επίσκοπος||епископ<br />
|-<br />
|church||εκκλησία||церковь<br />
|-<br />
|confessor|| ||исповедник<br />
|-<br />
|deacon||διάκονος||дьякон (диакон)<br />
|-<br />
|Easter||Πάσχα||Пасха<br />
|-<br />
|enlightener (of N.)|| ||просветитель (к.-л.)<br />
|-<br />
|equal-to-the-Apostles|| ||равноапостольный<br />
|-<br />
|Fool-for-Christ|| ||Христа ради юродивый<br />
|-<br />
|God-bearer|| ||Богоносец<br />
|-<br />
|great-martyr|| ||великомученик<br />
|-<br />
|hieromartyr|| ||священномученник<br />
|-<br />
|martyr|| ||мученик<br />
|-<br />
|merciful|| ||милостивый<br />
|-<br />
|myrrh-bearer|| ||мироносица<br />
|-<br />
|new-martyr|| ||новомученик<br />
|-<br />
|passion-bearer|| ||страстотерпец<br />
|-<br />
|presbyter|| ||пресвитер<br />
|-<br />
|priest||ιερέας||священник<br />
|-<br />
|protomartyr|| ||первомученик<br />
|-<br />
|right-believing|| ||благоверный<br />
|-<br />
|righteous|| ||праведный<br />
|-<br />
|saint||άγιος||святой<br />
|-<br />
|unmercenary|| ||бессребренник<br />
|-<br />
|venerable|| ||преподобный<br />
|-<br />
|venerable-martyr|| ||преподобномученик<br />
|-<br />
|wonderworker|| ||чудотворец<br />
|}<br />
{{stub}}</div>Imerek